1
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Jiang X, Lu L, Li J, Jiang J, Zhang J, Zhou S, Wen H, Cai H, Luo X, Li Z, Wang J, Ju B, Bai R. Synthetically Feasible De Novo Molecular Design of Leads Based on a Reinforcement Learning Model: AI-Assisted Discovery of an Anti-IBD Lead Targeting CXCR4. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10057-10075. [PMID: 38863440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) de novo molecular generation provides leads with novel structures for drug discovery. However, the target affinity and synthesizability of the generated molecules present critical challenges for the successful application of AI technology. Therefore, we developed an advanced reinforcement learning model to bridge the gap between the theory of de novo molecular generation and the practical aspects of drug discovery. This model utilizes chemical reaction templates and commercially available building blocks as a starting point and employs forward reaction prediction to generate molecules, while real-time docking and drug-likeness predictions are conducted to ensure synthesizability and drug-likeness. We applied this model to design active molecules targeting the inflammation-related receptor CXCR4 and successfully prepared them according to the AI-proposed synthetic routes. Several molecules exhibited potent anti-CXCR4 and anti-inflammatory activity in subsequent in vitro and in vivo assays. The top-performing compound XVI alleviated symptoms related to inflammatory bowel disease and showed reasonable pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Liuxin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Jing Jiang
- SanOmics AI Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311103, PR China
| | - Jiapeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, PR China
| | - Shengbin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Hong Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- SanOmics AI Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311103, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Bin Ju
- SanOmics AI Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311103, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
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2
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van den Bosch QCC, de Klein A, Verdijk RM, Kiliç E, Brosens E. Uveal melanoma modeling in mice and zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189055. [PMID: 38104908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research and refined therapeutic options, the survival for metastasized uveal melanoma (UM) patients has not improved significantly. UM, a malignant tumor originating from melanocytes in the uveal tract, can be asymptomatic and small tumors may be detected only during routine ophthalmic exams; making early detection and treatment difficult. UM is the result of a number of characteristic somatic alterations which are associated with prognosis. Although UM morphology and biology have been extensively studied, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the early stages of UM tumor evolution and effective treatment to prevent metastatic disease remain elusive. A better understanding of the mechanisms that enable UM cells to thrive and successfully metastasize is crucial to improve treatment efficacy and survival rates. For more than forty years, animal models have been used to investigate the biology of UM. This has led to a number of essential mechanisms and pathways involved in UM aetiology. These models have also been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various drugs and treatment protocols. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms and pharmacological studies using mouse and zebrafish UM models. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutics and discuss future considerations using UM models such as optimal inoculation sites, use of BAP1mut-cell lines and the rise of zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy C C van den Bosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Section of Ophthalmic Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emine Kiliç
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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NAWAZ Z, GÜRBÜZ N, ZAFAR MN, ÖZDEMIR N, ÇETİNKAYA B, ÖZDEMİR İ. Benzimidazol-2-ylidene ruthenium complexes for C-N bond formation through alcohol dehydrogenation. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:1209-1223. [PMID: 38173746 PMCID: PMC10760900 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A low temperature hydrogen borrowing approach to generate secondary amines using benzimidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (BNHC) ruthenium complexes is reported. A series of the piano-stool complexes of the type [(η6-p-cymene)(BNHC)RuCl2] (1a-g) were synthesized via one-pot reaction of the NHC salt precursor, Ag2O, and [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 and characterized using conventional spectroscopic techniques. The geometry of two precursors, [(η6-p-cymene)(Me4BnMe2BNHCCH2OxMe)RuCl2] (1f) and [(η6-p-cymene)(Me5BnMe2BNHCCH2OxMe)RuCl2] (1g), was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. These catalysts were found to dehydrogenate alcohols efficiently at temperatures as low as 50 °C to allow Schiff-base condensation and subsequent imine hydrogenation to afford secondary amines. Notably, this ruthenium-based procedure enables the N-alkylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic primary amines with a wide range of primary alcohols in excellent yields of up to 98%. The present methodology is green and water is liberated as the sole byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid NAWAZ
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
| | - Nevin GÜRBÜZ
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
- Drug Application and Research Center, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
| | | | - Namık ÖZDEMIR
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun,
Turkiye
| | - Bekir ÇETİNKAYA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir,
Turkiye
| | - İsmail ÖZDEMİR
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
- Drug Application and Research Center, İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkiye
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4
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Lauri C, Varani M, Bentivoglio V, Capriotti G, Signore A. Present status and future trends in molecular imaging of lymphocytes. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:125-134. [PMID: 36150910 PMCID: PMC9489269 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune system is emerging as a crucial protagonist in a huge variety of oncologic and non-oncologic conditions including response to vaccines and viral infections (such as SARS-CoV-2). The increasing knowledge of molecular biology underlying these diseases allowed the identification of specific targets and the possibility to use tailored therapies against them. Immunotherapies and vaccines are, indeed, more and more used nowadays for treating infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases and, therefore, there is the need to identify, quantify and monitor immune cell trafficking before and after treatment. This approach will provide crucial information for therapy decision-making. Imaging of B and T-lymphocytes trafficking by using tailored radiopharmaceuticals proved to be a successful nuclear medicine tool. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state of art and future trends for "in vivo" imaging of lymphocyte trafficking and homing by mean of specific receptor-tailored radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lauri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Yang H, Tan S, Qiao J, Xu Y, Gui Z, Meng Y, Dong B, Peng G, Ibhagui OY, Qian W, Lu J, Li Z, Wang G, Lai J, Yang L, Grossniklaus HE, Yang JJ. Non-invasive detection and complementary diagnosis of liver metastases via chemokine receptor 4 imaging. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1827-1839. [PMID: 35145271 PMCID: PMC9363530 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive detection of early-stage liver metastases from different primary cancers is a pressing unmet medical need. The lack of both molecular biomarkers and the sensitive imaging methodology makes the detection challenging. In this study, we observed the elevated expression of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in uveal melanoma (UM) patient liver tissues, and high CXCR4 expression in liver metastases of UM murine models, regardless of the expression levels in the primary tumors. Based on these findings, we identified CXCR4 as an imaging biomarker and exploited a CXCR4-targeted MRI contrast agent ProCA32.CXCR4 for molecular MRI imaging. ProCA32.CXCR4 has strong CXCR4 binding affinity, high metal selectivity, and r1 and r2 relaxivities, which enables the sensitive detection of liver micrometastases. The MRI imaging capacity for detecting liver metastases was demonstrated in three UM models and one ovarian cancer model. The imaging results were validated by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. ProCA32.CXCR4 has strong potential clinical application for non-invasive diagnosis of liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Shanshan Tan
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Jingjuan Qiao
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Yiting Xu
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zongxiang Gui
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Yuguang Meng
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Bin Dong
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Guangda Peng
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Oluwatosin Y. Ibhagui
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Weiping Qian
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jimmy Lu
- grid.504342.4Codex BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Zezhong Li
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Guimin Wang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinping Lai
- grid.414896.6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA
| | - Lily Yang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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6
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Çiçek M, Gürbüz N, Özdemir N, Özdemir İ, İspir E. Half-sandwich Ru( ii) arene complexes bearing benzimidazole ligands for the N-alkylation reaction of aniline with alcohols in a solvent-free medium. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01539g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the direct N-alkylation reactions of amines with alcohol derivatives using the borrowing hydrogen methodology have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Çiçek
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Arts
- Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University
- Kahramanmaraş
- Turkey
| | - Nevin Gürbüz
- Catalysis Research and Application Center
- Inönü University
- 44280 Malatya
- Turkey
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Namık Özdemir
- Ondokuz Mayıs University
- Faculty of Education
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education
- 9055139 Samsun
- Turkey
| | - İsmail Özdemir
- Catalysis Research and Application Center
- Inönü University
- 44280 Malatya
- Turkey
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Esin İspir
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Arts
- Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University
- Kahramanmaraş
- Turkey
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7
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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8
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Discovery of novel aminopiperidinyl amide CXCR4 modulators through virtual screening and rational drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112479. [PMID: 32534343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a potential therapeutic target for HIV infection, metastatic cancer, and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. In this study, we screened the ZINC chemical database for novel CXCR4 modulators through a series of in silico guided processes. After evaluating the screened compounds for their binding affinities to CXCR4 and inhibitory activities against the chemoattractant CXCL12, we identified a hit compound (ZINC 72372983) showing 100 nM affinity and 69% chemotaxis inhibition at the same concentration (100 nM). To increase the potency of our hit compound, we explored the protein-ligand interactions at an atomic level using molecular dynamics simulation which enabled us to design and synthesize a novel compound (Z7R) with nanomolar affinity (IC50 = 1.25 nM) and improved chemotaxis inhibition (78.5%). Z7R displays promising anti-inflammatory activity (50%) in a mouse edema model by blocking CXCR4-expressed leukocytes, being supported by our immunohistochemistry study.
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9
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Fang X, Meng Q, Zhang H, Liang B, Zhu S, Wang J, Zhang C, Huang LS, Zhang X, Schooley RT, An J, Xu Y, Huang Z. Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of a new class of symmetrical polyamine-based small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112410. [PMID: 32492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4, a well-studied coreceptor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, recognizes its cognate ligand SDF-1α (also named CXCL12) which plays many important roles, including regulating immune cells, controlling hematopoietic stem cells, and directing cancer cells migration. These pleiotropic roles make CXCR4 an attractive target to mitigate human disorders. Here a new class of symmetrical polyamines was designed and synthesized as potential small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. Among them, a representative compound 21 (namely HF50731) showed strong CXCR4 binding affinity (mean IC50 = 19.8 nM) in the CXCR4 competitive binding assay. Furthermore, compound 21 significantly inhibited SDF-1α-induced calcium mobilization and cell migration, and blocked HIV-1 infection via antagonizing CXCR4 coreceptor function. The structure-activity relationship analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking were conducted to further elucidate the binding mode of compound 21, suggesting that compound 21 could primarily occupy the minor subpocket of CXCR4 and partially bind in the major subpocket by interacting with residues W94, D97, D171, and E288. Our studies provide not only new insights for the fragment-based design of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists for clinical applications, but also a new and effective molecular probe for CXCR4-targeting biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Fang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Boqiang Liang
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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10
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. UMs are usually initiated by a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, unlike cutaneous melanomas, which usually harbour a BRAF or NRAS mutation. The annual incidence in Europe and the USA is ~6 per million population per year. Risk factors include fair skin, light-coloured eyes, congenital ocular melanocytosis, ocular melanocytoma and the BAP1-tumour predisposition syndrome. Ocular treatment aims at preserving the eye and useful vision and, if possible, preventing metastases. Enucleation has largely been superseded by various forms of radiotherapy, phototherapy and local tumour resection, often administered in combination. Ocular outcomes are best with small tumours not extending close to the optic disc and/or fovea. Almost 50% of patients develop metastatic disease, which usually involves the liver, and is usually fatal within 1 year. Although UM metastases are less responsive than cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, encouraging results have been reported with partial hepatectomy for solitary metastases, with percutaneous hepatic perfusion with melphalan or with tebentafusp. Better insight into tumour immunology and metabolism may lead to new treatments.
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11
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Mueller R, Reddy V, Nchinda AT, Mebrahtu F, Taylor D, Lawrence N, Tanner L, Barnabe M, Eyermann CJ, Zou B, Kondreddi RR, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Street LJ, Chibale K. Lerisetron Analogues with Antimalarial Properties: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Biological Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6967-6982. [PMID: 32258933 PMCID: PMC7114883 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic whole cell high-throughput screen against the asexual blood and liver stages of the malaria parasite identified a benzimidazole chemical series. Among the hits were the antiemetic benzimidazole drug Lerisetron 1 (IC50 NF54 = 0.81 μM) and its methyl-substituted analogue 2 (IC50 NF54 = 0.098 μM). A medicinal chemistry hit to lead effort led to the identification of chloro-substituted analogue 3 with high potency against the drug-sensitive NF54 (IC50 NF54 = 0.062 μM) and multidrug-resistant K1 (IC50 K1 = 0.054 μM) strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds 2 and 3 gratifyingly showed in vivo efficacy in both Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum mouse models of malaria. Cardiotoxicity risk as expressed in strong inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel was identified as a major liability to address. This led to the synthesis and biological assessment of around 60 analogues from which several compounds with improved antiplasmodial potency, relative to the lead compound 3, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Mueller
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T. Nchinda
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Fanuel Mebrahtu
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Marine Barnabe
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Bin Zou
- Shanghai
Blueray Biopharma Co. LTD, Block 3, 576 Libing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201301, China
| | - Ravinder R. Kondreddi
- PJS
Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Plot
No. 103/1, Phase II, IDA Cherlapally, Hyderabad 500051, India
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Novartis
Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie J. Street
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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12
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Richards JR, Yoo JH, Shin D, Odelberg SJ. Mouse models of uveal melanoma: Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:264-278. [PMID: 31880399 PMCID: PMC7065156 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye, and a number of discoveries in the last decade have led to a more thorough molecular characterization of this cancer. However, the prognosis remains dismal for patients with metastases, and there is an urgent need to identify treatments that are effective for this stage of disease. Animal models are important tools for preclinical studies of uveal melanoma. A variety of models exist, and they have specific advantages, disadvantages, and applications. In this review article, these differences are explored in detail, and ideas for new models that might overcome current challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson R. Richards
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Donghan Shin
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Shannon J. Odelberg
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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13
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Bruns D, Gawehn E, Kumar KS, Schneider P, Baumgartner M, Schneider G. Identification of Synthetic Activators of Cancer Cell Migration by Hybrid Deep Learning. Chembiochem 2020; 21:500-507. [PMID: 31418992 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a method of choice for image recognition. Herein a hybrid CNN approach is presented for molecular pattern recognition in drug discovery. Using self-organizing map images of molecular pharmacophores as input, CNN models were trained to identify chemokine receptor CXCR4 modulators with high accuracy. This machine learning classifier identified first-in-class synthetic CXCR4 full agonists. The receptor-activating effects were confirmed by intracellular cAMP response and in a phenotypic spheroid invasion assay of medulloblastoma cell invasion. Additional macromolecular targets of the small molecules were predicted in silico and tested in vitro, revealing modulatory effects on dopamine receptors and CCR1. These results positively advocate the applicability of molecular image recognition by CNNs to ligand-based virtual compound screening, and demonstrate the complementarity of machine intelligence and human expert knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bruns
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Gawehn
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karthiga Santhana Kumar
- Paediatric Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Lengghalde 5, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Baumgartner
- Paediatric Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Lengghalde 5, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Gaines T, Garcia F, Virani S, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Oum YH, Shim H, Mooring SR. Synthesis and evaluation of 2,5-furan, 2,5-thiophene and 3,4-thiophene-based derivatives as CXCR4 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111562. [PMID: 31377592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between G-Protein coupled receptor CXCR4 and its natural ligand CXCL12 has been linked to inflammation experienced by patients with Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD). Blocking this interaction could potentially reduce inflammatory symptoms in IBD patients. In this work, several thiophene-based and furan-based compounds modeled after AMD3100 and WZ811-two known antagonists that interrupt the CXCR4-CXCL12 interaction-were synthesized and analyzed. Fifteen hit compounds were identified; these compounds exhibited effective concentrations (EC) lower than 1000 nM (AMD3100) and inhibited invasion of metastatic cells by at least 45%. Selected compounds (2d, 2j, 8a) that inhibited metastatic invasion at a higher rate than WZ811 (62%) were submitted for a carrageenan inflammation test, where both 8a and 2j reduced inflammation in the same range as WZ811 (40%) but did not reduce inflammation more than 40%. Select compounds were also modeled in silico to show key residue interactions. These preliminary results with furan-based and thiophene-based analogues contribute to the new class on heterocyclic aromatic-based CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Gaines
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Francisco Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Saniya Virani
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yoon Hyeun Oum
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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15
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Wu R, Yu W, Yao C, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Xie Y, Shim H, Bai R. Amide-sulfamide modulators as effective anti-tumor metastatic agents targeting CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111823. [PMID: 31698158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second common cause of death in women worldwide. High mortality in breast cancer is frequently associated with metastatic progression rather than the primary tumor itself. It has been recently identified that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a pivotal role in breast cancer metastasis, especially in directing metastatic cancer cells to CXCL12-riched organs and tissues. Herein, taking the amide-sulfamide as the lead structure, the second-round structural modifications to the sulfamide structure were performed to obtain more active CXCR4 modulators against tumor metastasis. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments illustrated that compound IIIe possessed potent CXCR4 binding affinity, excellent anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenetic activity against breast cancer. More importantly, in a mouse breast cancer lung metastasis model, compound IIIe exerted a significant inhibitory effect on breast cancer metastasis. Taken together, all these positive results demonstrated that developing of CXCR4 modulators is a promising strategy to mediate breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Zhou W, Guo S, Liu M, Burow ME, Wang G. Targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis in Tumor Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3026-3041. [PMID: 28875842 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, which have chemotactic abilities, are comprised of a family of small cytokines with 8-10 kilodaltons. Chemokines work in immune cells by trafficking and regulating cell proliferation, migration, activation, differentiation, and homing. CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12), which has been found to be expressed in more than 23 different types of cancers. Recently, the SDF-1/CXCR-4 signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for human tumor because of its critical role in tumor initiation and progression by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2, ras, p38 MAPK, PLC/ MAPK, and SAPK/ JNK, as well as regulating cancer stem cells. CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists have been produced, which have shown encouraging results in anti-cancer activity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a molecular target for cancer treatment. We also review the potential utility of targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in combination of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy based on up-to-date literature and ongoing research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
| | - Mingli Liu
- Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
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17
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Adlere I, Caspar B, Arimont M, Dekkers S, Visser K, Stuijt J, de Graaf C, Stocks M, Kellam B, Briddon S, Wijtmans M, de Esch I, Hill S, Leurs R. Modulators of CXCR4 and CXCR7/ACKR3 Function. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:737-752. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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18
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Development of CXCR4 modulators based on the lead compound RB-108. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:32-43. [PMID: 30981691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays prominent roles in tumor metastasis and inflammation. CXCR4 has been shown to be involved in a variety of inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, CXCR4 is a promising potential target to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents. Taking our previously discovered CXCR4 modulator RB-108 as the lead compound, a series of derivatives were synthesized structurally modifying and optimizing the amide and sulfamide side chains. The derivatives successfully maintained potent CXCR4 binding affinity. Furthermore, compounds IIb, IIc, IIIg, IIIj, and IIIm were all efficacious in inhibiting the invasion of CXCR4-positive cells, displaying a much more potent effect than the lead compound RB-108. Notably, compound IIIm significantly decreased carrageenan-induced swollen volume and paw thickness in a mouse paw edema model. More importantly, IIIm exhibited satisfying PK profiles with a half-life of 4.77 h in an SD rat model. In summary, we have developed compound IIIm as a new candidate for further investigation based on the lead compound RB-108.
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19
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Synthesis and evaluation of 2,5-diamino and 2,5-dianilinomethyl pyridine analogues as potential CXCR4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:220-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Mostashari Rad T, Saghaie L, Fassihi A. HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: A Review of Experimental and Computational Studies. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800159. [PMID: 30027572 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 life cycle consists of different events, such as cell entry and fusion, virus replication, assembly and release of the newly formed virions. The more logical way to inhibit HIV transmission among individuals is to inhibit its entry into the immune host cells rather than targeting the intracellular viral enzymes. Both viral and host cell surface receptors and co-receptors are regarded as potential targets in anti-HIV-1 drug design process. Because of the importance of this topic it was decided to summarize recent reports on small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors that have not been considered in the latest released reviews. All the computational studies reported in the literature regarding HIV-1 entry inhibitors since 2014 was also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mostashari Rad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Salgado E, Bian X, Feng A, Shim H, Liang Z. HDAC9 overexpression confers invasive and angiogenic potential to triple negative breast cancer cells via modulating microRNA-206. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1087-1091. [PMID: 29936177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is among the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes with poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to better understand the molecular basis of TNBC as well as develop new therapeutic strategies. Our results demonstrate that HDAC9 is overexpressed in TNBC compared to non-TNBC cell lines and tissues and is inversely proportional with miR-206 expression levels. We show that HDAC9 selective inhibition blocked the invasion of TNBC cells in vitro and repressed the angiogenesis shown via in vivo Matrigel plug assays. Subsequent HDAC9 siRNA knockdown was then shown to restore miR-206 while also decreasing VEGF and MAPK3 levels. Furthermore, the inhibition of miR-206 neutralized the action of HDAC9 siRNA on decreasing VEGF and MAPK3 levels. This study highlights HDAC9 as a mediator of cell invasion and angiogenesis in TNBC cells through VEGF and MAPK3 by modulating miR-206 expression and suggests that selective inhibition of HDAC9 may be an efficient route for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Salgado
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Studies Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xuehai Bian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Studies Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The CXCR4/CXCL12 chemokine axis can chemotactically accumulate inflammatory cells to local tissues and regulate the release of inflammatory factors. Developing novel CXCR4 modulators may provide a desirable strategy to control the development of inflammation. A series of novel hybrids were designed by integrating the key pharmacophores of three CXCR4 modulators. The majority of compounds displayed potent CXCR4 binding affinity. Compound 7a exhibited 1000-fold greater affinity than AMD3100 and significantly inhibited invasion of CXCR4-positive tumor cells. Additionally, compound 7a blocked mice ear inflammation by 67% and suppressed the accumulation of inflammatory cells in an in vivo mouse ear edema evaluation. Western blot analyses revealed that 7a inhibited the CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of Akt and p44 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, compound 7a had no observable cytotoxicity and displayed a favorable plasma stability in our preliminary pharmacokinetic study. These results confirmed that this is a feasible method to develop CXCR4 modulators for the regulation and reduction of inflammation.
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23
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Peng D, Cao B, Zhou YJ, Long YQ. The chemical diversity and structure-based evolution of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:148-169. [PMID: 29500940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a highly reserved G-protein coupled 7-transmembrane (TM) chemokine receptor which consists of 352 amino acids. CXCR4 has only one endogenous chemokine ligand of CXCL12, besides several other natural nonchemokine ligands such as extracellular ubiquitin and noncognate ligand of MIF. CXCR4 strongly binds to CXCL12 and the resulting CXCLl2/CXCR4 axis is the molecular basis of their various biological functions, which include: (1) mediating immune and inflammatory response; (2) regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration and homing; (3) an essential co-receptor for HIV entry into host cells; (4) participation in the process of embryonic development; (5) malignant tumor invasion and metastasis; (6) myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and acute kidney injury. Correspondingly, CXCR4 antagonists find potential therapeutic applications in HIV infection, as well as hematopoietic stem cell migration, inflammation, immune-related diseases, tumor and ischemic diseases. Recently, great achievements have been made and a number of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, the discovery of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists focused on the structures, activities, evolution and development of representative CXCR4 antagonists is comprehensively described. The central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and its involvement in several diseases progressions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China.
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24
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Amor-Coarasa A, Kelly J, Ponnala S, Vedvyas Y, Nikolopoulou A, Williams C, Jin MM, David Warren J, Babich JW. [ 18F]RPS-544: A PET tracer for imaging the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 60:37-44. [PMID: 29544122 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CXCR4 specific [18F]-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are needed which would enable general distribution of the radiotracer for clinical investigation. We sought to synthesize, radiolabel and evaluate [18F]RPS-544, a novel non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist as a CXCR4 specific probe. We compared [18F]RPS-544 with the previously published [18F]-3 ([18F]RPS-510 in this paper) in a bi-lateral tumor model of differential CXCR4 expression for its ability to selectively target CXCR4 expression. METHODS Radiolabeling of [18F]RPS-544 and [18F]RPS-510 was performed by aromatic substitution on a 6-nitropyridyl group using no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride under basic conditions. 18F incorporation was determined by radioHPLC. Semi-preparative HPLC was used to purify the final product prior to reformulation. Imaging and biodistribution was performed in nude mice with bilateral PC3 (CXCR4+ and WT) xenograft tumors at 1, 2 and 4 h post injection. RESULTS RPS-544 bound CXCR4 with an IC50 of 4.9 ± 0.3 nM. [18F]RPS-544 showed preferential uptake in CXCR4+ tumors, with a CXCR4/WT ratio of 3.3 ± 1.3 at 1 h p.i. and 2.3 ± 0.5 at 2 h p.i. Maximum uptake in the CXCR4+ tumors was 3.4 ± 1.2%ID/g at 1 h p.i., significantly greater (p = 0.003) than the uptake in the WT tumor. Tumor/blood ratios were 2.5 ± 0.4 and 3.6 ± 0.3 at 1 and 2 h p.i. Tumor/muscle ratios were >4 at all time-points. Tumor/lung ratios were >2 at 1 h and 2 h p.i. Substantial uptake was observed in the liver (15-25%ID/g), kidneys (25-35%ID/g), the small intestine (1-7%ID/g) and the large intestine (1-12%ID/g). Blood concentrations varied over time (0.5-2%ID/g). All other organs showed uptake of <1%ID/g at all time points studied with clearance profiles similar to blood clearance. CONCLUSIONS Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first high affinity [18F]-labeled tracer, suitable for in vivo PET imaging of CXCR4. [18F]RPS-544 displayed high affinity for CXCR4 and good tumor uptake with a maximum uptake at 1 h p.i.. CXCR4 dependent uptake was demonstrated using bilateral tumors with differential CXCR4 expression as well as pharmacological blockade using the known CXCR4 antagonist, AMD-3100. Tissue contrast as judged by tumor to normal tissue ratios was positive in several key tissues. The structural and pharmacological similarities between [18F]RPS-544 and the approved drug AMD-3465, combined with the ease of synthesis and high molar activity (>185 GBq/μmol) achieved during radiosynthesis could lead to accelerated translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Kelly
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shashikanth Ponnala
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yogindra Vedvyas
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clarence Williams
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moonsoo M Jin
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J David Warren
- Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John W Babich
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Wu CH, Song JS, Kuan HH, Wu SH, Chou MC, Jan JJ, Tsou LK, Ke YY, Chen CT, Yeh KC, Wang SY, Yeh TK, Tseng CT, Huang CL, Wu MH, Kuo PC, Lee CJ, Shia KS. Development of Stem-Cell-Mobilizing Agents Targeting CXCR4 Receptor for Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation and Beyond. J Med Chem 2018; 61:818-833. [PMID: 29314840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The function of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis accounts for many disease indications, including tissue/nerve regeneration, cancer metastasis, and inflammation. Blocking CXCR4 signaling with its antagonists may lead to moving out CXCR4+ cell types from bone marrow to peripheral circulation. We have discovered a novel series of pyrimidine-based CXCR4 antagonists, a representative (i.e., 16) of which was tolerated at a higher dose and showed better HSC-mobilizing ability at the maximal response dose relative to the approved drug 1 (AMD3100), and thus considered a potential drug candidate for PBSCT indication. Docking compound 16 into the X-ray crystal structure of CXCR4 receptor revealed that it adopted a spider-like conformation striding over both major and minor subpockets. This putative binding mode provides a new insight into CXCR4 receptor-ligand interactions for further structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsuan-Hao Kuan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Szu-Huei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Chen Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiing-Jyh Jan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lun K Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chia Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sing-Yi Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Tso Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Lung Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Chu Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Jui Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Tsou LK, Huang YH, Song JS, Ke YY, Huang JK, Shia KS. Harnessing CXCR4 antagonists in stem cell mobilization, HIV infection, ischemic diseases, and oncology. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1188-1234. [PMID: 28768055 DOI: 10.1002/med.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 antagonists (e.g., PlerixaforTM ) have been successfully validated as stem cell mobilizers for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Applications of the CXCR4 antagonists have heralded the era of cell-based therapy and opened a potential therapeutic horizon for many unmet medical needs such as kidney injury, ischemic stroke, cancer, and myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and discuss its involvement in several disease progressions. We then highlight the molecular design and optimization strategies for targeting CXCR4 from a large number of case studies, concluding that polyamines are the preferred CXCR4-binding ligands compared to other structural options, presumably by mimicking the highly positively charged natural ligand CXCL12. These results could be further justified with computer-aided docking into the CXCR4 crystal structure wherein both major and minor subpockets of the binding cavity are considered functionally important. Finally, from the clinical point of view, CXCR4 antagonists could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with long-term repopulating capacity to the peripheral blood, promising to replace surgically obtained bone marrow cells as a preferred source for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
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Bai R, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Salgado E, Feng A, Gurbani S, Shim H. Novel anti-inflammatory agents targeting CXCR4: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and preliminary pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:360-371. [PMID: 28521261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory disease process, providing an attractive means for drug targeting. A series of novel amide-sulfamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and comprehensively evaluated. This new scaffold exhibited much more potent CXCR4 inhibitory activity, with more than 70% of the compounds showed notably better binding affinity than the reference drug AMD3100 in the binding assay. Additionally, in the Matrigel invasion assay, most of our compounds significantly blocked the tumor cell invasion, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to AMD3100. Furthermore, compound IIj blocked mice ear inflammation by 75% and attenuated ear edema and damage substantially in an in vivo model of inflammation. Western blot analyses revealed that CXCR4 modulator IIj significantly blocked CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, compound IIj had no observable cytotoxicity and displayed a favourable plasma stability in our preliminary pharmacokinetic study. The preliminary structure-activity relationships were also summarized. In short, this novel amide-sulfamide scaffold exhibited potent CXCR4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. These results also confirmed that developing modulators targeting CXCR4 provides an exciting avenue for treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renren Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Salgado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saumya Gurbani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Bai R, Shi Q, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Han Y, Feng A, Liu S, Oum Y, Yun CC, Shim H. Development of CXCR4 modulators by virtual HTS of a novel amide-sulfamide compound library. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:464-475. [PMID: 27914361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays a crucial role in recruitment of inflammatory cells to inflammation sites at the beginning of the disease process. Modulating CXCR4 functions presents a new avenue for anti-inflammatory strategies. However, using CXCR4 antagonists for a long term usage presents potential serious side effect due to their stem cell mobilizing property. We have been developing partial CXCR4 antagonists without such property. A new computer-aided drug design program, the FRESH workflow, was used for anti-CXCR4 lead compound discovery and optimization, which coupled both compound library building and CXCR4 docking screens in one campaign. Based on the designed parent framework, 30 prioritized amide-sulfamide structures were obtained after systemic filtering and docking screening. Twelve compounds were prepared from the top-30 list. Most synthesized compounds exhibited good to excellent binding affinity to CXCR4. Compounds Ig and Im demonstrated notable in vivo suppressive activity against xylene-induced mouse ear inflammation (with 56% and 54% inhibition). Western blot analyses revealed that Ig significantly blocked CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, Ig attenuated the amount of TNF-α secreted by pathogenic E. coli-infected macrophages. More importantly, Ig had no observable cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrated that FRESH virtual high throughput screening program of targeted chemical class could successfully find potent lead compounds, and the amide-sulfamide pharmacophore was a novel and effective framework blocking CXCR4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renren Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yiran Han
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoonhyeun Oum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Chris Yun
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Gaines T, Camp D, Bai R, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Shim H, Mooring SR. Synthesis and evaluation of 2,5 and 2,6 pyridine-based CXCR4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5052-5060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Demoin DW, Shindo M, Zhang H, Edwards KJ, Serganova I, Pillarsetty NVK, Lewis JS, Blasberg RG. Synthesis and evaluation of an (18)F-labeled pyrimidine-pyridine amine for targeting CXCR4 receptors in gliomas. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:606-11. [PMID: 27485481 PMCID: PMC5363724 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4, fusin, CD184) is expressed on several tissues involved in immune regulation and is upregulated in many diseases including malignant gliomas. A radiolabeled small molecule that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier can aid in identifying CXCR4-expressing gliomas and monitoring CXCR4-targeted therapy. In the current work, we have synthesized and evaluated an [(18)F]-labeled small molecule based on a pyrimidine-pyridine amine for its ability to target CXCR4. EXPERIMENTAL The nonradioactive standards and the nitro precursor used in this study were prepared using established methods. An HPLC method was developed to separate the nitro-precursor from the nonradioactive standard and radioactive product. The nitro-precursor was radiolabeled with (18)F under inert, anhydrous conditions using the [(18)F]-kryptofix 2.2.2 complex to form the desired N-(4-(((6-[(18)F]fluoropyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)benzyl)pyrimidin-2-amine ([(18)F]-3). The purified radiolabeled compound was used in serum stability, partition coefficient, cellular uptake, and in vivo cancer targeting studies. RESULTS [(18)F]-3 was synthesized in 4-10% decay-corrected yield (to start of synthesis). [(18)F]-3 (tR ≈ 27 min) was separated from the precursor (tR ≈ 30 min) using a pentafluorophenyl column with an isocratic solvent system. [(18)F]-3 displayed acceptable serum stability over 2 h. The amount of [(18)F]-3 bound to the plasma proteins was determined to be > 97%. The partition coefficient (LogD7.4) is 1.4 ± 0.5. Competitive in vitro inhibition indicated 3 does not inhibit uptake of (67)Ga-pentixafor. Cell culture media incubation and ex vivo urine analysis indicate rapid metabolism of [(18)F]-3 into hydrophilic metabolites. Thus, in vitro uptake of [(18)F]-3 in CXCR4 overexpressing U87 cells (U87 CXCR4) and U87 WT indicated no specific binding. In vivo studies in mice bearing U87 CXCR4 and U87 WT tumors on the left and right shoulders were carried out using [(18)F]-3 and (68)Ga-pentixafor on consecutive days. The CXCR4 positive tumor was clearly visualized in the PET study using (68)Ga-pentixafor, but not with [(18)F]-3. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully synthesized both a radiolabeled analog to previously reported CXCR4-targeting molecules and a nitro precursor. Our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that [(18)F]-3 is rapidly metabolized and, therefore, does not target CXCR4-expressing tumors. Optimization of the structure to improve the in vivo (and in vitro) stability, binding, and solubility could lead to an appropriate CXCR4-targeted radiodiagnositic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Wayne Demoin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Masahiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kimberly J Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Naga Vara Kishore Pillarsetty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Blasberg
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Liang Z, Bian X, Shim H. Downregulation of microRNA-206 promotes invasion and angiogenesis of triple negative breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:461-6. [PMID: 27318091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast tumors don't respond to Tamoxifen and Herceptin, two of the most effective medications for treating breast cancer. Additionally, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) intrinsically resists or will eventually acquire resistance to chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to understand better the molecular basis of TNBC as well as develop new therapeutic strategies against it. Here, we analyzed miRNA-206 expression levels in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. In addition, we investigated whether miR-206 mimics inhibited TNBC tumor invasion and angiogenesis. The results showed that miR-206 was downregulated in TNBC compared to non-TNBC cell lines and tissues. Additionally, the decreased levels of miR-206 were inversely consistent with expression levels of VEGF. Furthermore, the forced expression of miR-206 in the mimic-transfected TNBC cells downregulated VEGF, MAPK3, and SOX9 expression levels. The miR-206 mimics inhibited TNBC breast cell invasion and angiogenesis. These findings demonstrate for the first time the involvement of miRNA-206 in TNBC invasion and angiogenesis and suggest that miR-206 may be an efficient agent for therapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xuehai Bian
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Castillo JC, Orrego-Hernández J, Portilla J. Cs2CO3-Promoted DirectN-Alkylation: Highly Chemoselective Synthesis ofN-Alkylated Benzylamines and Anilines. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de los Andes; Carrera 1 N° 18A-12 Bogotá Colombia
| | | | - Jaime Portilla
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de los Andes; Carrera 1 N° 18A-12 Bogotá Colombia
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Symmetrical bis-tertiary amines as novel CXCR4 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:340-50. [PMID: 27179215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CXCR4 inhibitors are promising agents for the treatment of cancer metastasis and inflammation. A series of novel tertiary amine derivatives targeting CXCR4 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. The central benzene ring linker and side chains were modified and optimized to study the structure-activity relationship. Seven compounds displayed much more potent activity than the reference drug, AMD3100, in both the binding affinity assay and the blocking of Matrigel invasion functional assay. These compounds exhibited effective concentration ranging from 1 to 100 nM in the binding affinity assay and inhibited invasion from 65.3% to 100% compared to AMD3100 at 100 nM. Compound IIn showed a 50% suppressive effect against carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in a mouse model, which was as effective as the peptidic antagonist, TN14003 (48%). These data demonstrate that symmetrical bis-tertiary amines are unique CXCR4 inhibitors with high potency.
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Process of hepatic metastasis from pancreatic cancer: biology with clinical significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:1137-61. [PMID: 26250876 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer shows a remarkable preference for the liver to establish secondary tumors. Selective metastasis to the liver is attributed to the development of potential microenvironment for the survival of pancreatic cancer cells. This review aims to provide a full understanding of the hepatic metastatic process from circulating pancreatic cancer cells to their settlement in the liver, serving as a basic theory for efficient prediction and treatment of metastatic diseases. METHODS A systematic search of relevant original articles and reviews was performed on PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for the purpose of this review. RESULTS Three interrelated phases are delineated as the contributions of the interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and the liver to hepatic metastasis process. Chemotaxis of disseminated pancreatic cancer cells and simultaneous defensive formation of platelets or neutrophils facilitate specific metastasis toward the liver. Remodeling of extracellular matrix and stromal cells in hepatic lobules and angiogenesis induced by proangiogenic factors support the survival and growth of clinical micrometastasis colonizing the liver. The bimodal role of the immune system or prevalence of cancer cells over the immune system makes metastatic progression successfully proceed from micrometastasis to macrometastasis. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic cancer is an appropriate research object of cancer metastasis representing more than a straight cascade. If any of the successive or simultaneous phases, especially tumor-induced immunosuppression, is totally disrupted, hepatic metastasis will be temporarily under control or even cancelled forever. To shrink cancers on multiple fronts and prolong survival for patients, novel oral or intravenous anti-cancer agents covering one or different phases of metastatic pancreatic cancer are expected to be integrated into innovative strategies on the premise of safety and efficacious biostability.
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Wu CH, Song JS, Chang KH, Jan JJ, Chen CT, Chou MC, Yeh KC, Wong YC, Tseng CT, Wu SH, Yeh CF, Huang CY, Wang MH, Sadani AA, Chang CP, Cheng CY, Tsou LK, Shia KS. Stem cell mobilizers targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4: renoprotective application in acute kidney injury. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2315-25. [PMID: 25686267 DOI: 10.1021/jm501769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have discovered a novel series of quinazoline-based CXCR4 antagonists. Of these, compound 19 mobilized CXCR4(+) cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, more efficiently than the marketed 1 (AMD3100) with subcutaneous administration at the same dose (6 mg/kg) in mice. This series of compounds thus provides a set of valuable tools to study diseases mediated by the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cancer metastasis. More importantly, treatment with compound 19 significantly lowered levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, providing evidence for its therapeutic potential in preventing ischemic acute kidney injury. CXCR4 antagonists such as 19 might also be useful to increase circulating levels of adult stem cells, thereby exerting beneficial effects on damaged and/or inflamed tissues in diseases that currently are not treated by standard approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan R.O.C
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Cai X, Chen Z, Pan X, Xia L, Chen P, Yang Y, Hu H, Zhang J, Li K, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. Inhibition of angiogenesis, fibrosis and thrombosis by tetramethylpyrazine: mechanisms contributing to the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88176. [PMID: 24505417 PMCID: PMC3914919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herb Chuanxiong, which has been used to treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of TMP have not been fully elucidated. In a previous study we showed that TMP-mediated glioma suppression and neural protection involves the inhibition of CXCR4 expression. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays a fundamental role in many physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we further investigated whether the regulation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway is also involved in the TMP-mediated inhibition of neovascularization or fibrosis and improvement of microcirculation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a scratch-wound assay, we demonstrated that TMP significantly suppressed the migration and tubule formation of the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line ECV304 in vitro. The expression of CXCR4 in ECV304 cells is notably down-regulated after TMP treatment. In addition, TMP significantly suppresses corneal neovascularization in a rat model of corneal alkali burn injury. The expression of CXCR4 on days 1, 3 and 7 post-injury was determined through RT-PCR analysis. Consistent with our hypotheses, the expression of CXCR4 in the rat cornea is significantly increased with alkali burn and dramatically down-regulated with TMP treatment. Moreover, TMP treatment significantly attenuates bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis, while immunofluorescence shows a notably decreased amount of CXCR4-positive cells in the TMP-treated group. Furthermore, TMP significantly down-regulates the expression of CXCR4 in platelets, lymphocytes and red blood cells. Whole-blood viscosity and platelet aggregation in rats are significantly decreased by TMP treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results show that TMP exerts potent effects in inhibiting neovascularization, fibrosis and thrombosis under pathological conditions; thus, the underlying mechanism of TMP might partially contribute to the down-regulation of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Xueke Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Huan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Kaijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
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Rentoft M, Coates PJ, Loljung L, Wilms T, Laurell G, Nylander K. Expression of CXCL10 is associated with response to radiotherapy and overall survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4191-8. [PMID: 24395654 PMCID: PMC4009142 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-year survival for patients with oral cancer has been disappointingly stable during the last decades, creating a demand for new biomarkers and treatment targets. Lately, much focus has been set on immunomodulation as a possible treatment or an adjuvant increasing sensitivity to conventional treatments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic importance of response to radiotherapy in tongue carcinoma patients as well as the expression of the CXC-chemokines in correlation to radiation response in the same group of tumours. Thirty-eight patients with tongue carcinoma that had received radiotherapy followed by surgery were included. The prognostic impact of pathological response to radiotherapy, N-status, T-stage, age and gender was evaluated using Cox's regression models, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and chi-square test. The expression of 23 CXC-chemokine ligands and their receptors were evaluated in all patients using microarray and qPCR and correlated with response to treatment using logistic regression. Pathological response to radiotherapy was independently associated to overall survival with a 2-year survival probability of 81% for patients showing a complete pathological response, while patients with a non-complete response only had a probability of 42% to survive for 2 years (p = 0.016). The expression of one CXC-chemokine, CXCL10, was significantly associated with response to radiotherapy and the group of patients with the highest CXCL10 expression responded, especially poorly (p = 0.01). CXCL10 is a potential marker for response to radiotherapy and overall survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Rentoft
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden,
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Mooring SR, Gaines T, Liang Z, Shim H. Synthesis of pyridine derivatives as potential antagonists of chemokine receptor type 4. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2014; 20:149-153. [PMID: 25620839 DOI: 10.1515/hc-2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pyridine derivatives were synthesized as potential inhibitors of chemokine receptor type 4. This chemokine receptor has been linked to various disease pathways including HIV-1 proliferation, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer metastasis. The compounds were tested for activity using an affinity binding assay and an assay that tests the ability to inhibit cell invasion. Two hit compounds (2b and 2j) have been identified for further evaluation that inhibit cell invasion by at least 50% and have an effective concentration of less than 100 nM in the binding affinity assay. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Gaines
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Inhibition of the CXCL12/CXCR4-axis as preventive therapy for radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79768. [PMID: 24244561 PMCID: PMC3820649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A devastating late injury caused by radiation is pulmonary fibrosis. This risk may limit the volume of irradiation and compromise potentially curative therapy. Therefore, development of a therapy to prevent this toxicity can be of great benefit for this patient population. Activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) may be important in the development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we tested whether MSX-122, a novel small molecule and partial CXCR4 antagonist, can block development of this fibrotic process. Methodology/Principal Findings The radiation-induced lung fibrosis model used was C57BL/6 mice irradiated to the entire thorax or right hemithorax to 20 Gy. Our parabiotic model involved joining a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse expressing GFP with a wild-type mouse that was subsequently irradiated to assess for migration of GFP+ bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to the irradiated lung. CXCL12 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum after irradiation were determined by ELISA. CXCR4 and CXCL12 mRNA in the irradiated lung was determined by RNase protection assay. Irradiated mice were treated daily with AMD3100, an established CXCR4 antagonist; MSX-122; and their corresponding vehicles to determine impact of drug treatment on fibrosis development. Fibrosis was assessed by serial CTs and histology. After irradiation, CXCL12 levels increased in BALF and serum with a corresponding rise in CXCR4 mRNA within irradiated lungs consistent with recruitment of a CXCR4+ cell population. Using our parabiotic model, we demonstrated recruitment of CXCR4+ bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, identified based on marker expression, to irradiated lungs. Finally, irradiated mice that received MSX-122 had significant reductions in development of pulmonary fibrosis while AMD3100 did not significantly suppress this fibrotic process. Conclusions/Significance CXCR4 inhibition by drugs such as MSX-122 may alleviate potential radiation-induced lung injury, presenting future therapeutic opportunities for patients requiring chest irradiation.
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Hung CS, Su HY, Liang HH, Lai CW, Chang YC, Ho YS, Wu CH, Ho JD, Wei PL, Chang YJ. High-level expression of CXCR4 in breast cancer is associated with early distant and bone metastases. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1581-8. [PMID: 24101191 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most life-threatening complication in all cancers. The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is expressed at high levels in many breast-cancer tumors and may modulate metastasis. We compared the time-to-metastasis and the sites of metastasis between breast-cancer tumors expressing CXCR4 at high or low levels. We enrolled 191 early breast cancer patients in our study. The expression of CXCR4 was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, and the patients were divided into low-level (CXCR4-) and high-level (CXCR4+) CXCR4 expression groups. Associations between the patients' level of CXCR4 expression and their basic clinical characteristics, time-to-metastasis, and metastatic sites were examined using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. A total of 107 CXCR4+ patients (56 %) were identified. No statistical differences were evident in basic characteristics between the CXCR4+ and CXCR4- groups. The CXCR4+ group had a higher incidence of distant metastasis during the first year (10.3 % versus 1.1 %, P = 0.009) and shorter event-free survival (17.43 months versus 27.5 months, P = 0.026) than those of the CXCR4- group. The CXCR4+ group also had a higher incidence of bone metastasis (P = 0.008) than the CXCR4- group. No significant difference in metastasis sites in other organs was observed between the two groups. A high level of CXCR4 expression in breast cancer is associated with early distant and bone metastases. The CXCR4+ phenotype may be a useful predictor for the prevention of early treatment failure and bone metastasis in breast cancer patients. This retrospective study shows that a high expression of CXCR4 in breast cancer is associated with earlier distant metastasis and bone metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Hung
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ziarek JJ, Liu Y, Smith E, Zhang G, Peterson FC, Chen J, Yu Y, Chen Y, Volkman BF, Li R. Fragment-based optimization of small molecule CXCL12 inhibitors for antagonizing the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 12:2727-40. [PMID: 23368099 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611212240003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 are high-priority clinical targets because of their involvement in metastatic cancers (also implicated in autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease). Because chemokines interact with two distinct sites to bind and activate their receptors, both the GPCRs and chemokines are potential targets for small molecule inhibition. A number of chemokines have been validated as targets for drug development, but virtually all drug discovery efforts focus on the GPCRs. However, all CXCR4 receptor antagonists with the exception of MSX-122 have failed in clinical trials due to unmanageable toxicities, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies to interfere with CXCL12/CXCR4-guided metastatic homing. Although targeting the relatively featureless surface of CXCL12 was presumed to be challenging, focusing efforts at the sulfotyrosine (sY) binding pockets proved successful for procuring initial hits. Using a hybrid structure-based in silico/NMR screening strategy, we recently identified a ligand that occludes the receptor recognition site. From this initial hit, we designed a small fragment library containing only nine tetrazole derivatives using a fragment-based and bioisostere approach to target the sY binding sites of CXCL12. Compound binding modes and affinities were studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, molecular docking and cell-based functional assays. Our results demonstrate that the sY binding sites are conducive to the development of high affinity inhibitors with better ligand efficiency (LE) than typical protein-protein interaction inhibitors (LE ≤ 0.24). Our novel tetrazole-based fragment 18 was identified to bind the sY21 site with a K(d) of 24 μM (LE = 0.30). Optimization of 18 yielded compound 25 which specifically inhibits CXCL12-induced migration with an improvement in potency over the initial hit 9. The fragment from this library that exhibited the highest affinity and ligand efficiency (11: K(d) = 13 μM, LE = 0.33) may serve as a starting point for development of inhibitors targeting the sY12 site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Distinct modifications in Kv2.1 channel via chemokine receptor CXCR4 regulate neuronal survival-death dynamics. J Neurosci 2013; 32:17725-39. [PMID: 23223293 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3029-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) has multiple effects on neuronal activity, survival, and death under conditions that generate a proinflammatory microenvironment within the brain, via signaling through C-X-C-type chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), although the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms are unclear. Using rat hippocampal neurons, we investigated distinct modifications in the voltage-gated K⁺ (Kv) channel Kv2.1 in response to short- and long-term SDF-1α/CXCR4-mediated signaling as an underlying mechanism for CXCR4-dependent regulation of neuronal survival and death. Acute exposure of neurons to SDF-1α led to dynamic dephosphorylation and altered localization of Kv2.1 channel, resulting in enhanced voltage-dependent activation of Kv2.1-based delayed-rectifier Kv currents (I(DR)). These changes were dependent on CXCR4- and/or NMDA receptor-mediated activation of calcineurin and provide neuroprotection. However, prolonged SDF-1α treatment leads to CXCR4-mediated activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, resulting in phosphorylation of Kv2.1 at S800 and enhanced surface trafficking of the channel protein, resulting in increased I(DR)/Kv2.1 current density. This, in combination with sustained dephosphorylation-induced enhancement of the voltage-dependent activation of I(DR)/Kv2.1, predisposed neurons to excessive K⁺ efflux, a vital step for the neuronal apoptotic program. Such apoptotic death was dependent on CXCR4 and Kv2.1 function and was absent in cells expressing the Kv2.1-S800A mutant channel. Furthermore, similar modifications in Kv2.1 and CXCR4/Kv2.1-dependent apoptosis were observed following treatment of neurons with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) glycoprotein gp120. Therefore, distinct modifications in Kv2.1 in response to short- and long-term CXCR4-mediated signaling could provide a basis for neuroprotection or apoptosis in neuropathologies, such as neuroinflammation, stroke, brain tumors, and HIV-associated neurodegeneration.
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Mooring SR, Liu J, Liang Z, Ahn J, Hong S, Yoon Y, Snyder JP, Shim H. Benzenesulfonamides: a unique class of chemokine receptor type 4 inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:622-32. [PMID: 23468189 PMCID: PMC3752296 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of CXCR4 with CXCL12 (SDF-1) plays a critical role in cancer metastasis by facilitating the homing of tumor cells to metastatic sites. Based on our previously published work on CXCR4 antagonists, we have synthesized a series of aryl sulfonamides that inhibit the CXCR4/CXCL12 interaction. Analogue bioactivities were assessed with binding affinity and Matrigel invasion assays. Computer modeling was employed to evaluate a selection of the new analogues docked into the CXCR4 X-ray structure and to rationalize discrepancies between the affinity and Matrigel in vitro assays. A lead compound displays nanomolar potency in the binding affinity assay (IC(50)=8.0 nM) and the Matrigel invasion assay (100 % blockade of invasion at 10 nM). These data demonstrate that benzenesulfonamides are a unique class of CXCR4 inhibitors with high potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suazette Reid Mooring
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Fax: 1-404-778-5550
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Fax: 1-404-778-5550
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffrey Ahn
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Fax: 1-404-778-5550
| | - Samuel Hong
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Fax: 1-404-778-5550
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Fax: 1-404-778-5550
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Fax: 1-404-778-5550
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Debnath B, Xu S, Grande F, Garofalo A, Neamati N. Small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:47-75. [PMID: 23382786 PMCID: PMC3563081 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in a number of physiological processes in the hematopoietic and immune systems. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is significantly associated with several diseases, such as HIV, cancer, WHIM syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis and lupus. For example, CXCR4 is one of the major co-receptors for HIV entry into target cells, while in cancer it plays an important role in tumor cell metastasis. Several promising CXCR4 antagonists have been developed to block SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions that are currently under different stages of development. The first in class CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor, was approved by the FDA in 2008 for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and several other drugs are currently in clinical trials for cancer, HIV, and WHIM syndrome. While the long-term safety data for the first generation CXCR4 antagonists are not yet available, several new compounds are under preclinical development in an attempt to provide safer and more efficient treatment options for HIV and cancer patients.
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Kuil J, Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB. Imaging agents for the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5239-61. [PMID: 22743644 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12) is a natural regulatory process in the human body. However, CXCR4 over-expression is also found in diseases such as cancer, where it plays a role in, among others, the metastatic spread. For this reason it is an interesting biomarker for the field of diagnostic oncology, and therefore, it is gaining increasing interest for applications in molecular imaging. Especially "small-molecule" imaging agents based on T140, FC131 and AMD3100 have been extensively studied. SDF-1, antibodies, pepducins and bioluminescence have also been used to visualize CXCR4. In this critical review reported CXCR4 targeting imaging agents are described based on their affinity, specificity and biodistribution. The level wherein CXCR4 is up-regulated in cancer patients and its relation to the different cell lines and animal models used to evaluate the efficacy of the imaging agents is also discussed (221 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Liang Z, Zhan W, Zhu A, Yoon Y, Lin S, Sasaki M, Klapproth JMA, Yang H, Grossniklaus HE, Xu J, Rojas M, Voll RJ, Goodman MM, Arrendale RF, Liu J, Yun CC, Snyder JP, Liotta DC, Shim H. Development of a unique small molecule modulator of CXCR4. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34038. [PMID: 22485156 PMCID: PMC3317778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis, the spread and growth of tumor cells to distant organ sites, represents the most devastating attribute and plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of cancer. Inflammation is crucial for malignant tumor transformation and survival. Thus, blocking inflammation is expected to serve as an effective cancer treatment. Among anti-inflammation therapies, chemokine modulation is now beginning to emerge from the pipeline. CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) interaction and the resulting cell signaling cascade have emerged as highly relevant targets since they play pleiotropic roles in metastatic progression. The unique function of CXCR4 is to promote the homing of tumor cells to their microenvironment at the distant organ sites. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe the actions of N,N′-(1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))dipyrimidin-2-amine (designated MSX-122), a novel small molecule and partial CXCR4 antagonist with properties quite unlike that of any other reported CXCR4 antagonists, which was prepared in a single chemical step using a reductive amination reaction. Its specificity toward CXCR4 was tested in a binding affinity assay and a ligand competition assay using 18F-labeled MSX-122. The potency of the compound was determined in two functional assays, Matrigel invasion assay and cAMP modulation. The therapeutic potential of MSX-122 was evaluated in three different murine models for inflammation including an experimental colitis, carrageenan induced paw edema, and bleomycin induced lung fibrosis and three different animal models for metastasis including breast cancer micrometastasis in lung, head and neck cancer metastasis in lung, and uveal melanoma micrometastasis in liver in which CXCR4 was reported to play crucial roles. Conclusions/Significance We developed a novel small molecule, MSX-122, that is a partial CXCR4 antagonist without mobilizing stem cells, which can be safer for long-term blockade of metastasis than other reported CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Weiqiang Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aizhi Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Songbai Lin
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Voll
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Arrendale
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
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Structure-based ligand discovery for the protein-protein interface of chemokine receptor CXCR4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5517-22. [PMID: 22431600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120431109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key signaling molecules and are intensely studied. Whereas GPCRs recognizing small-molecules have been successfully targeted for drug discovery, protein-recognizing GPCRs, such as the chemokine receptors, claim few drugs or even useful small molecule reagents. This reflects both the difficulties that attend protein-protein interface inhibitor discovery, and the lack of structures for these targets. Imminent structure determination of chemokine receptor CXCR4 motivated docking screens for new ligands against a homology model and subsequently the crystal structure. More than 3 million molecules were docked against the model and then against the crystal structure; 24 and 23 high-scoring compounds from the respective screens were tested experimentally. Docking against the model yielded only one antagonist, which resembled known ligands and lacked specificity, whereas the crystal structure docking yielded four that were dissimilar to previously known scaffolds and apparently specific. Intriguingly, several were potent and relatively small, with IC(50) values as low as 306 nM, ligand efficiencies as high as 0.36, and with efficacy in cellular chemotaxis. The potency and efficiency of these molecules has few precedents among protein-protein interface inhibitors, and supports structure-based efforts to discover leads for chemokine GPCRs.
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Wu CH, Chang CP, Song JS, Jan JJ, Chou MC, Wu SH, Yeh KC, Wong YC, Hsieh CJ, Chen CT, Kao TT, Wu SY, Yeh CF, Tseng CT, Chao YS, Shia KS. Discovery of novel stem cell mobilizers that target the CXCR4 receptor. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:209-12. [PMID: 22190478 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
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Gourni E, Demmer O, Schottelius M, D'Alessandria C, Schulz S, Dijkgraaf I, Schumacher U, Schwaiger M, Kessler H, Wester HJ. PET of CXCR4 Expression by a 68Ga-Labeled Highly Specific Targeted Contrast Agent. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1803-10. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.098798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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50
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Hashimoto C, Tanaka T, Narumi T, Nomura W, Tamamura H. The successes and failures of HIV drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1067-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.611129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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