1
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Butler MS, Vollmer W, Goodall ECA, Capon RJ, Henderson IR, Blaskovich MAT. A Review of Antibacterial Candidates with New Modes of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39018341 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of new antibiotics to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections that increasingly threaten global health. The current pipeline of clinical-stage antimicrobials is primarily populated by "new and improved" versions of existing antibiotic classes, supplemented by several novel chemical scaffolds that act on traditional targets. The lack of fresh chemotypes acting on previously unexploited targets (the "holy grail" for new antimicrobials due to their scarcity) is particularly unfortunate as these offer the greatest opportunity for innovative breakthroughs to overcome existing resistance. In recognition of their potential, this review focuses on this subset of high value antibiotics, providing chemical structures where available. This review focuses on candidates that have progressed to clinical trials, as well as selected examples of promising pioneering approaches in advanced stages of development, in order to stimulate additional research aimed at combating drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emily C A Goodall
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Zhao W, Li H, Lu Z, Guo B, Meng X, Zhou X, Yang Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Arylomycins against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6585-6609. [PMID: 38598362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
G0775, an arylomycin-type SPase I inhibitor that is being evaluated in a preclinical study, exhibited potent antibacterial activities against some Gram-negative bacteria but meanwhile suffered defects such as a narrow antibacterial spectrum and poor pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, systematic structural modifications were carried out, including optimization of the macrocyclic skeleton, warheads, and lipophilic regions. The optimization culminated in the discovery of 138f, which showed more potent activity and a broader spectrum against clinically isolated carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, especially against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 162, the free amine of 138f, exhibited an excellent pharmacokinetic profile in rats. In a neutropenic mouse thigh model of infection with multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, the potent in vivo antibacterial efficacy of 162 was confirmed and superior to that of G0775 (3.5-log decrease vs 1.1-log decrease in colony-forming unit (CFU)). These results support 162 as a potential antimicrobial agent for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyong Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Material, Minister of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianli Zhou
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Material, Minister of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan China
- Affiliated Hospital, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Koehler MFT, Chen YC, Chen Y, Chen Y, Crawford JJ, Durk MR, Garland K, Hanan EJ, Higuchi RI, Hu H, Ly CQ, Paraselli PG, Roberts TC, Schwarz JB, Smith PA, Yu Z, Heise CE. Lipid Tales: Optimizing Arylomycin Membrane Anchors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1524-1530. [PMID: 37974942 PMCID: PMC10641904 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are spreading at alarming rates, and despite extensive efforts, no new antibiotic class with activity against Gram-negative bacteria has been approved in over 50 years. LepB inhibitors (LepBi) based on the arylomycin class of natural products are a novel class of antibiotics and function by inhibiting the bacterial type I signal peptidase (SPase) in Gram-negative bacteria. One critical aspect of LepBi development involves optimization of the membrane-anchored lipophilic portion of the molecule. We therefore developed an approach that assesses the effect of this portion on the complicated equilibria of plasma protein binding, crossing the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and anchoring in the bacterial inner membrane to facilitate SPase binding. Our findings provide important insights into the development of antibacterial agents where the target is associated with the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. T. Koehler
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R. Durk
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keira Garland
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emily J. Hanan
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Huiyong Hu
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cuong Q. Ly
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Jacob B. Schwarz
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter A. Smith
- Department
of Infectious Disease, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Christopher E. Heise
- Department
of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Adams Z, Silvestri AP, Chiorean S, Flood DT, Balo BP, Shi Y, Holcomb M, Walsh SI, Maillie CA, Pierens GK, Forli S, Rosengren KJ, Dawson PE. Stretching Peptides to Generate Small Molecule β-Strand Mimics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:648-656. [PMID: 37122474 PMCID: PMC10141592 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) enable both characterization of PPI networks that govern diseases and design of therapeutics and probes. The shallow protein surfaces that dominate PPIs are challenging to target using standard methods, and approaches for accessing extended backbone structures are limited. Here, we incorporate a rigid, linear, diyne brace between side chains at the i to i+2 positions to generate a family of low-molecular-weight, extended-backbone peptide macrocycles. NMR and density functional theory studies show that these stretched peptides adopt stable, rigid conformations in solution and can be tuned to explore extended peptide conformational space. The diyne brace is formed in excellent conversions (>95%) and amenable to high-throughput synthesis. The minimalist structure-inducing tripeptide core (<300 Da) is amenable to further synthetic elaboration. Diyne-braced inhibitors of bacterial type 1 signal peptidase demonstrate the utility of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë
C. Adams
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anthony P. Silvestri
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Unnatural
Products, Inc., 2161
Delaware Ave, Suite A., Santa Cruz, California 95060, United States
| | - Sorina Chiorean
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dillon T. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Brian P. Balo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yifan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew Holcomb
- Department
of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shawn I. Walsh
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Colleen A. Maillie
- Department
of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gregory K. Pierens
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department
of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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5
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Szałaj N, Benediktsdottir A, Rusin D, Karlén A, Mowbray SL, Więckowska A. Bacterial type I signal peptidase inhibitors - Optimized hits from nature. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Aldemir H, Shu S, Schaefers F, Hong H, Richarz R, Harteis S, Einsiedler M, Milzarek TM, Schneider S, Gulder TAM. Carrier Protein-Free Enzymatic Biaryl Coupling in Arylomycin A2 Assembly and Structure of the Cytochrome P450 AryC*. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103389. [PMID: 34725865 PMCID: PMC9299028 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The arylomycin antibiotics are potent inhibitors of bacterial type I signal peptidase. These lipohexapeptides contain a biaryl structural motif reminiscent of glycopeptide antibiotics. We herein describe the functional and structural evaluation of AryC, the cytochrome P450 performing biaryl coupling in biosynthetic arylomycin assembly. Unlike its enzymatic counterparts in glycopeptide biosynthesis, AryC converts free substrates without the requirement of any protein interaction partner, likely enabled by a strongly hydrophobic cavity at the surface of AryC pointing to the substrate tunnel. This activity enables chemo‐enzymatic assembly of arylomycin A2 that combines the advantages of liquid‐ and solid‐phase peptide synthesis with late‐stage enzymatic cross‐coupling. The reactivity of AryC is unprecedented in cytochrome P450‐mediated biaryl construction in non‐ribosomal peptides, in which peptidyl carrier protein (PCP)‐tethering so far was shown crucial both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Aldemir
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shuangjie Shu
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francoise Schaefers
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hanna Hong
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - René Richarz
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sabrina Harteis
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel Einsiedler
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias M Milzarek
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias A M Gulder
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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7
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Benediktsdottir A, Lu L, Cao S, Zamaratski E, Karlén A, Mowbray SL, Hughes D, Sandström A. Antibacterial sulfonimidamide-based oligopeptides as type I signal peptidase inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113699. [PMID: 34352713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide boronates with a lipophilic tail are known to inhibit the type I signal peptidase in E. coli, which is a promising drug target for developing novel antibiotics. Antibacterial activity depends on these oligopeptides having a cationic modification to increase their permeation. Unfortunately, this modification is associated with cytotoxicity, motivating the need for novel approaches. The sulfonimidamide functionality has recently gained much interest in drug design and discovery, as a means of introducing chirality and an imine-handle, thus allowing for the incorporation of additional substituents. This in turn can tune the chemical and biological properties, which are here explored. We show that introducing the sulfonimidamide between the lipophilic tail and the peptide in a series of signal peptidase inhibitors resulted in antibacterial activity, while the sulfonamide isostere and previously known non-cationic analogs were inactive. Additionally, we show that replacing the sulfonamide with a sulfonimidamide resulted in decreased cytotoxicity, and similar results were seen by adding a cationic sidechain to the sulfonimidamide motif. This is the first report of incorporation of the sulfonimidamide functional group into bioactive peptides, more specifically into antibacterial oligopeptides, and evaluation of its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Benediktsdottir
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edouard Zamaratski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sherry L Mowbray
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Upert G, Luther A, Obrecht D, Ermert P. Emerging peptide antibiotics with therapeutic potential. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 9:100078. [PMID: 33398258 PMCID: PMC7773004 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers some of the recent progress in the field of peptide antibiotics with a focus on compounds with novel or established mode of action and with demonstrated efficacy in animal infection models. Novel drug discovery approaches, linear and macrocyclic peptide antibiotics, lipopeptides like the polymyxins as well as peptides addressing targets located in the plasma membrane or in the outer membrane of bacterial cells are discussed.
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Key Words
- ADMET, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion – toxicity in pharmacokinetics
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- AMR, antimicrobial resistance
- ATCC, ATCC cell collection
- Antibiotic
- BAM, β-barrel assembly machinery
- CC50, cytotoxic concentration to kill 50% of cells
- CD, circular dichroism
- CFU, colony forming unit
- CLSI, clinical and laboratory standards institute
- CMS, colistin methane sulfonate
- DMPC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- ESKAPE, acronym encompassing six bacterial pathogens (often carrying antibiotic resistance): Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp
- FDA, U. S. Food and Drug Administration
- HABP, hospital acquired bacterial pneumonia
- HDP, host-defense peptide
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cells
- HK-2, human kidney 2 cells (proximal tubular cell line)
- HepG2, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line
- Hpg, 4-hydroxy-phenyl glycine
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae metallo-β-lactamase C resistant
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LptA, lipopolysaccharide transport protein A
- LptC, lipopolysaccharide transport protein C
- LptD, lipopolysaccharide transport protein D
- MDR, multidrug-resistant
- MH-I, Müller-Hinton broth I
- MH-II, Müller-Hinton broth II (cation adjusted)
- MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration
- MRSA, methicilline-resistant S. aureus
- MSSA, methicilline-sensitive S. aureus
- MoA, mechanism (mode) of action
- NDM-1, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase resistant
- NOAEL, no adverse effect level
- ODL, odilorhabdin
- OMPTA (outer membrane targeting antibiotic)
- OMPTA, outer membrane targeting antibiotic
- Omp, outer membrane protein
- PBMC, peripheral mononuclear blood cell
- PBP, penicillin-binding protein
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- POPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- POPG, 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1-glycerol)
- PrAMPs, polyproline antimicrobial peptides
- RBC, red blood cell
- SAR, structure-activity relationship
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SPase I, signal peptidase I
- VABP, ventilator associated bacterial pneumonia
- VIM-1, beta-lactamase 2 (K. pneumoniae)
- VISA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
- VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WT, wild type
- WTA, wall teichoic acid
- XDR, extremely drug-resistant
- antimicrobial peptide
- antimicrobial resistance
- bid, bis in die (two times a day)
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- i.v., intravenous
- lipopeptide
- mITT population, minimal intend-to-treat population
- peptide antibiotic
- s.c., subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Upert
- Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Anatol Luther
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 114, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Obrecht
- Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Ermert
- Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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9
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Ng-Choi I, Figueras E, Oliveras À, Feliu L, Planas M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Biaryl Cyclic Lipopeptides Derived from Arylomycins. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23401-23412. [PMID: 32954193 PMCID: PMC7496001 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach for the solid-phase synthesis of N-methylated tailed biaryl cyclic lipopeptides based on the structure of arylomycins was established. Each of these analogues incorporates an N-terminal linear lipopeptide attached to a biaryl cyclic tripeptide containing a Phe-Tyr, a Tyr-Tyr, or a His-Tyr linkage. This methodology first involved an intramolecular Suzuki-Miyaura arylation of a linear peptidyl resin incorporating the corresponding halogenated amino acid at the N-terminus and a boronotyrosine at the C-terminus. After N-methylation of the resulting biaryl cyclic peptidyl resin, the N-methylated lipopeptidyl tail was then assembled. The biaryl cyclic lipopeptides were purified and characterized.
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10
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Tan YX, Peters DS, Walsh SI, Holcomb M, Santos-Martins D, Forli S, Romesberg FE. Initial Analysis of the Arylomycin D Antibiotics. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2112-2121. [PMID: 32614583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The arylomycins are a class of natural product antibiotics that inhibit bacterial type I signal peptidase and are under development as therapeutics. Four classes of arylomycins are known, arylomycins A-D. Previously, we reported the synthesis and analysis of representatives of the A, B, and C classes and showed that their spectrum of activity has the potential to be much broader than originally assumed. Along with a comparison of the mechanism of acquired and innate resistance, this led us to suggest that the arylomycins are latent antibiotics, antibiotics that once possessed broad-spectrum activity, but which upon examination today, have only narrow spectrum activity due to prior selection for resistance in the course of the competition with other microorganisms that drove their evolution in the first place. Interestingly, actinocarbasin, the only identified member of the arylomycin D class, has been reported to have activity against MRSA. To confirm and understand this activity, several actinocarbasin derivatives were synthesized. We demonstrate that the previously reported structure of actinocarbasin is incorrect, identify what is likely the correct scaffold, confirm that scaffold has activity against MRSA, and determine the origin of this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xuan Tan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David S Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shawn I Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew Holcomb
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Liu Q, Fan W, Zhao Y, Deng Z, Feng Y. Probing and Engineering the Fatty Acyl Substrate Selectivity of Starter Condensation Domains of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases in Lipopeptide Biosynthesis. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900175. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yajin Zhao
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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12
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Inhibition of Protein Secretion in Escherichia coli and Sub-MIC Effects of Arylomycin Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01253-18. [PMID: 30420476 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01253-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
At sufficient concentrations, antibiotics effectively eradicate many bacterial infections. However, during therapy, bacteria are unavoidably exposed to lower antibiotic concentrations, and sub-MIC exposure can result in a wide variety of other effects, including the induction of virulence, which can complicate therapy, or horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which can accelerate the spread of resistance genes. Bacterial type I signal peptidase (SPase) is an essential protein that acts at the final step of the general secretory pathway. This pathway is required for the secretion of many proteins, including many required for virulence, and the arylomycins are a class of natural product antibiotics that target SPase. Here, we investigated the consequences of exposing Escherichia coli cultures to sub-MIC levels of an arylomycin. Using multidimensional protein identification technology mass spectrometry, we found that arylomycin treatment inhibits the proper extracytoplasmic localization of many proteins, both those that appear to be SPase substrates and several that do not. The identified proteins are involved in a broad range of extracytoplasmic processes and include a number of virulence factors. The effects of arylomycin on several processes required for virulence were then individually examined, and we found that, at even sub-MIC levels, the arylomycins potently inhibit flagellation, motility, biofilm formation, and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance via HGT. Thus, we conclude that the arylomycins represent promising novel therapeutics with the potential to eradicate infections while simultaneously reducing virulence and the dissemination of resistance.
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13
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Abstract
Signal peptidases are the membrane bound enzymes that cleave off the amino-terminal signal peptide from secretory preproteins . There are two types of bacterial signal peptidases . Type I signal peptidase utilizes a serine/lysine catalytic dyad mechanism and is the major signal peptidase in most bacteria. Type II signal peptidase is an aspartic protease specific for prolipoproteins. This chapter will review what is known about the structure, function and mechanism of these unique enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Paetzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, South Science Building 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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14
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Optimized arylomycins are a new class of Gram-negative antibiotics. Nature 2018; 561:189-194. [PMID: 30209367 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are spreading at alarming rates, and despite extensive efforts no new class of antibiotic with activity against Gram-negative bacteria has been approved in over fifty years. Natural products and their derivatives have a key role in combating Gram-negative pathogens. Here we report chemical optimization of the arylomycins-a class of natural products with weak activity and limited spectrum-to obtain G0775, a molecule with potent, broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria. G0775 inhibits the essential bacterial type I signal peptidase, a new antibiotic target, through an unprecedented molecular mechanism. It circumvents existing antibiotic resistance mechanisms and retains activity against contemporary multidrug-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates in vitro and in several in vivo infection models. These findings demonstrate that optimized arylomycin analogues such as G0775 could translate into new therapies to address the growing threat of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections.
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15
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Yeh CH, Walsh SI, Craney A, Tabor MG, Voica AF, Adhikary R, Morris SE, Romesberg FE. Optimization of a β-Lactam Scaffold for Antibacterial Activity via the Inhibition of Bacterial Type I Signal Peptidase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:376-380. [PMID: 29670704 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics, one of the most important class of human therapeutics, act via the inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The unparalleled success in their development has inspired efforts to develop them as inhibitors of other targets. Bacterial type I signal peptidase is evolutionarily related to the PBPs, but the stereochemistry of its substrates and its catalytic mechanism suggest that β-lactams with the 5S stereochemistry, as opposed to the 5R stereochemistry of the traditional β-lactams, would be required for inhibition. We report the synthesis and evaluation of a variety of 5S penem derivatives and identify several with promising activity against both a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen. To our knowledge these are the first 5S β-lactams to possess significant antibacterial activity and the first β-lactams imparted with antibacterial activity via optimization of the inhibition of a target other than a PBP. Along with the privileged status of their scaffold and the promise of bacterial signal peptidase I (SPase) as a target, this activity makes these compounds promising leads for development as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Shawn I. Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Arryn Craney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - M. Greg Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Ana-Florina Voica
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Ramkrishna Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Sydney E. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Floyd E. Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037 United States
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16
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Peters DS, Romesberg FE, Baran PS. Scalable Access to Arylomycins via C-H Functionalization Logic. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2072-2075. [PMID: 29381350 PMCID: PMC5817625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Arylomycins
are a promising class of “latent” antibacterial
natural products currently in preclinical development. Access to analogues
within this family has previously required a lengthy route involving
multiple functional group manipulations that is costly and time-intensive
on scale. This study presents a simplified route predicated on simple
C–H functionalization logic that is enabled by a Cu-mediated
oxidative phenol coupling that mimics the putative biosynthesis. This
operationally simple macrocyclization is the largest of its
kind and can be easily performed on gram scale. The application of
this new route to a formal synthesis of the natural product and a
collection of new analogues along with their biological evaluation
is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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17
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Koh JJ, Lin S, Beuerman RW, Liu S. Recent advances in synthetic lipopeptides as anti-microbial agents: designs and synthetic approaches. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1653-1677. [PMID: 28823054 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases impose serious public health burdens and continue to be a global public health crisis. The treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens is challenging because only a few viable therapeutic options are clinically available. The emergence and risk of drug-resistant superbugs and the dearth of new classes of antibiotics have drawn increasing awareness that we may return to the pre-antibiotic era. To date, lipopeptides have been received considerable attention because of the following properties: They exhibit potent antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of pathogens, rapid bactericidal activity and have a different antimicrobial action compared with most of the conventional antibiotics used today and very slow development of drug resistance tendency. In general, lipopeptides can be structurally classified into two parts: a hydrophilic peptide moiety and a hydrophobic fatty acyl chain. To date, a significant amount of design and synthesis of lipopeptides have been done to improve the therapeutic potential of lipopeptides. This review will present the current knowledge and the recent research in design and synthesis of new lipopeptides and their derivatives in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Shuimu Lin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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18
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Blaskovich MAT, Butler MS, Cooper MA. Polishing the tarnished silver bullet: the quest for new antibiotics. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:103-114. [PMID: 28258234 PMCID: PMC5869247 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are facing a potential catastrophe of untreatable bacterial infections, driven by the inexorable rise of extensively drug-resistant bacteria, coupled with a market failure of pharmaceutical and biotech companies to deliver new therapeutic options. While global recognition of the problem is finally apparent, solutions are still a long way from being implemented. In addition to drug stewardship programmes and better diagnostics, new antibiotics are desperately needed. The question remains as to how to achieve this goal. This review will examine the different strategies being applied to discover new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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19
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De Rosa M, Lu L, Zamaratski E, Szałaj N, Cao S, Wadensten H, Lenhammar L, Gising J, Roos AK, Huseby DL, Larsson R, Andrén PE, Hughes D, Brandt P, Mowbray SL, Karlén A. Design, synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of oligopeptides targeting E. coli type I signal peptidase (LepB). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:897-911. [PMID: 28038943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type I signal peptidases are potential targets for the development of new antibacterial agents. Here we report finding potent inhibitors of E. coli type I signal peptidase (LepB), by optimizing a previously reported hit compound, decanoyl-PTANA-CHO, through modifications at the N- and C-termini. Good improvements of inhibitory potency were obtained, with IC50s in the low nanomolar range. The best inhibitors also showed good antimicrobial activity, with MICs in the low μg/mL range for several bacterial species. The selection of resistant mutants provided strong support for LepB as the target of these compounds. The cytotoxicity and hemolytic profiles of these compounds are not optimal but the finding that minor structural changes cause the large effects on these properties suggests that there is potential for optimization in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Rosa
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lu Lu
- Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edouard Zamaratski
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Szałaj
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sha Cao
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Wadensten
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annette K Roos
- Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas L Huseby
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sherry L Mowbray
- Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Karlén
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Culp E, Wright GD. Bacterial proteases, untapped antimicrobial drug targets. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:366-377. [PMID: 27899793 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are an extensive collection of enzymes that have vital roles in cell viability, stress response and pathogenicity. Although their perturbation clearly offers the potential for antimicrobial drug development, both as traditional antibiotics and anti-virulence drugs, they are not yet the target of any clinically used therapeutics. Here we describe the potential for and recent progress in the development of compounds targeting bacterial proteases with a focus on AAA+ family proteolytic complexes and signal peptidases (SPs). Caseinolytic protease (ClpP) belongs to the AAA+ family of proteases, a group of multimeric barrel-shaped complexes whose activity is tightly regulated by associated AAA+ ATPases. The opportunity for chemical perturbation of these complexes is demonstrated by compounds targeting ClpP for inhibition, activation or perturbation of its associated ATPase. Meanwhile, SPs are also a proven antibiotic target. Responsible for the cleavage of targeting peptides during protein secretion, both type I and type II SPs have been successfully targeted by chemical inhibitors. As the threat of pan-antibiotic resistance continues to grow, these and other bacterial proteases offer an arsenal of novel antibiotic targets ripe for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Culp
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Type I signal peptidase (SPase) is essential for viability in wild-type bacteria because the terminal step of the bacterial general secretory pathway requires its proteolytic activity to release proteins from their membrane-bound N-terminal leader sequences after translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. Here, we identify the Staphylococcus aureus operon ayrRABC (SA0337 to SA0340) and show that once released from repression by AyrR, the protein products AyrABC together confer resistance to the SPase inhibitor arylomycin M131 by providing an alternate and novel method of releasing translocated proteins. Thus, the derepression of ayrRABC allows cells to bypass the essentiality of SPase. We demonstrate that AyrABC functionally complements SPase by mediating the processing of the normally secreted proteins, albeit in some cases with reduced efficiency and either without cleavage or via cleavage at a site N-terminal to the canonical SPase cleavage site. Thus, ayrRABC encodes a secretion stress-inducible alternate terminal step of the general secretory pathway. IMPORTANCE : Addressing proteins for proper localization within or outside a cell in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes is often accomplished with intrinsic signals which mediate membrane translocation and which ultimately must be removed. The canonical enzyme responsible for the removal of translocation signals is bacterial type I signal peptidase (SPase), which functions at the terminal step of the general secretory pathway and is thus essential in wild-type bacteria. Here, we identify a four-gene operon in S. aureus that encodes an alternate terminal step of the general secretory pathway and thus makes SPase nonessential. The results have important implications for protein secretion in bacteria and potentially for protein trafficking in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in general.
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22
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Craney A, Romesberg FE. The inhibition of type I bacterial signal peptidase: Biological consequences and therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4761-4766. [PMID: 26276537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The general secretory pathway has long been regarded as a potential antibiotic drug target. In particular, bacterial type I signal peptidase (SPase) is emerging as a strong candidate for therapeutic use. In this review, we focus on the information gained from the use of SPase inhibitors as probes of prokaryote biology. A thorough understanding of the consequences of SPase inhibition and the mechanisms of resistance that arise are essential to the success of SPase as an antibiotic target. In addition to the role of SPase in processing secreted proteins, the use of SPase inhibitors has elucidated a previously unknown function for SPase in regulating cleavage events of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn Craney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Origins of Yersinia pestis sensitivity to the arylomycin antibiotics and the inhibition of type I signal peptidase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3887-98. [PMID: 25896690 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00181-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the etiologic agent of the plague. Reports of Y. pestis strains that are resistant to each of the currently approved first-line and prophylactic treatments point to the urgent need to develop novel antibiotics with activity against the pathogen. We previously reported that Y. pestis strain KIM6+, unlike most Enterobacteriaceae, is susceptible to the arylomycins, a novel class of natural-product lipopeptide antibiotics that inhibit signal peptidase I (SPase). In this study, we show that the arylomycin activity is conserved against a broad range of Y. pestis strains and confirm that it results from the inhibition of SPase. We next investigated the origins of this unique arylomycin sensitivity and found that it does not result from an increased affinity of the Y. pestis SPase for the antibiotic and that alterations to each component of the Y. pestis lipopolysaccharide-O antigen, core, and lipid A-make at most only a small contribution. Instead, the origins of the sensitivity can be traced to an increased dependence on SPase activity that results from high levels of protein secretion under physiological conditions. These results highlight the potential of targeting protein secretion in cases where there is a heavy reliance on this process and also have implications for the development of the arylomycins as an antibiotic with activity against Y. pestis and potentially other Gram-negative pathogens.
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24
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Craney A, Romesberg FE. A putative cro-like repressor contributes to arylomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3066-74. [PMID: 25753642 PMCID: PMC4432125 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04597-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a significant public health concern and motivate efforts to develop new classes of antibiotics. One such class of antibiotics is the arylomycins, which target type I signal peptidase (SPase), the enzyme responsible for the release of secreted proteins from their N-terminal leader sequences. Despite the essentiality, conservation, and relative accessibility of SPase, the activity of the arylomycins is limited against some bacteria, including the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. To understand the origins of the limited activity against S. aureus, we characterized the susceptibility of a panel of strains to two arylomycin derivatives, arylomycin A-C16 and its more potent analog arylomycin M131. We observed a wide range of susceptibilities to the two arylomycins and found that resistant strains were sensitized by cotreatment with tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step of wall teichoic acid synthesis. To further understand how S. aureus responds to the arylomycins, we profiled the transcriptional response of S. aureus NCTC 8325 to growth-inhibitory concentrations of arylomycin M131 and found that it upregulates the cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS) and an operon consisting of a putative transcriptional regulator and three hypothetical proteins. Interestingly, we found that mutations in the putative transcriptional regulator are correlated with resistance, and selection for resistance ex vivo demonstrated that mutations in this gene are sufficient for resistance. The results begin to elucidate how S. aureus copes with secretion stress and how it evolves resistance to the inhibition of SPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn Craney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Al Toma RS, Brieke C, Cryle MJ, Süssmuth RD. Structural aspects of phenylglycines, their biosynthesis and occurrence in peptide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1207-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylglycine-type amino acids occur in a wide variety of peptide natural products. Herein structures and properties of these peptides as well as the biosynthetic origin and incorporation of phenylglycines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Brieke
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Max J. Cryle
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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26
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Meredith TC, Wang H, Beaulieu P, Gründling A, Roemer T. Harnessing the power of transposon mutagenesis for antibacterial target identification and evaluation. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 2:171-178. [PMID: 23094235 PMCID: PMC3469428 DOI: 10.4161/mge.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the mechanism of action of bacterial growth inhibitors can be a formidable challenge in the progression of small molecules into antibacterial therapies. To help address this bottleneck, we have developed a robust transposon mutagenesis system using a suite of outward facing promoters in order to generate a comprehensive range of expression genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus from which to select defined compound-resistant transposon insertion mutants. Resistance stemming from either gene or operon over/under-expression, in addition to deletion, provides insight into multiple factors that contribute to a compound's observed activity, including means of cell envelope penetration and susceptibility to efflux. By profiling the entire resistome, the suitability of an antibacterial target itself is also evaluated, sometimes with unanticipated results. We herein show that for the staphylococcal signal peptidase (SpsB) inhibitors, modulating expression of lipoteichoic acid synthase (LtaS) confers up to a 100-fold increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration. As similarly efficient transposition systems are or will become established in other bacteria and cell types, we discuss the utility, limitations and future promise of Tnp mutagenesis for determining both a compound's mechanism of action and in the evaluation of novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Meredith
- Infectious Diseases Division; Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research; Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Personne Y, Curtis MA, Wareham DW, Waite RD. Activity of the type I signal peptidase inhibitor MD3 against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria alone and in combination with colistin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:3236-43. [PMID: 25134721 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effective treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections is increasingly challenging due to the spread of multidrug-resistant strains and a lack of new antimicrobials in development. Bacterial type I signal peptidases (SPases) represent a highly conserved and essential target for inhibition by novel compounds. SPases are required for the effective processing of membrane translocated proteins involved in core functions related to metabolism, virulence and resistance. In this study we assessed the biochemical and functional activity of a novel synthetic inhibitor (MD3) of SPases against a wide range of Gram-negative pathogens. METHODS The activity and specificity of MD3 for recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa SPase (LepB) and a genetically engineered LepB-regulatable strain were investigated. Antimicrobial activity of the compound alone and in combination with outer membrane-permeabilizing agents (sodium hexametaphosphate, colistin) was also determined against a collection of P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates. RESULTS MD3 was found to inactivate the P. aeruginosa LepB protein (IC50 10 μM), resulting in antimicrobial effects potentiated in the presence of colistin. MD3 also demonstrated potent activity against wild-type and multidrug-resistant strains of A. baumannii and S. maltophilia with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 14 mg/L in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of colistin. CONCLUSIONS MD3 is a novel inhibitor of bacterial SPase in a range of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity is potentiated in combination with colistin and suggests that SPase inhibition warrants further exploration as a basis for future mono or combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Personne
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Michael A Curtis
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - David W Wareham
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Richard D Waite
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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28
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Mihali V, Foschi F, Penso M, Pozzi G. Chemoselective Synthesis ofN-Protected Alkoxyprolines under Specific Solvation Conditions. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Paetzel M. Structure and mechanism of Escherichia coli type I signal peptidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:1497-508. [PMID: 24333859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I signal peptidase is the enzyme responsible for cleaving off the amino-terminal signal peptide from proteins that are secreted across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. It is an essential membrane bound enzyme whose serine/lysine catalytic dyad resides on the exo-cytoplasmic surface of the bacterial membrane. This review discusses the progress that has been made in the structural and mechanistic characterization of Escherichia coli type I signal peptidase (SPase I) as well as efforts to develop a novel class of antibiotics based on SPase I inhibition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Paetzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
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30
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Liu J, Smith PA, Steed DB, Romesberg F. Efforts toward broadening the spectrum of arylomycin antibiotic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5654-9. [PMID: 24012184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics are needed, and one source may be 'latent' antibiotics, natural products whose once broad-spectrum activity is currently limited by the evolution of resistance in nature. We have identified a potential class of latent antibiotics, the arylomycins, which are lipopeptides with a C-terminal macrocycle that target signal peptidase and whose spectrum is limited by a resistance-conferring mutation in many bacteria. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of several arylomycin derivatives, and demonstrate that both C-terminal homologation with a glycyl aldehyde and addition of a positive charge to the macrocycle increase the activity and spectrum of the arylomycin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Rao M, Wei W, Ge M, Chen D, Sheng X. A new antibacterial lipopeptide found by UPLC-MS from an actinomycete Streptomyces sp. HCCB10043. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:2190-5. [PMID: 23815473 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.811661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is an attractive and interesting thing for us to mine the diversity of microbial metabolites by means of ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole and time of flight high-resolution mass spectrometry. Through this method, two trace compounds, a new lipopeptide, named arylomycin A6 (1), and a known lipopeptide (arylomycin A5, 2) were found and isolated from an actinomycete Streptomyces parvus HCCB10043. The structure of the new lipopeptide was elucidated by a combination of 1D, 2D NMR (correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation and heteronuclear multiple bond coherence) techniques, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and MS/MS spectrometry and fatty acid analyses. Arylomycin A6 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis HCCB20256 with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 μg/mL. Till now, arylomycins are the third series of active secondary metabolites we found in S. parvus HCCB10043. The results strongly support and encourage the studies for mining trace natural active products from microorganisms like Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Rao
- a College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
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32
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Walsh CT, Wencewicz TA. Prospects for new antibiotics: a molecule-centered perspective. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 67:7-22. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Membrane proteases in the bacterial protein secretion and quality control pathway. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:311-30. [PMID: 22688815 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05019-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of proteins that are permanently or transiently associated with the cytoplasmic membrane is crucially important for a wide range of essential processes in bacteria. This applies in particular to the secretion of proteins and to membrane protein quality control. Major progress has been made in elucidating the structure-function relationships of many of the responsible membrane proteases, including signal peptidases, signal peptide hydrolases, FtsH, the rhomboid protease GlpG, and the site 1 protease DegS. These enzymes employ very different mechanisms to cleave substrates at the cytoplasmic and extracytoplasmic membrane surfaces or within the plane of the membrane. This review highlights the different ways that bacterial membrane proteases degrade their substrates, with special emphasis on catalytic mechanisms and substrate delivery to the respective active sites.
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Mechanism of action of the arylomycin antibiotics and effects of signal peptidase I inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5054-60. [PMID: 22802255 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00785-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically approved antibiotics inhibit only a small number of conserved pathways that are essential for bacterial viability, and the physiological effects of inhibiting these pathways have been studied in great detail. Likewise, characterizing the effects of candidate antibiotics that function via novel mechanisms of action is critical for their development, which is of increasing importance due to the ever-growing problem of resistance. The arylomycins are a novel class of natural-product antibiotics that act via the inhibition of type I signal peptidase (SPase), which is an essential enzyme that functions as part of the general secretory pathway and is not the target of any clinically deployed antibiotic. Correspondingly, little is known about the effects of SPase inhibition or how bacteria may respond to mitigate the associated secretion stress. Using genetically sensitized Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as model organisms, we examine the activity of arylomycin as a function of its concentration, bacterial cell density, target expression levels, and bacterial growth phase. The results reveal that the activity of the arylomycins results from an insufficient flux of proteins through the secretion pathway and the resulting mislocalization of proteins. Interestingly, this has profoundly different effects on E. coli and S. aureus. Finally, we examine the activity of arylomycin in combination with distinct classes of antibiotics and demonstrate that SPase inhibition results in synergistic sensitivity when combined with an aminoglycoside.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses two putative type I signal peptidases, LepB and PA1303, each with distinct roles in physiology and virulence. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:4521-36. [PMID: 22730125 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06678-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I signal peptidases (SPases) cleave signal peptides from proteins during translocation across biological membranes and hence play a vital role in cellular physiology. SPase activity is also of fundamental importance to the pathogenesis of infection for many bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which utilizes a variety of secreted virulence factors, such as proteases and toxins. P. aeruginosa possesses two noncontiguous SPase homologues, LepB (PA0768) and PA1303, which share 43% amino acid identity. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR showed that both proteases were expressed, while a FRET-based assay using a peptide based on the signal sequence cleavage region of the secreted LasB elastase showed that recombinant LepB and PA1303 enzymes were both active. LepB is positioned within a genetic locus that resembles the locus containing the extensively characterized SPase of E. coli and is of similar size and topology. It was also shown to be essential for viability and to have high sequence identity with SPases from other pseudomonads (≥ 78%). In contrast, PA1303, which is small for a Gram-negative SPase (20 kDa), was found to be dispensable. Mutation of PA1303 resulted in an altered protein secretion profile and increased N-butanoyl homoserine lactone production and influenced several quorum-sensing-controlled phenotypic traits, including swarming motility and the production of rhamnolipid and elastinolytic activity. The data indicate different cellular roles for these P. aeruginosa SPase paralogues; the role of PA1303 is integrated with the quorum-sensing cascade and includes the suppression of virulence factor secretion and virulence-associated phenotypes, while LepB is the primary SPase.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen whose virulence relies on the secretion of many different proteins. In general, the secretion of most proteins in S. aureus, as well as other bacteria, is dependent on the type I signal peptidase (SPase)-mediated cleavage of the N-terminal signal peptide that targets a protein to the general secretory pathway. The arylomycins are a class of natural product antibiotics that inhibit SPase, suggesting that they may be useful chemical biology tools for characterizing the secretome. While wild-type S. aureus (NCTC 8325) is naturally resistant to the arylomycins, sensitivity is conferred via a point mutation in its SPase. Here, we use a synthetic arylomycin along with a sensitized strain of S. aureus and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) mass spectrometry to identify 46 proteins whose extracellular accumulation requires SPase activity. Forty-four possess identifiable Sec-type signal peptides and thus are likely canonically secreted proteins, while four also appear to possess cell wall retention signals. We also identified the soluble C-terminal domains of two transmembrane proteins, lipoteichoic acid synthase, LtaS, and O-acyteltransferase, OatA, both of which appear to have noncanonical, internal SPase cleavage sites. Lastly, we identified three proteins, HtrA, PrsA, and SAOUHSC_01761, whose secretion is induced by arylomycin treatment. In addition to elucidating fundamental aspects of the physiology and pathology of S. aureus, the data suggest that an arylomycin-based therapeutic would reduce virulence while simultaneously eradicating an infection.
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37
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Smitha Rao CV, Anné J. Bacterial type I signal peptidases as antibiotic targets. Future Microbiol 2012; 6:1279-96. [PMID: 22082289 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an alarming increase in morbidity and mortality caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, the number of antibiotics available to efficiently combat them is dwindling. Consequently, there is a pressing need for new drugs, preferably with novel modes of action to avert the problem of cross-resistance. Several new targets have been proposed, including proteins essential in the protein secretion pathway such as the type I signal peptidase (SPase), indispensable for the release of the signal peptide during secretion of Sec- and Tat-dependent proteins. The type I SPase is considered to be an attractive target because it is essential, substantially different from the eukaryotic counterpart, and its active site is located at the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane, permitting relatively easy access to potential inhibitors. A few SPase inhibitors have already been identified, but their suitability as drugs is yet to be confirmed. An overview is given on the currently known SPase inhibitors, how they can give valuable information on the structural, biochemical and target validation aspects of the SPases, the approaches to identify them, and their future potential as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Smitha Rao
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Gulder T, Baran PS. Strained cyclophane natural products: Macrocyclization at its limits. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:899-934. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Tan YX, Romesberg FE. Latent antibiotics and the potential of the arylomycins for broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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40
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Auclair SM, Bhanu MK, Kendall DA. Signal peptidase I: cleaving the way to mature proteins. Protein Sci 2011; 21:13-25. [PMID: 22031009 DOI: 10.1002/pro.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptidase I (SPase I) is critical for the release of translocated preproteins from the membrane as they are transported from a cytoplasmic site of synthesis to extracytoplasmic locations. These proteins are synthesized with an amino-terminal extension, the signal sequence, which directs the preprotein to the Sec- or Tat-translocation pathway. Recent evidence indicates that the SPase I cleaves preproteins as they emerge from either pathway, though the steps involved are unclear. Now that the structure of many translocation pathway components has been elucidated, it is critical to determine how these components work in concert to support protein translocation and cleavage. Molecular modeling and NMR studies have provided insight on how the preprotein docks on SPase I in preparation for cleavage. This is a key area for future work since SPase I enzymes in a variety of species have now been identified and the inhibition of these enzymes by antibiotics is being pursued. The eubacterial SPase I is essential for cell viability and belongs to a unique group of serine endoproteases which utilize a Ser-Lys catalytic dyad instead of the prototypical Ser-His-Asp triad used by eukaryotes. As such, SPase I is a desirable antimicrobial target. Advances in our understanding of how the preprotein interfaces with SPase I during the final stages of translocation will facilitate future development of inhibitors that display a high efficacy against SPase I function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Auclair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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