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Zhu C, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang T, Ye F, Su W, Chen T, Zhang C, Xiong L. Discovery of neuroprotective Agents: Potent, brain Penetrating, lipoic acid derivatives for the potential treatment of ischemic stroke by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation - a Preliminary study. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107339. [PMID: 38643566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Stroke poses a serious risk to the physical and mental health of patients. Endogenous compounds are widely used to treat ischemic stroke. Lipoic acid, a naturally occurring (R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid, has therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the direct application of lipoic acid is limited by its relatively low efficacy and instability. Therefore, there is a need to modify the structure of lipoic acid to improve its pharmaceutical capabilities. Currently, 37 lipoic acid derivatives have been synthesized, and compound AA-9 demonstrated optimal therapeutic potential in an in vitro model of induced oxidative damage using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that compound AA-9 has an excellent safety profile. Subsequently, the therapeutic effect of AA-9 was significant in the rat MCAO ischemic stroke model, which may be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of compound AA-9 by activating PGC-1α and inhibiting NLRP3. Notably, compound AA-9 exhibited higher stability and better bioavailability properties than ALA in plasma stability and pharmacokinetic properties. In conclusion, AA-9 may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhu
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Yi Li
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Tingfang Wang
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Wei Su
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China.
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China.
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Shanghai Baoshan Luodian hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201908, China.
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Garduño-Villavicencio LR, Martínez-Ortega U, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Tinajero-Rodríguez JM, Hernández-Luis F. Compounds Consisting of Quinazoline, Ibuprofen, and Amino Acids with Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300651. [PMID: 38354370 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In this research work, a series of 16 quinazoline derivatives bearing ibuprofen and an amino acid were designed as inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain (EGFR-TKD) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with the intention of presenting dual action in their biological behavior. The designed compounds were synthesized and assessed for cytotoxicity on epithelial cancer cells lines (AGS, A-431, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and epithelial non-tumorigenic cell line (HaCaT). From this evaluation, derivative 6 was observed to exhibit higher cytotoxic potency (IC50) than gefitinib (reference drug) on three cancer cell lines (0.034 μM in A-431, 2.67 μM in MCF-7, and 3.64 μM in AGS) without showing activity on the non-tumorigenic cell line (>100 μM). Furthermore, assessment of EGFR-TKD inhibition by 6 showed a discreet difference compared to gefitinib. Additionally, 6 was used to conduct an in vivo anti-inflammatory assay using the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-3-acetate (TPA) method, and it was shown to be 5 times more potent than ibuprofen. Molecular dynamics studies of EGFR-TKD revealed interactions between compound 6 and M793. On the other hand, one significant interaction was observed for COX-2, involving S531. The RMSD graph indicated that the ligand remained stable in 50 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Roberto Garduño-Villavicencio
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U., Coyoacán, CDMx, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ulises Martínez-Ortega
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U., Coyoacán, CDMx, 04510, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- E. Ortiz-Sánchez, J. M. Tinajero-Rodríguez, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaria de Salud, Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez, CDMx, 14080, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Tinajero-Rodríguez
- E. Ortiz-Sánchez, J. M. Tinajero-Rodríguez, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaria de Salud, Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez, CDMx, 14080, Mexico
| | - Francisco Hernández-Luis
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U., Coyoacán, CDMx, 04510, Mexico
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3
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Li Y, Liu X, Lu F, Li H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang W, Yang M, Ma Z, Zhang H, Zhou X, Xu Y, He Z, Sun J, Zhang T, Jiang Q. Natural Amino Acid-Bearing Carbamate Prodrugs of Daidzein Increase Water Solubility and Improve Phase II Metabolic Stability for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8618-8631. [PMID: 38569082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Daidzein (DAN) is an isoflavone, and it is often found in its natural form in soybean and food supplements. DAN has poor bioavailability owing to its extremely low water solubility and first-pass metabolism. Herein, we hypothesized that a bioactivatable natural amino acid-bearing carbamate prodrug strategy could increase the water solubility and metabolic stability of DAN. To test our hypothesis, nine amino acid prodrugs of DAN were designed and synthesized. Compared with DAN, the optimal prodrug (daidzein-4'-O-CO-N-isoleucine, D-4'-I) demonstrated enhanced water solubility and improved phase II metabolic stability and activation to DAN in plasma. In addition, unlike the passive transport of DAN, D-4'-I maintained high permeability via organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1)-mediated transport. Importantly, D-4'-I increased the oral bioavailability by 15.5-fold, reduced the gender difference, and extended the linear absorption capacity in the pharmacokinetics of DAN in rats. Furthermore, D-4'-I exhibited dose-dependent protection against liver injury. Thus, the natural amino acid-bearing carbamate prodrug strategy shows potential in increasing water solubility and improving phase II metabolic stability to enhance the oral bioavailability of DAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan Eastern Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Farong Lu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Huichao Li
- Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zhining Ma
- Kangya of Ningxia Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaomian Zhou
- School of Life and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Youjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Funahashi R, Matsuura F, Ninomiya M, Okabe S, Takashima S, Tanaka K, Nishina A, Koketsu M. Hybrid pharmacophore design and synthesis of donepezil-inspired aurone derivative salts as multifunctional acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107229. [PMID: 38401360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a ubiquitous group of plant polyphenols, are well-known for their beneficial effects on human health. Their phenylchromane skeletons have structural similarities to donepezil [the US FDA-approved drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD)]. The objective of this study was to design and synthesize valuable agents derived from flavonoids for relieving the symptoms of AD. A variety of flavonoid derivative salts incorporating benzylpyridinium units were synthesized and several of them remarkedly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in vitro. Additionally, aurone derivative salts protected against cell death resulting from t-BHP exposure in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and slightly promoted neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, they potently suppressed the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ1-42). Our findings highlight the effectiveness of donepezil-inspired aurone derivative salts as multipotent candidates for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Funahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sayo Okabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medicinal Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Division of Cooperative Research Facility, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Anaerobe Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medicinal Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Division of Cooperative Research Facility, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Nishina
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; School of Health and Nutrition, Tokai Gakuen University, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8514, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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5
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Gao P, Ha-Duong T, Nicolas J. Coarse-Grained Model-Assisted Design of Polymer Prodrug Nanoparticles with Enhanced Cytotoxicity: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316056. [PMID: 38345287 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
To achieve drug release from polymer prodrug nanoparticles, the drug-polymer linker must be accessible for cleavage to release the drug, which can occur under certain physiological conditions (e.g., presence of specific enzymes). Supramolecular organization of polymer prodrug nanoparticles is crucial as it greatly affects the location of the linker, its surface exposure/solvation and thus its cleavage to release the drug. Since experimental access to these data is not straightforward, new methodologies are critically needed to access this information and to accelerate the development of more effective polymer prodrug nanoparticles, and replace the time-consuming and resource-intensive traditional trial-and-error strategy. In this context, we reported here the use of a coarse-grained model to assist the design of polymer prodrug nanoparticles with enhanced cytotoxicity. By choosing the solvent accessible surface area as the critical parameter for predicting drug release and hence cytotoxicity of polymer prodrug nanoparticles, we developed an optimized polymer-drug linker with enhanced hydrophilicity and solvation. Our hypothesis was then experimentally validated by the synthesis of the corresponding polymer prodrugs based on two different drugs (gemcitabine and paclitaxel), which demonstrated greater performances in terms of drug release and cytotoxicity on two cancer cell lines. Interestingly, our methodology can be easily applied to other polymer prodrug structures, which would contribute to the development of more efficient drug delivery systems via in silico screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, Orsay, 91400, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Tâp Ha-Duong
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
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6
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of N14-Amino Acid-Substituted Tetrandrine Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents against Human Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134040. [PMID: 35807286 PMCID: PMC9268013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical dibenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, tetrandrine (TET) is clinically used for the treatment of silicosis, inflammatory pulmonary, and cardiovascular diseases in China. Recent investigations have demonstrated the outstanding anticancer activity of this structure, but its poor aqueous solubility severely restricts its further development. Herein, a series of its 14-N-amino acid-substituted derivatives with improved anticancer effects and aqueous solubility were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 16 displayed the best antiproliferative activity against human colorectal cancer (HCT-15) cells, with an IC50 value of 0.57 μM. Compared with TET, 16 was markedly improved in terms of aqueous solubility (by 5-fold). Compound 16 significantly suppressed the colony formation, migration, and invasion of HCT-15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with it being more potent in this respect than TET. Additionally, compound 16 markedly impaired the morphology and motility of HCT-15 cells and induced the death of colorectal cancer cells in double-staining and flow cytometry assays. Western blot results revealed that 16 could induce the autophagy of HCT-15 cells by significantly decreasing the content of p62/SQSTM1 and enhancing the Beclin-1 level and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I. Further study showed that 16 effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of umbilical vein endothelial cells, manifesting in a potent anti-angiogenesis effect. Overall, these results revealed the potential of 16 as a promising candidate for further preclinical studies.
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8
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Chen Z, Farag MA, Zhong Z, Zhang C, Yang Y, Wang S, Wang Y. Multifaceted role of phyto-derived polyphenols in nanodrug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113870. [PMID: 34280511 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As naturally occurring bioactive products, several lines of evidence have shown the potential of polyphenols in the medical intervention of various diseases, including tumors, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Notably, owing to the particular molecular structure, polyphenols can combine with proteins, metal ions, polymers, and nucleic acids providing better strategies for polyphenol-delivery strategies. This contributes to the inherent advantages of polyphenols as important functional components for other drug delivery strategies, e.g., protecting nanodrugs from oxidation as a protective layer, improving the physicochemical properties of carbohydrate polymer carriers, or being used to synthesize innovative functional delivery vehicles. Polyphenols have emerged as a multifaceted player in novel drug delivery systems, both as therapeutic agents delivered to intervene in disease progression and as essential components of drug carriers. Although an increasing number of studies have focused on polyphenol-based nanodrug delivery including epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, resveratrol, tannic acid, and polyphenol-related innovative preparations, these molecules are not without inherent shortcomings. The active biochemical characteristics of polyphenols constitute a prerequisite to their high-frequency use in drug delivery systems and likewise to provoke new challenges for the design and development of novel polyphenol drug delivery systems of improved efficacies. In this review, we focus on both the targeted delivery of polyphenols and the application of polyphenols as components of drug delivery carriers, and comprehensively elaborate on the application of polyphenols in new types of drug delivery systems. According to the different roles played by polyphenols in innovative drug delivery strategies, potential limitations and risks are discussed in detail including the influences on the physical and chemical properties of nanodrug delivery systems, and their influence on normal physiological functions inside the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, American University in Cairo AUC, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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9
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Lam PY, Lui ACW, Wang L, Liu H, Umezawa T, Tobimatsu Y, Lo C. Tricin Biosynthesis and Bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733198. [PMID: 34512707 PMCID: PMC8426635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tricin (3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) is a specialized metabolite which not only confers stress tolerance and involves in defense responses in plants but also represents a promising nutraceutical. Tricin-type metabolites are widely present as soluble tricin O-glycosides and tricin-oligolignols in all grass species examined, but only show patchy occurrences in unrelated lineages in dicots. More strikingly, tricin is a lignin monomer in grasses and several other angiosperm species, representing one of the "non-monolignol" lignin monomers identified in nature. The unique biological functions of tricin especially as a lignin monomer have driven the identification and characterization of tricin biosynthetic enzymes in the past decade. This review summarizes the current understanding of tricin biosynthetic pathway in grasses and tricin-accumulating dicots. The characterized and potential enzymes involved in tricin biosynthesis are highlighted along with discussion on the debatable and uncharacterized steps. Finally, current developments of bioengineering on manipulating tricin biosynthesis toward the generation of functional food as well as modifications of lignin for improving biorefinery applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andy C. W. Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Ran LQ, Li XL, Liu MH, Wang QA. Synthesis and antiproliferative activities of polymethoxyflavones aminoalkyl and amino acid derivatives. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTwelve novel aminoalkyl derivatives 3a-3f, 4a-4f and four novel amino acid derivatives 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b of polymethoxyflavones 1 and 2 were synthesized through regioselective demethylation, etherification, amination, EDCl-mediated amide condensation and alkaline hydrolysis, using tangeretin and nobiletin as starting materials. Their antiproliferative activities against four different human cancer cell lines (Aspc-1, SUN5, HepG-2 and HCT116) were evaluated by in vitro CCK-8 assay. The results show that the majority of the synthetic compounds exhibited moderate to good antiproliferative activity. In particular, the antiproliferative activity of compound 5b against HepG-2 cells (IC50 0.057 μM) was equal to the positive control drug Staurosporine (IC50 0.0575 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-qiong Ran
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Xue-li Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Man-hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Qiu-an Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
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11
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Zhao J, Yang J, Xie Y. Improvement strategies for the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble flavonoids: An overview. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Shcherbakov KV, Artemyeva MA, Burgart YV, Evstigneeva NP, Gerasimova NA, Zilberberg NV, Kungurov NV, Saloutin VI, Chupakhin ON. Transformations of 3-acyl-4H-polyfluorochromen-4-ones under the action of amino acids and biogenic amines. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Nagumo M, Ninomiya M, Oshima N, Itoh T, Tanaka K, Nishina A, Koketsu M. Comparative analysis of stilbene and benzofuran neolignan derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2475-2479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of Isoflavone–Amino-Acid Conjugates. Chem Nat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-019-02821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Ginwala R, Bhavsar R, Chigbu DI, Jain P, Khan ZK. Potential Role of Flavonoids in Treating Chronic Inflammatory Diseases with a Special Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Apigenin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8020035. [PMID: 30764536 PMCID: PMC6407021 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been reported to be intimately linked to the development or worsening of several non-infectious diseases. A number of chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders emerge as a result of tissue injury and genomic changes induced by constant low-grade inflammation in and around the affected tissue or organ. The existing therapies for most of these chronic conditions sometimes leave more debilitating effects than the disease itself, warranting the advent of safer, less toxic, and more cost-effective therapeutic alternatives for the patients. For centuries, flavonoids and their preparations have been used to treat various human illnesses, and their continual use has persevered throughout the ages. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids against chronic illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neuroinflammation with a special focus on apigenin, a relatively less toxic and non-mutagenic flavonoid with remarkable pharmacodynamics. Additionally, inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) due to diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) gives ready access to circulating lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), causing edema, further inflammation, and demyelination. As the dearth of safe anti-inflammatory therapies is dire in the case of CNS-related disorders, we reviewed the neuroprotective actions of apigenin and other flavonoids. Existing epidemiological and pre-clinical studies present considerable evidence in favor of developing apigenin as a natural alternative therapy against chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and Neuroimmunology, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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16
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Li Y, Zhang X, Bai X, Li X, Jiang Q, Zhang T. A sensitive, high-throughput, and eco-friendly analysis of daidzein and its valine carbamate prodrug in rat plasma by supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3250-3257. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
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Sadanari H, Fujimoto KJ, Sugihara Y, Ishida T, Takemoto M, Daikoku T, Murayama T. The anti-human cytomegalovirus drug tricin inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 9. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:646-654. [PMID: 29632816 PMCID: PMC5881553 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
4′,5,7‐trihydroxy‐3′,5′‐dimethoxyflavone (tricin), derived from Sasa albo‐marginata, has been reported to suppress significantly human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication in human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblast cells. However, the target protein of tricin remains unclear. This study focused on the anti‐HCMV activity of tricin in terms of its binding affinity to cyclin‐dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). A molecular docking study predicted that tricin binds well to the ATP‐binding site of CDK9. Experimental measurements then revealed that tricin inhibits the kinase activity of CDK9 and affects the phosphorylation of the carboxy‐terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Based on these results, we conclude that CDK9 is one of the target proteins of tricin. We also found that tricin possesses anti‐HCMV activity with no cytotoxicity against HEL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Sadanari
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kazuhiro J Fujimoto
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yuto Sugihara
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishida
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tsugiya Murayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokuriku University Kanazawa Japan
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18
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Chatziathanasiadou MV, Geromichalou EG, Sayyad N, Vrettos EI, Katsikoudi A, Stylos E, Bellou S, Geromichalos GD, Tzakos AG. Amplifying and broadening the cytotoxic profile of quercetin in cancer cell lines through bioconjugation. Amino Acids 2017; 50:279-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Tsume Y, Drelich AJ, Smith DE, Amidon GL. Potential Development of Tumor-Targeted Oral Anti-Cancer Prodrugs: Amino Acid and Dipeptide Monoester Prodrugs of Gemcitabine. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081322. [PMID: 28796151 PMCID: PMC5826767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main obstacles for cancer therapies is to deliver medicines effectively to target sites. Since stroma cells are developed around tumors, chemotherapeutic agents have to go through stroma cells in order to reach tumors. As a method to improve drug delivery to the tumor site, a prodrug approach for gemcitabine was adopted. Amino acid and dipeptide monoester prodrugs of gemcitabine were synthesized and their chemical stability in buffers, resistance to thymidine phosphorylase and cytidine deaminase, antiproliferative activity, and uptake/permeability in HFF cells as a surrogate to stroma cells were determined and compared to their parent drug, gemcitabine. The activation of all gemcitabine prodrugs was faster in pancreatic cell homogenates than their hydrolysis in buffer, suggesting enzymatic action. All prodrugs exhibited great stability in HFF cell homogenate, enhanced resistance to glycosidic bond metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase, and deamination by cytidine deaminase compared to their parent drug. All gemcitabine prodrugs exhibited higher uptake in HFF cells and better permeability across HFF monolayers than gemcitabine, suggesting a better delivery to tumor sites. Cell antiproliferative assays in Panc-1 and Capan-2 pancreatic ductal cell lines indicated that the gemcitabine prodrugs were more potent than their parent drug gemcitabine. The transport and enzymatic profiles of gemcitabine prodrugs suggest their potential for delayed enzymatic bioconversion and enhanced resistance to metabolic enzymes, as well as for enhanced drug delivery to tumor sites, and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells. These attributes would facilitate the prolonged systemic circulation and improved therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
| | - Adam J Drelich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
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5,7-Dihydroxyflavone Analogues May Regulate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing I κB α-Linked Akt and ERK5 Phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7898973. [PMID: 28539967 PMCID: PMC5429937 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7898973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the anti-inflammatory activity of twelve 5,7-dihydroxyflavone analogues in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that chrysin (1) and 4′-methoxytricetin (9) showed relatively significant anti-inflammatory activity and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, 1 and 9 recovered the expression levels of iNOS and COX2, as well as those of the intracellular inflammatory mediators IL-1β and IL-6, which were upregulated by LPS stimulation. In addition, 1 and 9 actively regulated the phosphorylation of IκBα, leading to the activation of NFκB. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK5 (upstream of NFκB) by LPS stimulation was significantly regulated by 1 and 9, as well as by BIX 02189 and LY 294002, which are phosphorylation inhibitors of ERK5 and Akt, respectively. The results suggest that compounds 1 and 9 may suppress the levels of iNOS and COX2 by regulating phosphorylation of Akt, ERK5, and IκBα and thus NFκB-related signaling pathways, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects in the cells. Because 1 and 9 showed low cytotoxicity and regulated both PGE2 and NO production caused by inflammatory responses, they may hold promise as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
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Kellici TF, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Lee MS, Sayyad N, Geromichalou EG, Vrettos EI, Tsiailanis AD, Chi SW, Geromichalos GD, Mavromoustakos T, Tzakos AG. Rational design and structure–activity relationship studies of quercetin–amino acid hybrids targeting the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7956-7976. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic proteins, like the Bcl-2 family proteins, present an important therapeutic cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin F. Kellici
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina 45110
- Greece
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Min-Sung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center
- KRIBB
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina 45110
- Greece
| | - Elena G. Geromichalou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology
- Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens 11527
- Greece
| | | | | | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center
- KRIBB
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - George D. Geromichalos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
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22
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Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity of Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ coordinated polyhydroxychalcone complexes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 147:1871-1881. [PMID: 27795583 PMCID: PMC5063914 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Four new metal complexes [Cu(ISO)2], [Cu(BUT)2] and [Zn(ISO)2], [Zn(BUT)2] of the polyhydroxychalcones (isoliquiritigenin and butein) are synthesized, structurally characterized and their antioxidant activity is investigated. The formation of the complexes [Cu(ISO)2] and [Zn(ISO)2] is followed by Job's plot using NMR titration. The resulting compounds are characterized by mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Studies on the radical scavenging activity are performed using DPPH as substrate. The results showed that the antioxidant activities of isoliquiritigenin and butein are enhanced after binding to copper or zinc. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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23
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Nishina A, Ukiya M, Fukatsu M, Koketsu M, Ninomiya M, Sato D, Yamamoto J, Kobayashi-Hattori K, Okubo T, Tokuoka H, Kimura H. Effects of Various 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone Analogs on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1794-800. [PMID: 26521830 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of twelve 5,7-dihydroxyflavone analogs on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Among the compounds, luteolin, diosmetin, and chrysoeriol partly inhibited adipogenesis by blocking the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the cells. Conversely, tricetin facilitated triacylglycerol accumulation in the cells. The induction of lipogenesis or lipolysis may depend on the number and bonding position of hydroxyl or methoxy groups on the B ring of 5,7-dihydroxyflavone. The mRNA expression levels of adipogenic and lipogenic genes were suppressed by luteolin treatment in the cells, while the mRNA levels of lipolytic genes were not affected. However, the expression levels of the adipogenic, lipogenic, and lipolytic genes, except for adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), were not affected by the addition of tricetin. Moreover, luteolin suppressed glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) gene and protein levels. These results indicate that luteolin decreased triacylglycerol levels in 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenesis through the suppression of adipogenic/lipogenic and GLUT4 genes and GLUT4 protein.
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24
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Devkota L, Lin CM, Strecker TE, Wang Y, Tidmore JK, Chen Z, Guddneppanavar R, Jelinek CJ, Lopez R, Liu L, Hamel E, Mason RP, Chaplin DJ, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of water-soluble amino acid prodrug conjugates derived from combretastatin, dihydronaphthalene, and benzosuberene-based parent vascular disrupting agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:938-956. [PMID: 26852340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeting tumor vasculature represents an intriguing therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer. In an effort to discover new vascular disrupting agents with improved water solubility and potentially greater bioavailability, various amino acid prodrug conjugates (AAPCs) of potent amino combretastatin, amino dihydronaphthalene, and amino benzosuberene analogs were synthesized along with their corresponding water-soluble hydrochloride salts. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization and for their cytotoxicity against selected human cancer cell lines. The amino-based parent anticancer agents 7, 8, 32 (also referred to as KGP05) and 33 (also referred to as KGP156) demonstrated potent cytotoxicity (GI50=0.11-40nM) across all evaluated cell lines, and they were strong inhibitors of tubulin polymerization (IC50=0.62-1.5μM). The various prodrug conjugates and their corresponding salts were investigated for cleavage by the enzyme leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). Four of the glycine water-soluble AAPCs (16, 18, 44 and 45) showed quantitative cleavage by LAP, resulting in the release of the highly cytotoxic parent drug, whereas partial cleavage (<10-90%) was observed for other prodrugs (15, 17, 24, 38 and 39). Eight of the nineteen AAPCs (13-16, 42-45) showed significant cytotoxicity against selected human cancer cell lines. The previously reported CA1-diamine analog and its corresponding hydrochloride salt (8 and 10, respectively) caused extensive disruption (at a concentration of 1.0μM) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells growing in a two-dimensional tubular network on matrigel. In addition, compound 10 exhibited pronounced reduction in bioluminescence (greater than 95% compared to saline control) in a tumor bearing (MDA-MB-231-luc) SCID mouse model 2h post treatment (80mg/kg), with similar results observed upon treatment (15mg/kg) with the glycine amino-dihydronaphthalene AAPC (compound 44). Collectively, these results support the further pre-clinical development of the most active members of this structurally diverse collection of water-soluble prodrugs as promising anticancer agents functioning through a mechanism involving vascular disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Chen-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Tracy E Strecker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Justin K Tidmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Rajsekhar Guddneppanavar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Christopher J Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Ramona Lopez
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, United States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, United States
| | - David J Chaplin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States.,OXiGENE Inc., 701 Gateway Boulevard, Suite 210, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Lynn Trawick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Kevin G Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
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Hattori S, Kamiya T, Hara H, Ninomiya M, Koketsu M, Adachi T. CoCl 2 Decreases EC-SOD Expression through Histone Deacetylation in COS7 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:2036-2041. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Hattori
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masayuki Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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26
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Intriguing possibilities and beneficial aspects of transporter-conscious drug design. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4119-4131. [PMID: 26138194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been revealed that many types of drugs interact with transporter proteins within an organism. Transporter proteins absorb or excrete materials, including drugs and nutrients, across the cell membrane. Some hydrophobic drugs are excreted from the cell as xenobiotics by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, solute carrier (SLC) transporters are tissue-specifically expressed and have substrate specificities. Thus, transporter-conscious drug design is an excellent method of delivering drugs to pharmaceutical target organs and provides advantages in absorption, distribution, excretion, and toxicity of drugs (ADMET) due to transport systems. In fact, based on this strategy, the bioavailability of prodrugs designed as peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) substrates was better than that of the corresponding parent compounds due to the transport system in the small intestine. Furthermore, in central nervous system (CNS) drug developing, drug delivery into brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a serious problem. However, this problem can be also solved by the use of the transport systems at the BBB. Therefore, transporter-consciously designed drugs not only may effectively elicit activity but also may control adverse side effects caused by off-targets and drug-drug interactions and, consequently, may show good performance in clinical trials. In this review, I introduce possibilities and advantages of transporter-conscious drug designs.
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27
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Idzik KR, Nödler K, Licha T. Efficient synthesis of readily water-soluble sulfonic Acid carbamates. Molecules 2015; 20:6856-65. [PMID: 25913926 PMCID: PMC6272615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of various readily water-soluble carbamates were synthesized with good yields. These compounds are useful chemical tracers for assessing the cooling progress in a georeservoir during geothermal power plant operation. Acylation of primary amines was carried out as well as using a solution of sodium bicarbonate and without the presence of salt. Products were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Purity was confirmed through elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof R Idzik
- Department Applied Geology, Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Karsten Nödler
- Department Applied Geology, Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Licha
- Department Applied Geology, Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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28
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Wu Y, Cao D, Wang F, Ma L, Gao G, Chen L. Synthesis and Evaluation of Millepachine Amino Acid Prodrugs With Enhanced Solubility as Antitumor Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:559-67. [PMID: 25643726 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
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29
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l-Amino acid carbamate prodrugs of scutellarin: synthesis, physiochemical property, Caco-2 cell permeability, and in vitro anti-oxidative activity. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Common delivery systems for enhancing in vivo bioavailability and biological efficacy of nutraceuticals. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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31
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Abstract
This review highlights ten "hot topics" in current antiviral research: (i) new nucleoside derivatives (i.e., PSI-352938) showing high potential as a direct antiviral against hepatitis C virus (HCV); (ii) cyclopropavir, which should be further pursued for treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections; (iii) North-methanocarbathymidine (N-MCT), with a N-locked conformation, showing promising activity against both α- and γ-herpesviruses; (iv) CMX001, an orally bioavailable prodrug of cidofovir with broad-spectrum activity against DNA viruses, including polyoma, adeno, herpes, and pox; (v) favipiravir, which is primarily pursued for the treatment of influenza virus infections, but also inhibits the replication of other RNA viruses, particularly (-)RNA viruses such as arena, bunya, and hanta; (vi) newly emerging antiarenaviral compounds which should be more effective (and less toxic) than the ubiquitously used ribavirin; (vii) antipicornavirus agents in clinical development (pleconaril, BTA-798, and V-073); (viii) natural products receiving increased attention as potential antiviral drugs; (ix) antivirals such as U0126 targeted at specific cellular kinase pathways [i.e., mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)], showing activity against influenza and other viruses; and (x) two structurally unrelated compounds (i.e., LJ-001 and dUY11) with broad-spectrum activity against virtually all enveloped RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Makino J, Nakanishi R, Kamiya T, Hara H, Ninomiya M, Koketsu M, Adachi T. Luteolin suppresses the differentiation of THP-1 cells through the Inhibition of NOX2 mRNA expression and the membrane translocation of p47phox. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1285-1290. [PMID: 23786520 DOI: 10.1021/np400224w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Luteolin (1), a natural product occurring in many vegetables and fruits, is known to have several biological activities. Cluster for differentiation (CD) families, such as CD11b, -14, and -36, are expressed during pathological processes of atherosclerosis and are used broadly as markers of monocytic differentiation into macrophages. Herein, it was investigated whether 1 and three other flavonoids [chrysin (2), apigenin (3), and tricetin (4)] blocked 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-triggered induction of CD families, which were induced through the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). When compared to flavonoids 2-4, 1 blocked TPA-triggered induction of CD families and cell adherence of monocytic THP-1 cells. Luteolin completely blocked intracellular ROS generation, whereas it did not inhibit MEK/ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, pretreatment with 1 suppressed TPA-triggered induction of NOX2 and membrane translocation of p47(phox). Overall, it is revealed that 1 suppresses TPA-triggered induction of CD families by the prevention of NOX2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Makino
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Tanigawa N, Hagiwara M, Tada H, Komatsu T, Sugiura S, Kobayashi K, Kato Y, Ishida N, Nishida K, Ninomiya M, Koketsu M, Matsushita K. Acacetin inhibits expression of E-selectin on endothelial cells through regulation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway and activation of NF-κB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:471-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.811596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Moheb A, Grondin M, Ibrahim RK, Roy R, Sarhan F. Winter wheat hull (husk) is a valuable source for tricin, a potential selective cytotoxic agent. Food Chem 2013; 138:931-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jiang FJ, Fu XZ, Wang SW, Huang Y, Zhou W, Wang AM, Wang YL. Synthesis and physiochemical property evaluation of carbamate derivatives of scutellarin methyl ester. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Kambhampati S, Rajewski RA, Tanol M, Haque I, Das A, Banerjee S, Jha S, Burns D, Reyes EBD, Van Veldhuizen PJ, Banerjee SK. A second-generation 2-Methoxyestradiol prodrug is effective against Barrett's adenocarcinoma in a mouse xenograft model. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:255-63. [PMID: 23288782 PMCID: PMC4729448 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol. In preclinical models, 2-ME2 is effective against different types of tumors. Unfortunately, only low systemic concentrations of 2-ME2 can be achieved following oral administration, even after very high doses are administered to patients. In an effort to solve this problem, we have now synthesized and tested a new prodrug of 2-ME2 that is water-soluble due to a bioreversible hydrophilic group added at the 3-position and that more effectively resists metabolic inactivation due to an ester moiety added to mask the 17-position alcohol. We are reporting here for the first time that this double prodrug of 2-ME2 is effective as an antiproliferative and anticancer agent for both in vitro and in vivo studies against Barrett esophageal adenocarcinoma (BEAC) and provided greater potency than 2-ME2 in inhibiting the growth of BEAC xenografts. Finally, studies indicate that, like 2-ME2, the 2-ME2-PD1 exhibits anticancer effect through possible disruption of microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kambhampati
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Roger A. Rajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Mehmet Tanol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Inamul Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Amlan Das
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Saheli Jha
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Douglas Burns
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Emma Borrego-Diaz Reyes
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Peter J. Van Veldhuizen
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sushanta K. Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Seki N, Toh U, Kawaguchi K, Ninomiya M, Koketsu M, Watanabe K, Aoki M, Fujii T, Nakamura A, Akagi Y, Kusukawa J, Kage M, Shirouzu K, Yamana H. Tricin inhibits proliferation of human hepatic stellate cells in vitro by blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF receptor and its signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2346-55. [PMID: 22359269 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
4',5,7-Trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (Tricin), a naturally occurring flavone, has anti-inflammatory potential and exhibits diverse biological activities including antigrowth activity in several human cancer cell lines and cancer chemopreventive effects in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. The present study aimed to investigate the biological actions of tricin on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro, exploring its potential as a treatment of liver fibrosis, since HSC proliferation is closely related to the progression of hepatic fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases leading to irreversible liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Tricin inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression and cell migration in the human HSC line LI90 and culture-activated HSCs. It also reduced the phosphorylation of PDGF receptor β and the downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 and Akt, which might be due to its tyrosine kinase inhibitor properties rather than inhibition of the direct binding between PDGF-BB and its receptor. Our findings suggest that tricin might be beneficial in HSC-targeting therapeutic or chemopreventive applications for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Seki
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.
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Structure-activity relationship studies of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones as naturally occurring inhibitors of cell proliferation in human leukemia HL-60 cells. J Nat Med 2012; 67:460-7. [PMID: 22855403 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely occurring polyphenols that are found in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure-activity relationships of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones, with a focus on the effect of B ring structure substitution on the antiproliferative effects of the compounds in human leukemia HL-60 cells. We prepared a series of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones and evaluated their ability to inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells by using the MTT assay. The apoptosis- and cell differentiation-inducing ability of the most potent flavones were investigated using staining and morphological analyses. This study explored the antileukemic and chemopreventive potency of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones, particularly diosmetin and chrysoeriol, which have both hydroxy and methoxy groups on the B ring.
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Maag H. Overcoming poor permeability – the role of prodrugs for oral drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY: TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e71-e174. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Jin F, Zhang N, Tan C, Gao D, Zhang C, Liu F, Chen Z, Gao C, Liu H, Li S, Jiang Y. 2′-Chloro-4′-aminoflavone Derivatives Selectively Targeting Hepatocarcinoma Cells: Convenient Synthetic Process, G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Triggers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sousa RMS, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS, Serra VV, Barros AIRNA, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS. Flavone-Nitrogen Heterocycle Conjugate Formation by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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