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Nakamura Y, Watanabe H, Imafuku T, Fujita I, Ganaha Y, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Maeda H, Maruyama T. Contribution of the α 1-Acid Glycoprotein in Drug Pharmacokinetics: The Usefulness of α 1-Acid Glycoprotein-Knockout Mice. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3144-3150. [PMID: 38862418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a primary binding protein for many basic drugs in plasma. The number of drugs that bind to AGP, such as molecular target anticancer drugs, has been continuously increasing. Since the plasma level of AGP fluctuates under various pathological conditions such as inflammation, it is important to evaluate the contribution of AGP to drug pharmacokinetics. Here, we generated conventional AGP-knockout (AGP-KO) mice and used them to evaluate the contribution of AGP. The pharmacokinetics of drugs that bind to two AGP variants (F1*S or A variants) or albumin were evaluated. Imatinib (a F1*S-binding drug) and disopyramide (an A-binding drug) or ibuprofen (an albumin-binding drug) were administered to wild-type (WT) and AGP-KO. The plasma level of imatinib and disopyramide decreased rapidly in AGP-KO as compared to WT. In AGP-KO, AUC and t1/2 were decreased, then CLtot was increased. Compared with disopyramide, imatinib pharmacokinetics showed more marked changes in AGP-KO as compared to WT. The results seemed to be due to the difference in plasma level of each AGP variant (F1*S:A = 2-3:1). No differences were observed in ibuprofen pharmacokinetics between the WT and AGP-KO mice. In vitro experiments using plasma from WT and AGP-KO showed that unbound fractions of imatinib and disopyramide were higher in AGP-KO. These results suggest that the rapid elimination of imatinib and disopyramide in AGP-KO could be due to decreased protein binding to AGP. Taken together, the AGP-KO mouse could be a potential animal model for evaluating the contribution of AGP to the pharmacokinetics of various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakamura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imafuku
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Issei Fujita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuto Ganaha
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811 Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Biotechnology and Innovation, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Huang HL, Li S, Lv YZ, Shi YQ, Pang TT, Zhang RF, Huang W, Yin J, Gao F. Efficient Functionalization of Organosulfones via Photoredox Catalysis: Direct Incorporation of α-Carbonyl Alkyl Side Chains into α-Allyl- β-Ketosulfones. Molecules 2024; 29:1971. [PMID: 38731462 PMCID: PMC11085174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for functionalizing organosulfones has been established, utilizing a visible-light-driven intermolecular radical cascade cyclization of α-allyl-β-ketosulfones. This process employs fac-Ir(ppy)3 as the photoredox catalyst and α-carbonyl alkyl bromide as the oxidizing agent. Via this approach, the substrates experience intermolecular addition of α-carbonyl alkyl radicals to the alkene bonds, initiating a sequence of C-C bond formations that culminate in the production of organosulfone derivatives. Notably, this technique features gentle reaction conditions and an exceptional compatibility with a wide array of functional groups, making it a versatile and valuable addition to the field of organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (S.L.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-Q.S.); (T.-T.P.); (R.-F.Z.)
| | - Shan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (S.L.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-Q.S.); (T.-T.P.); (R.-F.Z.)
| | - Yong-Zheng Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (S.L.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-Q.S.); (T.-T.P.); (R.-F.Z.)
| | - Ya-Qian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (S.L.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-Q.S.); (T.-T.P.); (R.-F.Z.)
| | - Tian-Tian Pang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (S.L.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-Q.S.); (T.-T.P.); (R.-F.Z.)
| | - Ru-Fen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (S.L.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-Q.S.); (T.-T.P.); (R.-F.Z.)
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (W.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhui Yin
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (W.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (W.H.); (J.Y.)
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Lear JT, Morris LM, Ness DB, Lewis LD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors used in the treatment of advanced or treatment-refractory basal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:1211-1220. [PMID: 37975712 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2285849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sonidegib and vismodegib are currently the only US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency-approved small-molecule Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HHIs)for treating adults with advanced or refractory basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that is not amenable to conventional surgery or radiotherapy. At this time, there are no head-to-head clinical trials comparing these two HHIs for efficacy and safety to assist clinicians with determining which HHI may be best suited for their patients. AREAS COVERED This review briefly describes the pathogenesis of BCC, provides a detailed overview of the key pharmacokinetic profile differences between sonidegib and vismodegib, explains their pharmacodynamics, and highlights the therapeutic considerations when either HHI is used to treat special patient populations. EXPERT OPINION Although both HHIs act at the same molecular target in the Hedgehog pathway, there are significant differences in their pharmacokinetic profiles that may play a potential role in their efficacy and safety. Evidence-based recommendations serve to inform clinicians until direct comparative clinical trials of sonidegib versus vismodegib are conducted to determine the clinical relevance of the reported differences in their pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Lear
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Dermatology Center, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Linda M Morris
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine & The Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dylan B Ness
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine & The Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lionel D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine & The Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Schulz JA, Stresser DM, Kalvass JC. Plasma Protein-Mediated Uptake and Contradictions to the Free Drug Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Drug Metab Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36971325 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
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Xiao X, Huang YQ, Tian HY, Bai J, Cheng F, Wang X, Ke ML, Chen FE. Robust, scalable construction of an electrophilic deuterated methylthiolating reagent: facile access to SCD 3-containing scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3015-3018. [PMID: 35147615 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have established a practical and concise method for the straightforward access of a universal deuterated methylthiolating reagent through a one-pot gram-scale operation under mild conditions. This odourless electrophilic SCD3 reagent was widely applied to react with numerous representative nucleophiles and approached various valuable SCD3 analogues with excellent levels of deuterium content (>99% D). The divergent further transformations were smoothly carried out to obtain the significant derivatives with different oxidative states in high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yin-Qiu Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Yu Tian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Cheng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao-Lin Ke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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6
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Zhang X, Feng Y, Tuo Y, Zheng QZ. Metal-free sulfonylation of arenes with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide via cleavage of S-N bonds: expeditious synthesis of diarylsulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:768-772. [PMID: 34989387 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel metal-free sulfonylation of arenes with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) toward the synthesis of diarylsulfones has been developed. The reaction represents a rare example of sulfonylation reaction using NFSI as an efficient sulfonyl donor and the first example of acid-mediated sulfonylation of unactivated arenes with NFSI via selective cleavage of S-N bonds. This protocol provides a concise approach for the construction of pharmaceutically and biologically important diarylsulfones. Applications in the functionalization of natural products (e.g., β-estradiol) and in the synthesis of a key intermediate to an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase, as well as in the gram-scale synthesis of the EPAC2 antagonist, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Yueji Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Yanyan Tuo
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Qing-Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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7
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Kotha S, Gupta NK, Ansari S. One-pot thiol-free synthetic approach to sulfides, and sulfoxides selectively. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25154-25162. [PMID: 36199306 PMCID: PMC9443682 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04872h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and efficient thiol-free one-pot method for direct synthesis of sulfides and sulfoxides under green conditions without using any metal catalyst is reported. For this purpose, we used benzyl bromides as starting materials in the presence of potassium thioacetate (PTA) and Oxone® which are low-cost, and readily accessible chemicals. This method is highly compatible with a variety of functional groups and delivered a series of sulfides, bis-sulfides, and sulfoxides in good yields. The selective formation of sulfoxides over sulfones is discussed via a mechanism. A facile and efficient thiol-free one-pot method for direct synthesis of sulfides and sulfoxides under green conditions without using any metal catalyst is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Saima Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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8
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Lv J, Zhang C, Chang X, Ye S, Wu J. A photocatalytic radical relay reaction of 2-methylthiolated phenylalkynones and potassium metabisulfite. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of methylsufonyl-containing thioflavones through a radical relay reaction of methylthiolated phenylalkynones and potassium metabisulfite in the presence of sodium methylsulfinate under visible light irradiation is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Jiajing Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Xiaotong Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Zhejiang 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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9
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Mohseniabbasabadi T, Behboodyzad F, Abolhasani Zadeh F, Balali E. Vismodegib anticancer drug: Analyzing electronic and structural features and examining biological activities. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vismodegib (Vis) is an anticancer drug, in which its electronic and structural features were examined in this work. To this aim, the chlorine atoms of original Vis model were substituted by other fluorine, bromine, and iodine halogen atoms yielding F-Vis, Br-Vis, and I-Vis in addition to the original Cl-Vis model. The models were optimized by performing quantum chemical calculations and their interactions with the smoothened (SMO) target were examined by performing molecular docking simulations. The results indicated that the stabilized structures of halogenated Vis models were achievable and their features indicated the dominant role of halogen atoms for their participation in interactions with other substances. Based on the obtained results, Br-Vis model was seen suitable for participating in interaction with the SMO target even better than the original Vis model. The hypothesis of this work was affirmed by employing the in silico approach for analyzing the features of singular ligands and for evaluating their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mohseniabbasabadi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Behboodyzad
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ebrahim Balali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhang LY, Wang NX, Wu YH, Yan Z, Gao XW, Feng K, Xu BC, Xing Y, Wang PJ, Zhang Y, Gao LL. Copper-Catalyzed Aldehyde Exchanged Amidation. Org Lett 2021; 24:658-662. [PMID: 34968066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of bioactive amides has been the pursuit of chemists. Herein secondary amides incorporated with an aldehyde group were first generated using aldehydes and secondary amines. Various (hetero)aryl aldehydes and even aliphatic aldehydes (>40 examples) were converted into the desired products in moderate to excellent yields (up to 89%). A plausible mechanism involving a Cu(I/II/III) catalytic cycle combined with radical rearrangement was proposed and confirmed with four key intermediates detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yang Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhan Yan
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Feng
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bao-Cai Xu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yalan Xing
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey,Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Pei-Jia Wang
- Baotou Rare Earth Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Baotou Rare Earth Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Le-Le Gao
- Baotou Rare Earth Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Baotou 014010, China
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11
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Huang M, Tang M, Hu J, Westcott SA, Radius U, Marder TB. Cu-mediated vs. Cu-free selective borylation of aryl alkyl sulfones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:395-398. [PMID: 34901977 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06144e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A Cu-catalysed borylation of aryl alkyl sulfones was developed for the high yield synthesis of versatile arylboronic esters using a readily prepared NHC-Cu catalyst. In addition, the selective cleavage of either alkyl(C)-sulfonyl or aryl(C)-sulfonyl bonds of a cyclic sulfone via Cu-free or Cu-mediated processes generates the corresponding sulfinate salts, which can be further derivatised to provide sulfonyl-containing boronate esters, such as sulfones and sulfonyl fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Huang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Man Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Stephen A Westcott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
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12
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Patel BK, Sahoo AK, Dahiya A, Rakshit A. The Renaissance of Alkali Metabisulfites as SO2 Surrogates. SYNOPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1577-9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe upsurge of interest in the development of methodologies for the construction of sulfur-containing compounds via the use of expedient reagents has established sustainable tools in organic chemistry. This review focuses on sulfonylation reactions using inorganic sulfites (Na2S2O5 or K2S2O5) as the sulfur dioxide surrogates. Compared to the bis-adduct with DABCO, which is an excellent surrogate of gaseous SO2, the use of sodium or potassium metabisulfites as SO2 surrogates are equally efficient. The objective of the current review is to exemplify recent sulfonylation reactions using inorganic sulfites. For better understanding, the review is categorized according to the mode of reactions: transition-metal-catalyzed SO2 insertion, metal-free SO2 insertion, and visible-light-mediated SO2 insertion. All the reactions in each of the sections are illustrated with selected examples with a pertinent explanation of the proposed mechanism.1 Introduction2 Outlines of the Reactions Involving SO2 Insertion2.1 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed SO2 Insertion2.2 Transition-Metal-Free SO2 Insertion2.3 Visible-Light-Mediated SO2 Insertion3 Conclusion and Outlook
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13
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Zhou W, Tian YP, Zhou HJ, Wang HJ, Ren Y, Liu XL. Synthesis of methanesulfone-containing tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2269-2276. [PMID: 33624683 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A methanesulfonylation reaction for the synthesis of sulfone-containing tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters is described for the first time by simple treatment of indanedione-chromanone synthons with Et3N and easily accessible MsCl without any use of organometallic chemistry. This technology gave the corresponding valuable chromone-based 2-methanesulfonylated 1,3-indanediones in good yields (up to 89% yield) under mild conditions. The present work provides an attractive strategy for the construction of biologically interesting sulfone-containing tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters, which might be valuable in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - You-Ping Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Ren
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
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14
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Huang J, Ding F, Chen Z, Yang G, Wu J. A multi-component reaction of electron-rich arenes, potassium metabisulfite, aldehydes and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01546f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A multi-component reaction of electron-rich arenes, potassium metabisulfite, aldehydes and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under mild conditions is reported, leading to a range of (arylsulfonyl)methylbenzenes in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Feng Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Gege Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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15
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Sun C, Zhang D, Luan T, Wang Y, Zhang W, Lin L, Jiang M, Hao Z, Wang Y. Synthesis of 2-methoxybenzamide derivatives and evaluation of their hedgehog signaling pathway inhibition. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22820-22825. [PMID: 35480433 PMCID: PMC9034380 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00732g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in the development of a variety of cancers. Smoothened (Smo) protein is a bottleneck in the Hh signal transduction. The regulation of the Hh signaling pathway to target the Smo receptor is a practical approach for development of anticancer agents. We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of 2-methoxybenzamide derivatives as Hh signaling pathway inhibitors. The pharmacological data demonstrated that compound 21 possessed potent Hh pathway inhibition with a nanomolar IC50 value, and it prevented Shh-induced Smo from entering the primary cilium. Furthermore, mutant Smo was effectively suppressed via compound 21. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of compound 21 against a drug-resistant cell line gave encouraging results. Benzamide analog (21) was identified as a potent hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor that targeted the Smo receptor and blocked Daoy cell proliferation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Tian Luan
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Youbing Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Wenhu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Meihua Jiang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Ziqian Hao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Medical College
- Shenyang 110034
- China
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16
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He Y, Yang J, Liu Q, Zhang X, Fan X. Synthesis of β-Methylsulfonylated N-Heterocycles from Saturated Cyclic Amines with the Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15600-15609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jintao Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qimeng Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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17
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Olesen UH, Clergeaud G, Hendel KK, Yeung K, Lerche CM, Andresen TL, Haedersdal M. Enhanced and Sustained Cutaneous Delivery of Vismodegib by Ablative Fractional Laser and Microemulsion Formulation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2051-2059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Dolton MJ, Chiang PC, Ma F, Jin JY, Chen Y. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Vismodegib: Deconvoluting the Impact of Saturable Plasma Protein Binding, pH-Dependent Solubility and Nonsink Permeation. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:117. [PMID: 32875428 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vismodegib displays unique pharmacokinetic characteristics including saturable plasma protein binding to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) and apparent time-dependent bioavailability leading to non-linear PK with dose and time, significantly faster time to steady-state and lower than predicted accumulation. Given these unique characteristics, a PBPK model was developed to explore mechanistic insights into saturable protein binding and complex oral absorption processes and de-convolute the impact of these independent non-linear processes on vismodegib exposure. Simcyp V18 was used for model development; oral absorption was characterized using the multi-layer gut wall (M-ADAM) model and mechanistic permeability model, incorporating transport across an unstirred boundary layer (UBL) between the luminal fluid and enterocyte in each segment of the gastrointestinal tract. PBPK simulations were compared with observed PK data from clinical trials in oncology patients and healthy subjects. Saturation of vismodegib protein binding to AAG led to substantially lower total drug accumulation, time to steady-state, and Csstotal. For free exposure, Cssfree and accumulation were unchanged, but time to steady-state was substantially reduced. Vismodegib oral absorption declined with both dose and dosing frequency; the concentration gradient driving vismodegib oral absorption declined with multiple doses, leading to a 32% decrease in vismodegib fa from first dose to steady-state. Fed simulations suggested that increased solubility and dissolution are partially offset by reduced permeability across the UBL due to slower diffusion of micelle-bound drug. This work demonstrates the value of PBPK modeling to simultaneously capture and de-convolute multi-faceted absorption and disposition processes and provide mechanistic insights for compounds with complex pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Dolton
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Fang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jin Y Jin
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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19
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Qi L, Liu S, Xiao L. Regio- and stereoselective thiocyanatothiolation of alkynes and alkenes by using NH4SCN and N-thiosuccinimides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33450-33454. [PMID: 35515071 PMCID: PMC9056709 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly regioselective thiocyanatothiolation of alkynes and alkenes assisted by hydrogen bonding under simple and mild conditions is developed. Our thiocyanatothiolation reagents are readily available ammonium thiocyanate and N-thiosuccinimides. This metal-free system offers good chemical yields for a wide range of alkyne and alkene substrates with good functional group tolerance. A highly regioselective thiocyanatothiolation of alkynes assisted by hydrogen bonding under simple and mild conditions is developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qi
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Linxia Xiao
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine
- Yancheng
- China
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20
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Liu S, Zeng X, Xu B. Practical fluorothiolation and difluorothiolation of alkenes using pyridine-HF and N-thiosuccinimides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorothiolation and difluorothiolation of alkenes using pyridine-HF and N-thiosuccinimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
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21
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Yang B, Hird AW, Bodnarchuk MS, Zheng X, Dakin L, Su Q, Daly K, Godin R, Hattersley MM, Brassil P, Redmond S, John Russell D, Janetka JW. Heteroarylamide smoothened inhibitors: Discovery of N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)phenyl]-4-(2-pyridylmethoxy)benzamide (AZD8542) and N-[5-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2,4-dimethyl-phenyl]-4-(2- pyridylmethoxy)benzamide (AZD7254). Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115227. [PMID: 31862310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling is implicated in multiple cancer types and targeting the Smoothened (SMO) receptor, a key protein of the Hh pathway, has proven effective in treating metastasized basal cell carcinoma. Our lead optimization effort focused on a series of heteroarylamides. We observed that a methyl substitution ortho to the heteroaryl groups on an aniline core significantly improved the potency of this series of compounds. These findings predated the availability of SMO crystal structure in 2013. Here we retrospectively applied quantum mechanics calculations to demonstrate the o-Me substitution favors the bioactive conformation by inducing a dihedral twist between the heteroaryl rings and the core aniline. The o-Me also makes favorable hydrophobic interactions with key residue side chains in the binding pocket. From this effort, two compounds (AZD8542 and AZD7254) showed excellent pharmacokinetics across multiple preclinical species and demonstrated in vivo activity in abrogating the Hh paracrine pathway as well as anti- tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Alexander W Hird
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Michael S Bodnarchuk
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Les Dakin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Qibin Su
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Kevin Daly
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Robert Godin
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Maureen M Hattersley
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Patrick Brassil
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Sean Redmond
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Daniel John Russell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - James W Janetka
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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22
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Meng Y, Wang M, Jiang X. Multicomponent Reductive Cross‐Coupling of an Inorganic Sulfur Dioxide Surrogate: Straightforward Construction of Diversely Functionalized Sulfones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai P. R. China
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23
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Meng Y, Wang M, Jiang X. Multicomponent Reductive Cross‐Coupling of an Inorganic Sulfur Dioxide Surrogate: Straightforward Construction of Diversely Functionalized Sulfones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1346-1353. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai P. R. China
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24
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Lin L, Liu S, Wang R, Zang W, Meng W, Chen X. Synthesis and Evaluation of Aminothiazole Derivatives as Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900431. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Sun
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShenyang Medical College Shenyang 110034 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical EngineeringShenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShenyang Medical College Shenyang 110034 P. R. China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShenyang Medical College Shenyang 110034 P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShenyang Medical College Shenyang 110034 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zang
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShenyang Medical College Shenyang 110034 P. R. China
| | - Weijia Meng
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShenyang Medical College Shenyang 110034 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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25
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He FS, Gong X, Rojsitthisak P, Wu J. Direct C–H Methylsulfonylation of Alkenes with the Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13159-13163. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng He
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xinxing Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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26
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Wang M, Zhao J, Jiang X. Aryl Methyl Sulfone Construction from Eco-Friendly Inorganic Sulfur Dioxide and Methyl Reagents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3064-3068. [PMID: 30680940 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A three-component cross-coupling protocol of boronic acid, sodium metabisulfite, and dimethyl carbonate was developed for the construction of significant functional methyl sulfones, in which introduction of sulfur dioxide at the last stage was successfully achieved in one step. Inorganic sodium metabisulfite was used as an eco-friendly sulfur dioxide source. Green dimethyl carbonate was employed as methyl reagent in this transformation. Diverse functional methyl sulfones were obtained from various readily available boronic acids. Notably, the last-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and the synthesis of Firocoxib were efficiently established through this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jiaoyan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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27
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Smith SA, Waters NJ. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations for Drugs Binding to Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein. Pharm Res 2018; 36:30. [PMID: 30593605 PMCID: PMC7089466 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis only the unbound drug is available to act at physiological sites of action, and as such the importance of plasma protein binding primarily resides in its impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Of the major plasma proteins, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) represents an intriguing one primarily due to the high affinity, low capacity properties of this protein. In addition, there are marked species and age differences in protein expression, homology and drug binding affinity. As such, a thorough understanding of drug binding to AAG can help aid and improve the translation of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships from preclinical species to human as well as adults to neonates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the biochemistry of AAG; endogenous function, impact of disease, utility as a biomarker, and impact on PK/PD. Experimental considerations are discussed as well as recommendations for understanding the potential impact of AAG on PK through drug discovery and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri A Smith
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytical, H3 Biomedicine, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Nigel J Waters
- Nonclinical Development, Relay Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Wang M, Qiao Z, Zhao J, Jiang X. Palladium-Catalyzed Thiomethylation via a Three-Component Cross-Coupling Strategy. Org Lett 2018; 20:6193-6197. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongjun Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Industry Perspective on Contemporary Protein-Binding Methodologies: Considerations for Regulatory Drug-Drug Interaction and Related Guidelines on Highly Bound Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3442-3452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Monitoring drug–serum protein interactions for early ADME prediction through Surface Plasmon Resonance technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:188-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Liston DR, Davis M. Clinically Relevant Concentrations of Anticancer Drugs: A Guide for Nonclinical Studies. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3489-3498. [PMID: 28364015 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Approved and marketed drugs are frequently studied in nonclinical models to evaluate the potential application to additional disease indications or to gain insight about molecular mechanisms of action. A survey of the literature reveals that nonclinical experimental designs (in vitro or in vivo) often include evaluation of drug concentrations or doses that are much higher than what can be achieved in patients (i.e., above the maximally tolerated dose or much higher than the clinically relevant exposures). The results obtained with these high concentrations may be particularly helpful in elucidating off-target effects and toxicities, but it is critical to have a dose-response curve that includes the minimally effective or clinically effective concentration for comparison. We have reviewed the clinical literature and drug product labels for all small molecules and biological agents approved by the FDA for use in oncology to identify and compile the available pharmacokinetic parameters. The data summarized here can serve as a guide for selection of in vitro concentrations and in vivo plasma exposures for evaluation of drug effects in nonclinical studies. Inclusion of drug concentrations or exposures that are relevant to those observed in clinical practice can improve translation of nonclinical mechanism of action findings into potentially relevant clinical effects. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3489-98. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Liston
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Myrtle Davis
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Smith SA, Gagnon S, Waters NJ. Mechanistic investigations into the species differences in pinometostat clearance: impact of binding to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and permeability-limited hepatic uptake. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:185-193. [PMID: 27160567 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1173265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The plasma clearance of the first-in-class DOT1L inhibitor, EPZ-5676 (pinometostat), was shown to be markedly lower in human compared to the preclinical species, mouse, rat and dog. 2. This led to vertical allometry where various interspecies scaling methods were applied to the data, with fold-errors between 4 and 13. We had previously reported the elimination and metabolic pathways of EPZ-5676 were similar across species. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the mechanistic basis for the species difference in clearance for EPZ-5676, focusing on other aspects of disposition. 3. The protein binding of EPZ-5676 in human plasma demonstrated a non-linear relationship suggesting saturable binding at physiologically relevant concentrations. Saturation of protein binding was not observed in plasma from preclinical species. Kinetic determinations using purified serum albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) confirmed that EPZ-5676 is a high affinity ligand for AAG with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.24 μM. 4. Permeability limited uptake was also considered since hepatocyte CLint was much lower in human relative to preclinical species. Passive unbound CLint for EPZ-5676 was estimated using a correlation analysis of logD and data previously reported on seven drugs in sandwich cultured human hepatocytes. 5. Incorporation of AAG binding and permeability limited hepatic uptake into the well-stirred liver model gave rise to a predicted clearance for EPZ-5676 within 2-fold of the observed value of 1.4 mL min-1 kg-1. This analysis suggests that the marked species difference in EPZ-5676 clearance is driven by high affinity binding to human AAG as well as species-specific hepatic uptake invoking the role of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Gagnon
- b Charles River Laboratories , Montreal , QC , Canada
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Malhi V, Colburn D, Williams SJ, Hop CECA, Dresser MJ, Chandra P, Graham RA. A clinical drug-drug interaction study to evaluate the effect of a proton-pump inhibitor, a combined P-glycoprotein/cytochrome 450 enzyme (CYP)3A4 inhibitor, and a CYP2C9 inhibitor on the pharmacokinetics of vismodegib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:41-9. [PMID: 27154174 PMCID: PMC4921109 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib exhibits pH-dependent solubility, and in vitro studies have shown that vismodegib is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and 3A4. The objective of this four-arm parallel study in healthy subjects was to evaluate the effect of the proton-pump inhibitor rabeprazole, the P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole, and the CYP2C9 and 3A4 inhibitor fluconazole on vismodegib steady-state pharmacokinetics. METHODS Cohorts included a control arm (n = 22), in which vismodegib 150 mg was administered once daily (QD) for 7 days, and 3 arms in which vismodegib was co-administered QD for 7 days with rabeprazole 20 mg (including a 4-day lead-in; n = 24); itraconazole 200 mg (n = 22); or fluconazole 400 mg (n = 22). RESULTS Area under the vismodegib concentration-time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC0-24h) at steady state was lower with concomitant rabeprazole administration relative to vismodegib alone [geometric mean ratio (GMR), 86.2 (associated 90 % confidence interval [CI], 76.1, 97.7)]. There was no effect of itraconazole on steady-state exposure of vismodegib [GMR, 96.4 (90 % CI 84.9, 109.6)]. Co-administration with fluconazole increased vismodegib steady-state AUC0-24h [GMR, 130.9 (90 % CI 115.2, 148.7)]. Co-administration of rabeprazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole had similar effects on the exposure of unbound vismodegib and total vismodegib. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that vismodegib can be administered with acid-reducing agents and P-gp and CYP inhibitors without the risk of a clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01772290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Malhi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Dawn Colburn
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Dresser
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya Chandra
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Richard A Graham
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Theravance Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lu T, Wang B, Gao Y, Dresser M, Graham RA, Jin JY. Semi-Mechanism-Based Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor Vismodegib. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 4:680-9. [PMID: 26783504 PMCID: PMC4716579 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vismodegib, approved for the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma, has shown unique pharmacokinetic (PK) nonlinearity and binding to α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in humans. A semi-mechanism-based population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model was developed from a meta-dataset of 225 subjects enrolled in five clinical studies to quantitatively describe the clinical PK of vismodegib and identify sources of interindividual variability. Total and unbound vismodegib were analyzed simultaneously, together with time-varying AAG data. The PK of vismodegib was adequately described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption, first-order elimination of unbound drug, and saturable binding to AAG with fast-equilibrium. The variability of total vismodegib concentration at steady-state was predominantly explained by the range of AAG level. The impact of AAG on unbound concentration was clinically insignificant. Various approaches were evaluated for model validation. The semi-mechanism-based PopPK model described herein provided insightful information on the nonlinear PK and has been utilized for various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - B Wang
- Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Y Gao
- Quantitative Solutions, Inc. Menlo Park California USA
| | - M Dresser
- Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - R A Graham
- Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - J Y Jin
- Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
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Sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor mitigates mouse hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 2015; 210:554-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gould SE, Low JA, Marsters JC, Robarge K, Rubin LL, de Sauvage FJ, Sutherlin DP, Wong H, Yauch RL. Discovery and preclinical development of vismodegib. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:969-84. [PMID: 24857041 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vismodegib is the first Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor approved in the US for the treatment of adults with metastatic or locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It was approved by the US FDA on 30 January 2012, and by the European Commission on 12 July 2013, for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic metastatic BCC, or locally advanced BCC inappropriate for surgery or radiotherapy. Vismodegib selectively inhibits the Hh signaling pathway, binding to and inhibiting a critical signal-transducing component of the pathway, Smoothened (SMO). Vismodegib was discovered by Genentech, Inc., under a collaboration agreement with Curis, Inc. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the development of vismodegib from its discovery, preclinical pharmacology and validation to the clinical pharmacokinetics and validation in Phase I and II clinical investigations. We also provide a survey of other Hh pathway inhibitors in clinical development. EXPERT OPINION The authors' experience in target-based drug discovery suggests that vismodegib's path to the clinic deserves some reflection to identify key steps that have contributed to its success. Targeting the Hh pathway with vismodegib blocks the abberant signaling caused by mutational inactivation of the negative regulator PTCH1 or mutational activation of SMO. Vismodegib gives physicians a treatment option for patients with locally advanced or metastatic BCC for whom surgery or radiation is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Gould
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA , USA
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Khojasteh SC, Yue Q, Ma S, Castanedo G, Chen JZ, Lyssikatos J, Mulder T, Takahashi R, Ly J, Messick K, Jia W, Liu L, Hop CECA, Wong H. Investigations into the Mechanisms of Pyridine Ring Cleavage in Vismodegib. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:343-51. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Proctor AE, Thompson LA, O'Bryant CL. Vismodegib: an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 48:99-106. [PMID: 24259609 DOI: 10.1177/1060028013506696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review vismodegib, the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor, in the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the terms vismodegib, GDC-0449, RG3616, and basal cell carcinoma for relevant clinical trials through September 2013. The FDA Web site, the National Clinical Trials registry, and abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were also evaluated to identify unpublished data and future clinical trials. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION All identified clinical and preclinical studies published in the English language were assessed, including selected references from the bibliographies of articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Activation of the Hh signaling pathway is well documented in BCC. Vismodegib is a small-molecule inhibitor of Hh signaling that acts by antagonizing the protein Smoothened (SMO), thereby preventing downstream transcriptional activation of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. Vismodegib was approved by the FDA in January 2012 for the treatment of recurrent, locally advanced BCC (laBCC), or metastatic BCC (mBCC) for which surgery or radiation cannot be utilized. A pivotal phase 2 trial evaluating 104 patients demonstrated that treatment with vismodegib, 150 mg orally once daily, resulted in a 30% and 43% objective response rate in patients with mBCC and laBCC, respectively. The most common adverse effects from vismodegib were mild to moderate and included muscle spasms, dysgeusia, decreased weight, fatigue, alopecia, and diarrhea. However, clinical studies noted a high incidence of discontinuation of therapy by patients for reasons other than disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The approval of vismodegib represents the only targeted, prospectively studied treatment option for patients with advanced BCC. Further research assessing the utility of vismodegib in the treatment of other malignancies and the development of resistance patterns will more clearly define the role of Hedgehog inhibition in the broader scheme of oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Proctor
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
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Macha MA, Batra SK, Ganti AK. Profile of vismodegib and its potential in the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2013; 5:197-203. [PMID: 23940421 PMCID: PMC3736971 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s45976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignancy. Recent advances in our understanding of the critical biologic pathways implicated in the development and progression of BCC have led to the development of the first molecular targeted therapy for this disease. The hedgehog pathway is mutated in virtually all patients with BCC and recent trials with vismodegib, an inhibitor of this pathway, have shown significant responses. This review will discuss the importance of the hedgehog pathway in the pathogenesis of BCC and describe in detail the pharmacology of vismodegib in relation to its activity in advanced BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Naqvi SHA, Naqvi SHS, Bandukda MY, Naqvi SMA. Present status and upcoming prospects of hedgehog pathway inhibitors in small cell lung cancer therapy. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:17. [PMID: 23692865 PMCID: PMC3665447 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is an important etiology of malignant mortality worldwide with global statistics indicating over 1 million deaths annually. Although there have been advances in cytotoxic chemotherapy, the prognosis after treatment still remains poor. Remarkably, recent studies on the molecular level are creating the possibility to hamper lung cancer by inhibiting the hedgehog pathway. Currently, hedgehog pathway inhibitors include IWP-2, cyclopamine and aprotinin. However, Vismodegib is a new upcoming prospect which has shown positive results while undergoing clinical trials. If approved, it may lead to a novel class of anti-cancer therapy for patients seeking treatment for small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hassan Abbas Naqvi
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Smith S, Hoyt J, Whitebread N, Manna J, Peluso M, Faia K, Campbell V, Tremblay M, Nair S, Grogan M, Castro A, Campbell M, Ferguson J, Arsenault B, Nevejans J, Carter B, Lee J, Dunbar J, McGovern K, Read M, Adams J, Constan A, Loewen G, Sydor J, Palombella V, Soglia J. The pre-clinical absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of IPI-926, an orally bioavailable antagonist of the hedgehog signal transduction pathway. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:875-85. [PMID: 23527529 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.780671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. IPI-926 is a novel semisynthetic cyclopamine derivative that is a potent and selective Smoothened inhibitor that blocks the hedgehog signal transduction pathway. 2. The in vivo clearance of IPI-926 is low in mouse and dog and moderate in monkey. The volume of distribution is high across species. Oral bioavailability ranges from moderate in monkey to high in mouse and dog. Predicted human clearance using simple allometry is low (24 L h(-1)), predicted volume of distribution is high (469 L) and predicted half-life is long (20 h). 3. IPI-926 is highly bound to plasma proteins and has minimal interaction with human α-1-acid glycoprotein. 4. In vitro metabolic stability ranges from stable to moderately stable. Twelve oxidative metabolites were detected in mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human liver microsome incubations and none were unique to human. 5. IPI-926 is not a potent reversible inhibitor of CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9 or 3A4 (testosterone). IPI-926 is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 (midazolam) with KI values of 19, 16 and 4.5 µM, respectively. IPI-926 is both a substrate and inhibitor (IC50 = 1.9 µM) of P-glycoprotein. 6. In summary, IPI-926 has desirable pre-clinical absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Smith
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Cambridge, MA , USA
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Graham RA, Hop CECA, Borin MT, Lum BL, Colburn D, Chang I, Shin YG, Malhi V, Low JA, Dresser MJ. Single and multiple dose intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of the hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib in healthy female subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 74:788-96. [PMID: 22458643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT While recent publications have suggested the pharmacokinetics (PK) of vismodegib appear to be non-linear, there has not been a report describing the mechanisms of non-linearity. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS This study provides evidence that two separate processes, namely, solubility-limited absorption and concentration-dependent plasma protein binding, can explain the non-linear PK of vismodegib. This study provides quantitative results which can account for the lower than expected accumulation of vismodegib with continuous daily dosing. AIM Vismodegib has demonstrated clinical activity in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of vismodegib are non-linear. The objective of this study was to determine whether vismodegib PK change following repeated dosing by administering a tracer intravenous (i.v.) dose of (14) C-vismodegib with single and multiple oral doses. METHODS Healthy post menopausal female subjects (n= 6/group) received either a single or daily 150 mg vismodegib oral dose with a (14) C-labelled 10 µg i.v. bolus dose administered 2 h after the single or last oral dose (day 7). Plasma samples were assayed for vismodegib by LC-MS/MS and for (14) C-vismodegib by accelerator mass spectrometry. RESULTS Following a single i.v. dose, mean clearance, volume of distribution and absolute bioavailability were 43.4 ml h(-1) , 16.4 l and 31.8%, respectively. Parallel concentration-time profiles following single oral and i.v. administration of vismodegib indicated elimination rate limited PK. Following i.v. administration at steady-state, mean clearance and volume of distribution were 78.5 ml h(-1) and 26.8 l, respectively. Comparison of i.v. PK parameters after single and multiple oral dosing showed similar half-life, increased clearance and volume of distribution (81% and 63% higher, respectively) and decreased bioavailability (77% lower) after repeated dosing. Relative to single dose, the unbound fraction of vismodegib increased 2.4-fold with continuous daily dosing. CONCLUSION Vismodegib exhibited a long terminal half-life after oral and i.v. administration, moderate absolute bioavailability and non-linear PK after repeated dosing. Results from this study suggest that the non-linear PK of vismodegib result from two separate, non-linear processes, namely solubility limited absorption and high affinity, saturable plasma protein binding.
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Dirix L, Rutten A. Vismodegib: a promising drug in the treatment of basal cell carcinomas. Future Oncol 2012; 8:915-28. [PMID: 22894666 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog pathway signaling is important for embryonic development; however, inappropriate reactivation of this pathway in adults has been linked to several forms of cancer. Vismodegib (Erivedge™), a first-in-class hedgehog pathway inhibitor, blocks the pathway by inhibiting the activity of the signaling protein SMO. Preclinical studies have provided promising indications of potential tumor-reducing activity in several cancers. Thus far, clinical pharmacology and Phase I studies have demonstrated the unique pharmacokinetic profile of vismodegib, its efficacy in certain types of tumors and a generally tolerable adverse-event profile. A pivotal Phase II clinical trial confirmed the favorable benefit:risk profile of vismodegib in advanced basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Dirix
- Sint-Augustinus Hospital, Oosterveldlaan 24, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
Vismodegib is the first Hedgehog pathway inhibitor to be approved in the US, where it is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC), or with locally advanced BCC that has recurred following surgery or who are not candidates for surgery, and who are not candidates for radiation. Vismodegib selectively and potently inhibits the Hedgehog signalling pathway by binding to Smoothened, thereby inhibiting the activation of Hedgehog target genes. Oral vismodegib was effective in the treatment of patients with locally advanced (n = 63) or metastatic (n = 33) BCC, according to the results of an ongoing, noncomparative, multinational, pivotal, phase II trial (ERIVANCE BCC). In this trial (using a clinical cutoff date of 26 November 2010), the independent review facility overall response rate was 42.9% in patients with locally advanced BCC and 30.3% in patients with metastatic BCC. In both patients with locally advanced BCC and those with metastatic BCC, the median duration of response was 7.6 months and median progression-free survival was 9.5 months. Oral vismodegib had an acceptable tolerability profile in patients with advanced BCC.
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Che C, Li S, Yang B, Xin S, Yu Z, Shao T, Tao C, Lin S, Yang Z. Synthesis and characterization of Sant-75 derivatives as Hedgehog-pathway inhibitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:841-9. [PMID: 23015832 PMCID: PMC3388872 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sant-75 is a newly identified potent inhibitor of the hedgehog pathway. We designed a diversity-oriented synthesis program, and synthesized a series of Sant-75 analogues, which lays the foundation for further investigation of the structure–activity relationship of this important class of hedgehog-pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Che
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China ; Shenzhen Shengjie Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China
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Wu J, Lorusso PM, Matherly LH, Li J. Implications of plasma protein binding for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2066-79. [PMID: 22351688 PMCID: PMC3856649 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding of plasma protein binding will provide mechanistic insights into drug interactions or unusual pharmacokinetic properties. This study investigated RO4929097 binding in plasma and its implications for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this compound. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RO4929097 binding to plasma proteins was determined using a validated equilibrium dialysis method. Pharmacokinetics of total and unbound RO4929097 was evaluated in eight patients with breast cancer receiving RO4929097 alone and in combination with the Hedgehog inhibitor GDC-0449. The impact of protein binding on RO4929097 pharmacodynamics was assessed using an in vitro Notch cellular assay. RESULTS RO4929097 was extensively bound in human plasma, with the total binding constant of 1.0 × 10(6) and 1.8 × 10(4) L/mol for α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and albumin, respectively. GDC-0449 competitively inhibited RO4929097 binding to AAG. In patients, RO4929097 fraction unbound (Fu) exhibited large intra- and interindividual variability; GDC-0449 increased RO4929097 Fu by an average of 3.7-fold. Concomitant GDC-0449 significantly decreased total (but not unbound) RO4929097 exposure. RO4929097 Fu was strongly correlated with the total drug exposure. Binding to AAG abrogated RO4929097 in vitro Notch-inhibitory activity. CONCLUSIONS RO4929097 is highly bound in human plasma with high affinity to AAG. Changes in plasma protein binding caused by concomitant drug (e.g., GDC-0449) or disease states (e.g., ↑AAG level in cancer) can alter total (but not unbound) RO4929097 exposure. Unbound RO4929097 is pharmacologically active. Monitoring of unbound RO4929097 plasma concentration is recommended to avoid misleading conclusions on the basis of the total drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Wu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Batty N, Kossoff E, Dy GK. Investigational agents in metastatic basal cell carcinoma: focus on vismodegib. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:97-103. [PMID: 27186122 PMCID: PMC4863308 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s26591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vismodegib (GDC-0449, 2-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide, Erivedge™) is a novel first-in-human, first-in class, orally bio-available Hedgehog pathway signaling inhibitor of the G-protein coupled receptor-like protein smoothened (SMO) which was approved in the United States on January 2012. This signaling pathway is involved in the carcinogenesis of several types of tumor, as exemplified by basal cell carcinoma. This review focuses on the role of the Hedgehog pathway in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma, the pharmacology and the clinical activity of vismodegib, as well as a brief summary of investigational agents in development targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Batty
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Kossoff
- Department of Pharmacy, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Grace K Dy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Lorusso PM, Jimeno A, Dy G, Adjei A, Berlin J, Leichman L, Low JA, Colburn D, Chang I, Cheeti S, Jin JY, Graham RA. Pharmacokinetic dose-scheduling study of hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5774-82. [PMID: 21753154 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate whether less frequent dosing [three times per week (TIW) or once weekly (QW)] of 150 mg vismodegib following a loading dose [150 mg once daily (QD) for 11 days] would result in similar safety, tolerability, and steady-state levels of total and unbound vismodegib as continuous QD dosing. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-seven patients with advanced solid tumors were stratified by baseline plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels and randomized to one of three vismodegib 150 mg regimens: QD (n = 23), TIW (n = 22), or QW (n = 22) for up to 42 days after an 11-day loading phase (150 mg QD). Total and unbound (dialyzed) plasma vismodegib concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The most frequently reported adverse events were consistent with those in prior monotherapy trials, with similar incidence and severity regardless of dosing schedule. After the 150 mg QD loading phase, a concentration-dependent change in protein binding (3-fold increase in vismodegib fraction unbound) was observed at steady state compared with single dose. Mean total and unbound vismodegib steady-state concentrations were lower after TIW and QW than QD dosing, with an average intrasubject decrease of 50% and 80%, respectively, for unbound drug. Mechanism-based PK model simulations accurately and prospectively predicted the PK results. CONCLUSIONS Vismodegib 150 mg TIW or QW failed to achieve unbound plasma concentrations previously associated with efficacy in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, even after a QD loading dose period. The 150 mg QD regimen is appropriate for vismodegib based on its clinical activity, tolerability, and favorable unbound concentrations.
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Graham RA, Lum BL, Morrison G, Chang I, Jorga K, Dean B, Shin YG, Yue Q, Mulder T, Malhi V, Xie M, Low JA, Hop CECA. A single dose mass balance study of the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) in humans using accelerator mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1460-7. [PMID: 21602311 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.039339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vismodegib (GDC-0449), a small-molecule Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, was well tolerated in patients with solid tumors and showed promising efficacy in advanced basal cell carcinoma in a Phase I trial. The purpose of the study presented here was to determine routes of elimination and the extent of vismodegib metabolism, including assessment and identification of metabolites in plasma, urine, and feces. Six healthy female subjects of nonchildbearing potential were enrolled; each received a single 30-ml oral suspension containing 150 mg of vismodegib with 6.5 μg of [(14)C]vismodegib to yield a radioactivity dose of approximately 37 kBq (1000 nCi). Plasma, urine, and feces samples were collected over 56 days to permit sample collection for up to 5 elimination half-lives. Nonradioactive vismodegib was measured in plasma using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry, and total radioactivity in plasma, urine, and feces was measured using accelerator mass spectrometry. Vismodegib was slowly eliminated by a combination of metabolism and excretion of parent drug, most of which was recovered in feces. The estimated excretion of the administered dose was 86.6% on average, with 82.2 and 4.43% recovered in feces and urine, respectively. Vismodegib was predominant in plasma, with concentrations representing >98% of the total circulating drug-related components. Metabolic pathways of vismodegib in humans included oxidation, glucuronidation, and uncommon pyridine ring cleavage. We conclude that vismodegib and any associated metabolic products are mainly eliminated through feces after oral administration in healthy volunteers.
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Graham RA, Lum BL, Cheeti S, Jin JY, Jorga K, Von Hoff DD, Rudin CM, Reddy JC, Low JA, Lorusso PM. Pharmacokinetics of hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors: the role of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein binding. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2512-20. [PMID: 21300760 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a phase I trial for patients with refractory solid tumors, hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) showed little decline in plasma concentrations over 7 days after a single oral dose and nonlinearity with respect to dose and time after single and multiple dosing. We studied the role of GDC-0449 binding to plasma protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) to better understand these unusual pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-eight patients received GDC-0449 at 150 (n = 41), 270 (n = 23), or 540 (n = 4) mg/d, with pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling at multiple time points. Total and unbound (dialyzed) GDC-0449 plasma concentrations were assessed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, binding kinetics by surface plasmon resonance-based microsensor, and AAG levels by ELISA. RESULTS A linear relationship between total GDC-0449 and AAG plasma concentrations was observed across dose groups (R(2) = 0.73). In several patients, GDC-0449 levels varied with fluctuations in AAG levels over time. Steady-state, unbound GDC-0449 levels were less than 1% of total, independent of dose or total plasma concentration. In vitro, GDC-0449 binds AAG strongly and reversibly (K(D) = 13 μmol/L) and human serum albumin less strongly (K(D) = 120 μmol/L). Simulations from a derived mechanistic PK model suggest that GDC-0449 pharmacokinetics are mediated by AAG binding, solubility-limited absorption, and slow metabolic elimination. CONCLUSIONS GDC-0449 levels strongly correlated with AAG levels, showing parallel fluctuations of AAG and total drug over time and consistently low, unbound drug levels, different from previously reported AAG-binding drugs. This PK profile is due to high-affinity, reversible binding to AAG and binding to albumin, in addition to solubility-limited absorption and slow metabolic elimination properties.
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