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Meyer Zu Vilsendorf I, Einerhand J, Mulac D, Langer K, Lehr M. 1-Benzylindoles as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α: synthesis, biological activity, aqueous solubility, and cell permeability. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:641-659. [PMID: 38389890 PMCID: PMC10880929 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is considered an interesting target for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs, as it is significantly involved in the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Recently, in a ligand-based virtual screening approach, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl-substituted 4-[2-(indol-3-ylmethylene)hydrazineyl]benzoic acid 7 was found to be an inhibitor of cPLA2α with micromolar activity. This compound has now been systematically varied to increase inhibitory potency. The studies performed led to 5-(1-benzylindol-3-ylmethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)pentanoic acid derivatives that exhibited submicromolar activity against the enzyme. The most potent compounds were also tested for their water solubility and for permeability in a Caco-2 model. Among other things, it was found that in Caco-2 cells, the pentanoic acid chain of the molecules can be metabolised to a considerable extent to propionic acid by β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Meyer Zu Vilsendorf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Judith Einerhand
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
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2
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Treuer AV, Faúndez M, Ebensperger R, Hovelmeyer E, Vergara-Jaque A, Perera-Sardiña Y, Gutierrez M, Fuentealba R, González DR. New NADPH Oxidase 2 Inhibitors Display Potent Activity against Oxidative Stress by Targeting p22 phox-p47 phox Interactions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1441. [PMID: 37507978 PMCID: PMC10376059 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neutrophils and has been recognized as a key mediator in inflammatory and cardiovascular pathologies. Nevertheless, there is a lack of specific NOX2 pharmacological inhibitors. In medicinal chemistry, heterocyclic compounds are essential scaffolds for drug design, and among them, indole is a very versatile pharmacophore. We tested the hypothesis that indole heteroaryl-acrylonitrile derivatives may serve as NOX2 inhibitors by evaluating the capacity of 19 of these molecules to inhibit NOX2-derived ROS production in human neutrophils (HL-60 cells). Of these compounds, C6 and C14 exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of NOX2 (IC50~1 µM). These molecules also reduced NOX2-derived oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and prevented cardiac damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Compound C6 significantly reduced the membrane translocation of p47phox, a cytosolic subunit that is required for NOX2 activation. Molecular docking analyses of the binding modes of these molecules with p47phox indicated that C6 and C14 interact with specific residues in the inner part of the groove of p47phox, the binding cavity for p22phox. This combination of methods showed that novel indole heteroaryl acrylonitriles represent interesting lead compounds for developing specific and potent NOX2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana V Treuer
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Mario Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Roberto Ebensperger
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Erwin Hovelmeyer
- Center for Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Ariela Vergara-Jaque
- Center for Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Yunier Perera-Sardiña
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Margarita Gutierrez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory and Biological Activity (LSO-Act-Bio), Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Roberto Fuentealba
- Escuela de Enfermería, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Daniel R González
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
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Subeska A, Althaus J, Hake T, Hanekamp W, Bettenworth D, Mulac D, Langer K, Lehr M. Synthesis and pharmacokinetic properties of novel cPLA 2α inhibitors with 1-(carboxyalkylpyrrolyl)-3-aryloxypropan-2-one structure. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 77:117110. [PMID: 36495814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole-5-carboxylic acids with 3-aryloxy-2‑oxopropyl residues in position 1 have been shown to be potent inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), an enzyme involved in the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Unfortunately, in animal experiments, only very low plasma concentrations could be achieved after peroral administration of this type of compound. Since insufficient metabolic stability was suspected as the cause, structural modifications were made to optimize this property. These included the conversion of the aromatic into an aliphatic carboxylic acid function as well as the rigidification of the lipophilic structural elements. A selected pyrrole-3-propionic acid was tested for its peroral in vivo bioavailability in mice. However, higher plasma concentrations could not be achieved also with this compound. Using the Caco2 cell permeation assay, substances investigated were found to be very good substrates for gastrointestinal efflux transporters, which explains their poor peroral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Subeska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Althaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa Hake
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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4
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Contribution of cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostacyclin synthesis to bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112786. [PMID: 35259564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-allergic angioedema is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by accumulation of bradykinin and subsequent activation of bradykinin type 2 receptors (B2). Since COX activity plays a pivotal role in B2 signaling, the aim of this study was to determine which prostaglandins are the key mediators and which COX, COX-1 or COX-2, is predominantly involved. METHODS We used Miles assays to assess the effects of inhibitors of COX, 5-lipoxygenase, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid generation, cytosolic phospholipase A2α and a variety of prostaglandin receptor antagonists on bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation in C57BL/6 and COX-1-deficient mice (COX-1-/-). In addition, the prostacyclin metabolite 6-keto-PGF1α was quantified by ELISA in subcutaneous tissue from C57BL/6 and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. In the latter, 6-keto-PGF1α was also quantified and identified by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Unspecific COX inhibition by ibuprofen and diclofenac significantly reduced B2-mediated dermal extravasation in C57BL/6 but not COX-1-/-. Likewise, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2α showed similar effects. Furthermore, extravasation in COX-1-/- was generally lower than in C57BL/6. Of the prostaglandin antagonists used, only the prostacyclin receptor antagonist RO1138452 showed a significant reduction of dermal extravasation. Moreover, 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations were increased after bradykinin treatment in subcutaneous tissue from C57BL/6 as well as in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and this increase was abolished by diclofenac. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that COX-1-dependent prostacyclin production is critically involved in dermal extravasation after activation of B2 in small dermal blood vessels. Targeting prostacyclin production and/or signaling appears to be a suitable option for acute treatment of non-allergic angioedema.
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Vasilakaki S, Kraml J, Schauperl M, Liedl KR, Kokotos G. Hydration thermodynamics of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 GIVA predict its membrane-associated parts and its highly hydrated binding site. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:953-959. [PMID: 32085688 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1733665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During biological events, the water molecules associated with the protein are re-oriented to adapt to the new conditions, inducing changes in the system's free energy. The characterization of water structure and thermodynamics may facilitate the prediction of certain biological events, such as the binding of a ligand and the membrane-associated parts of a protein. In this computational study, we calculated the hydration thermodynamics of cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IV (GIVA cPLA2) to study the hydration properties of the protein's surface and binding pocket. Hydrophobicity scales and the Grid Inhomogeneous Solvation Theory (GIST) tool were employed for the calculations. The hydrophobic areas of the protein's surface were predicted more accurately with the GIST method rather than with the hydrophobicity scales. Based on this, a model of the protein-membrane complex was constructed. In addition, the calculation revealed the highly hydrated binding pocket that further contribute to our understanding of the ligands' binding. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vasilakaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Michael Schauperl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gholamreza-Fahimi E, Bisha M, Hahn J, Straßen U, Krybus M, Khosravani F, Hoffmann TK, Hohlfeld T, Greve J, Bas M, Twarock S, Kojda G. Cyclooxygenase activity in bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. A study in mice and humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109797. [PMID: 31874445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-allergic angioedema is largely driven by increased plasma levels of bradykinin and over-activation of bradykinin receptor type II (B2), but the specific downstream signalling pathways remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify signal transduction events involved in bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. METHODS Quantification of dermal extravasation was accomplished following intradermal (i.d.) injection of bradykinin or the B2 agonist labradimil in mice with endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) deficiency and in C57BL/6J mice pre-treated with vehicle, NO-synthase or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. In the multicentre clinical study ABRASE, 38 healthy volunteers received i.d. bradykinin injections into the ventral forearm before and after oral treatment with the COX inhibitor ibuprofen (600 mg). The primary endpoint of ABRASE was the mean time to complete resolution of wheals (TTCR) and the secondary endpoint was the change of maximal wheal size. RESULTS Neither NOS inhibitors nor eNOS deficiency altered bradykinin-induced extravasation. In striking contrast, the COX inhibitors ibuprofen, diclofenac, SC560 and celecoxib significantly diminished this extravasation when given before injection. As for diclofenac, a similar but significantly lower effect was observed when given after i.d. injection of bradykinin. Similar results were obtained when bradykinin was replaced by labradimil. In volunteers, ibuprofen significantly reduced TTCR (P < 0.001) and maximal wheal size (P = 0.0044). CONCLUSION These data suggest that COX activity contributes to bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation in mice and humans. In addition, our findings may open new treatment options and point to a potential activity of drugs interfering with the release of the COX substrate arachidonic acid, e.g. glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gholamreza-Fahimi
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Bisha
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina Hahn
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Ulrich Straßen
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Krybus
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farbod Khosravani
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany; Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Thomas Hohlfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Greve
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Murat Bas
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sören Twarock
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Kojda
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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7
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Caprio V, Badimon L, Di Napoli M, Fang WH, Ferris GR, Guo B, Iemma RS, Liu D, Zeinolabediny Y, Slevin M. pCRP-mCRP Dissociation Mechanisms as Potential Targets for the Development of Small-Molecule Anti-Inflammatory Chemotherapeutics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1089. [PMID: 29892284 PMCID: PMC5985513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) is a key acute-phase protein and one of the main clinical biomarkers for inflammation and infection. CRP is an important upstream mediator of inflammation and is associated with the onset of a number of important disease states including cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This pentraxin exerts pro-inflammatory properties via dissociation of the pentamer (pCRP) to a monomeric form (mCRP). This dissociation is induced by binding of pCRP to cell surface phosphocholine residues exposed by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Given the association of CRP with the onset of a range of serious disease states this CRP dissociation process is a tempting drug target for the development of novel small-molecule therapeutics. This review will discuss potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention elucidated during studies of CRP-mediated inflammation and provide an up-to-date summary of the development of small molecules, not only targeted directly at inhibiting conversion of pCRP to mCRP, but also those developed for activity against PLA2, given the key role of this enzyme in the activation of CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Caprio
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Badimon
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Neurological Service, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, Rieti, Italy
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn R Ferris
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Baoqiang Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dementia and Neurological Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Rocco S Iemma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Donghui Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Yasmin Zeinolabediny
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Mark Slevin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Dementia and Neurological Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
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Fisher MJ, McMurray L, Lu S, Morse CL, Liow JS, Zoghbi SS, Kowalski A, Tye GL, Innis RB, Aigbirhio FI, Pike VW. [Carboxyl- 11 C]Labelling of Four High-Affinity cPLA2α Inhibitors and Their Evaluation as Radioligands in Mice by Positron Emission Tomography. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:138-146. [PMID: 29232493 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) may play a critical role in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. An effective PET radioligand for imaging cPLA2α in living brain might prove useful for biomedical research, especially on neuroinflammation. We selected four high-affinity (IC50 2.1-12 nm) indole-5-carboxylic acid-based inhibitors of cPLA2α, namely 3-isobutyryl-1-(2-oxo-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (1); 3-acetyl-1-(2-oxo-3-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)phenoxy)propyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (2); 3-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1-(2-oxo-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (3); and 3-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1-(3-(4-octylphenoxy)-2-oxopropyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (4), for labelling in carboxyl position with carbon-11 (t1/2 =20.4 min) to provide candidate PET radioligands for imaging brain cPLA2α. Compounds [11 C]1-4 were obtained for intravenous injection in adequate overall yields (1.1-5.5 %) from cyclotron-produced [11 C]carbon dioxide and with moderate molar activities (70-141 GBq μmol-1 ) through the use of Pd0 -mediated [11 C]carbon monoxide insertion on iodo precursors. Measured logD7.4 values were within a narrow moderate range (1.9-2.4). After intravenous injection of [11 C]1-4 in mice, radioactivity uptakes in brain peaked at low values (≤0.8 SUV) and decreased by about 90 % over 15 min. Pretreatments of the mice with high doses of the corresponding non-radioactive ligands did not alter brain time-activity curves. Brain uptakes of radioactivity after administration of [11 C]1 to wild-type and P-gp/BCRP dual knock-out mice were similar (peak 0.4 vs. 0.5 SUV), indicating that [11 C]1 and others in this structural class, are not substrates for efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Fisher
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lindsay McMurray
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aneta Kowalski
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George L Tye
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3C346, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Qi J, Wang Z, Lang B, Lu P, Wang Y. TfOH-Catalyzed Reaction between 3-Diazoindolin-2-imines and Electron-Rich Arenes: Access to 3-Aryl-2-aminoindoles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12640-12646. [PMID: 29125292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TfOH-catalyzed reactions between 3-diazoindolin-2-imines and electron-rich arenes were disclosed. These metal-free reactions furnished 3-aryl-2-aminoindoles in moderate to excellent yields with the tolerance of a broad range of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zaibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bo Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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10
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2-Oxoesters: A Novel Class of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cytosolic Group IVA Phospholipase A 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7025. [PMID: 28765606 PMCID: PMC5539244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the only PLA2 that exhibits a marked preference for hydrolysis of arachidonic acid containing phospholipid substrates releasing free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids and giving rise to the generation of diverse lipid mediators involved in inflammatory conditions. Thus, the development of potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed a novel class of such inhibitors based on the 2-oxoester functionality. This functionality in combination with a long aliphatic chain or a chain carrying an appropriate aromatic system, such as the biphenyl system, and a free carboxyl group leads to highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors (XI(50) values 0.00007–0.00008) and docking studies aid in understanding this selectivity. A methyl 2-oxoester, with a short chain carrying a naphthalene ring, was found to preferentially inhibit the other major intracellular PLA2, the calcium-independent PLA2. In RAW264.7 macrophages, treatment with the most potent 2-oxoester GIVA cPLA2 inhibitor resulted in over 50% decrease in KLA-elicited prostaglandin D2 production. The novel, highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors provide excellent tools for the study of the role of the enzyme and could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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11
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Yan G, Cao X, Zheng W, Ke Q, Zhang J, Huang D. Copper-mediated trifluoroacetylation of indoles with ethyl trifluoropyruvate. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5904-5907. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Direct trifluoroacetylation of indoles with ethyl trifluoropyruvate as a trifluoroacetylating reagent has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xihan Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wanbin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiumin Ke
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dayun Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- People's Republic of China
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12
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Synthesis of New (E)-2-(1 H-Indole-3-ylcarbonyl)-3-heteroaryl-acrylonitriles via Microwave-Assisted Knoevenagel Condensation. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/8418930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the broad spectrum of biological uses of heteroaryl-acrylonitrile derivatives, it is necessary to find simple methods to synthesize and diversify this family of compounds. We report a stereoselective synthesis of a series of new (E)-2-(1H-indole-3-ylcarbonyl)-3-heteroaryl-acrylonitriles (3a–3i) obtained from 3-(cyanoacetyl)indole and heteroaryl-aldehydes under microwave-assisted Knoevenagel reaction at 300 W of potency and 100°C. The desired derivatives (3a–3i) were obtained with variable yields (30–94%) and time reactions (8–90 min). All the heteroaryl-acrylonitriles were characterized by physicoanalytical techniques such IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and electrospray mass spectrometry.
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13
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Arnsmann M, Hanekamp W, Elfringhoff AS, Lehr M. Structure-activity relationship studies on 1-(2-oxopropyl)indole-5-carboxylic acids acting as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α: Effect of substituents at the indole 3-position on activity, solubility, and metabolic stability. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1107-1114. [PMID: 27810597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and therefore represents an attractive target for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, we have found that 1-[3-(4-octylphenoxy)-2-oxopropyl]indole-5-carboxylic acid (4) is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. In this work, we evaluate the effect of butanoyl- and hexanoyl-substituents in position 3 of the indole scaffold of this compound bearing terminal groups of varying polarity. As a result, inhibitory potency was not affected considerably in most cases, while metabolic phase I and phase II in vitro stability and aqueous solubility could be influenced and modulated by the structural modifications performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Arnsmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alwine Schulze Elfringhoff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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14
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Sundermann T, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. Structure-activity relationship studies on 1-heteroaryl-3-phenoxypropan-2-ones acting as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α and fatty acid amide hydrolase: replacement of the activated ketone group by other serine traps. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:653-63. [PMID: 26153239 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1057721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are serine hydrolases. cPLA2α is involved in the generation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, FAAH terminates the anti-inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids. Therefore, inhibitors of these enzymes may represent new drug candidates for the treatment of inflammation. We have reported that certain 1-heteroarylpropan-2-ones are potent inhibitors of cPLA2α and FAAH. The serine reactive ketone group of these compounds, which is crucial for enzyme inhibition, is readily metabolized resulting in inactive alcohol derivatives. In order to obtain metabolically more stable inhibitors, we replaced this moiety by α-ketoheterocyle, cyanamide and nitrile serine traps. Investigations on activity and metabolic stability of these substances revealed that in all cases an increased metabolic stability was accompanied by a loss of inhibitory potency against cPLA2α and FAAH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sundermann
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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15
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Sundermann T, Fabian J, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. 1-Heteroaryl-3-phenoxypropan-2-ones as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α and fatty acid amide hydrolase: Effect of the replacement of the ether oxygen with sulfur and nitrogen moieties on enzyme inhibition and metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2579-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Kokotos G, Feuerherm AJ, Barbayianni E, Shah I, Sæther M, Magrioti V, Nguyen T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Johansen B. Inhibition of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 by thiazolyl ketones in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7523-35. [PMID: 25152071 DOI: 10.1021/jm500192s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the rate-limiting provider of pro-inflammatory mediators in many tissues and is thus an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. In this work, we present the synthesis of new thiazolyl ketones and the study of their activities in vitro, in cells, and in vivo. Within this series of compounds, methyl 2-(2-(4-octylphenoxy)acetyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate (GK470) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of GIVA cPLA2, exhibiting an XI(50) value of 0.011 mole fraction in a mixed micelle assay and an IC50 of 300 nM in a vesicle assay. In a cellular assay using SW982 fibroblast-like synoviocytes, it suppressed the release of arachidonic acid with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. In a prophylactic collagen-induced arthritis model, it exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to the reference drug methotrexate, whereas in a therapeutic model, it showed results comparable to those of the reference drug Enbrel. In both models, it significantly reduced plasma PGE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771, Greece
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17
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Tomoo T, Nakatsuka T, Katayama T, Hayashi Y, Fujieda Y, Terakawa M, Nagahira K. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-(1-Aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)propanoic acids as new indole-based cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7244-62. [PMID: 25102418 DOI: 10.1021/jm500494y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new indole-based cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α, a group IVA phospholipase A2) inhibitors. A screening-hit compound from our library, (E)-3-{4-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-3-nitrophenyl}acrylic acid (5), was used to design a class of 3-(1-aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)propanoic acids as new small molecule inhibitors. The resultant structure-activity relationships studied using the isolated enzyme and by cell-based assays revealed that the 1-(p-O-substituted)phenyl, 3-phenylethyl, and 5-propanoic acid groups on the indole core are essential for good inhibitory activity against cPLA2α. Optimization of the p-substituents on the N1 phenyl group led to the discovery of 56n (ASB14780), which was shown to be a potent inhibitor of cPLA2α via enzyme assay, cell-based assay, and guinea pig and human whole-blood assays. It displayed oral efficacy toward mice tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced ear edema and guinea pig ovalbumin-induced asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tomoo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ‡R&D Administration, §Exploratory Technology, ∥Drug Discovery Technology, and ⊥Pharmacology I, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd. , 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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18
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Inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α with carbamate structure: synthesis, biological activity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Sundermann T, Arnsmann M, Schwarzkopf J, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. Convergent and enantioselective syntheses of cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibiting N-(1-indazol-1-ylpropan-2-yl)carbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4021-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis for 4 and enantioselective syntheses for (R)-4 and (S)-4 starting from a (R)-serine derived oxazolidine were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sundermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martina Arnsmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarzkopf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster, Germany
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20
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Investigations on the metabolic stability of cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibitors with 1-indolylpropan-2-one structure. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:356-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Mechanistic Studies for Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes: Pd-Catalyzed C–H Activation of Indole–Carboxylic Acids with Benzyl Alcohols in Water. Catalysts 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/catal3020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: a patent review (2010 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:333-44. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.754425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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LEHR MATTHIAS. Inhibitors of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 α as Anti-inflammatory Drugs. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid derivatives, like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) are highly active substances with diverse biological actions. Elevated levels of these lipid mediators in response to a variety of stimuli have been implicated in the pathology of many inflammatory diseases. The rate-limiting step in the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF, respectively, is the cleavage of the sn-2-ester of membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Among the superfamily of PLA2 enzymes, cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α, also referred to as group IVA PLA2) is thought to play the primary role in this biochemical reaction. Therefore, inhibition of cPLA2α activity is an attractive approach to the control of inflammatory disorders.
In this chapter the main groups of cPLA2α inhibitors are described and the problems associated with the development of clinical active drug candidates are discussed. Furthermore, in-vivo data obtained with such compounds in pre-clinical animal models of inflammation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHIAS LEHR
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Hittorfstrasse 58–62, 48149 Münster Germany
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24
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Yang H, Cui B, Wu G, Miao Z, Chen R. Asymmetric aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles induced by O-pivaloylated d-galactosylamine as the chiral auxiliary. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Determination of arachidonic acid by on-line solid-phase extraction HPLC with UV detection for screening of cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibitors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 900:79-84. [PMID: 22695324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE)-liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection at 200nm for screening of inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α (cPLA(2)α) was developed and validated. cPLA(2)α was isolated from porcine platelets. Enzyme activity was determined by measuring the release of arachidonic acid from a phospholipid substrate using automated on-line sample clean up on a trap column followed by isocratic back-flush elution on a RP18 analytical column. While the use of a conventional RP18 column for trapping the analyte led to peak broadening only after a few runs due to pollution of the column by binding of components present in the enzyme preparation, the application of a turbulent flow column (TurboFlow Cyclone™) resulted in sharp peaks even after a plurality of injections. Interestingly, for sample introduction a turbulent flow of the mobile phase produced by high flow rates was not necessary to maintain good peak shapes. The same result could also be achieved applying low flow rates (0.5 mL/min). Several known cPLA(2)α inhibitors were used to validate the test system.
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26
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Roebrock K, Wolf M, Bovens S, Lehr M, Sunderkötter C. Inhibition of benzalkonium chloride-induced skin inflammation in mice by an indol-1-ylpropan-2-one inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2α. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:306-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Suzdalev KF, Den’kina SV, Borodkin GS, Tkachev VV, Kiskin MA, Kletsky ME, Burov ON. Reaction of 2-chloroindole-3-carbaldehyde with epihalogenohydrins. Tandem oxirane-opening—1,3-oxazole-closure process. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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29
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Kaptur M, Elfringhoff AS, Lehr M. Structure–activity relationship studies on 1-(5-carboxyindol-1-yl)-propan-2-one inhibitors of human cytosolic phospholipase A2α: Variation of the activated ketone moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1773-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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