1
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Zelleroth S, Stam F, Nylander E, Kjellgren E, Gising J, Larhed M, Grönbladh A, Hallberg M. The decanoate esters of nandrolone, testosterone, and trenbolone induce steroid specific memory impairment and somatic effects in the male rat. Horm Behav 2024; 161:105501. [PMID: 38368844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Long-term use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in supratherapeutic doses is associated with severe adverse effects, including physical, mental, and behavioral alterations. When used for recreational purposes several AAS are often combined, and in scientific studies of the physiological impact of AAS either a single compound or a cocktail of several steroids is often used. Because of this, steroid-specific effects have been difficult to define and are not fully elucidated. The present study used male Wistar rats to evaluate potential somatic and behavioral effects of three different AAS; the decanoate esters of nandrolone, testosterone, and trenbolone. The rats were exposed to 15 mg/kg of nandrolone decanoate, testosterone decanoate, or trenbolone decanoate every third day for 24 days. Body weight gain and organ weights (thymus, liver, kidney, testis, and heart) were measured together with the corticosterone plasma levels. Behavioral effects were studied in the novel object recognition-test (NOR-test) and the multivariate concentric square field-test (MCSF-test). The results conclude that nandrolone decanoate, but neither testosterone decanoate nor trenbolone decanoate, caused impaired recognition memory in the NOR-test, indicating an altered cognitive function. The behavioral profile and stress hormone level of the rats were not affected by the AAS treatments. Furthermore, the study revealed diverse AAS-induced somatic effects i.e., reduced body weight development and changes in organ weights. Of the three AAS included in the study, nandrolone decanoate was identified to cause the most prominent impact on the male rat, as it affected body weight development, the weights of multiple organs, and caused an impaired memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Frida Stam
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Erik Nylander
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Ellinor Kjellgren
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SE-751 23, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SE-751 23, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Gising J, Honarnejad S, Bras M, Baillie GL, McElroy SP, Jones PS, Morrison A, Beveridge J, Hallberg M, Larhed M. The Discovery of New Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by a High-Throughput Screening of 400,000 Drug-like Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4084. [PMID: 38612894 PMCID: PMC11012289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the ambition to identify novel chemical starting points that can be further optimized into small drug-like inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) and serve as potential future cognitive enhancers in the clinic, we conducted an ultra-high-throughput screening campaign of a chemically diverse compound library of approximately 400,000 drug-like small molecules. Three biochemical and one biophysical assays were developed to enable large-scale screening and hit triaging. The screening funnel, designed to be compatible with high-density microplates, was established with two enzyme inhibition assays employing either fluorescent or absorbance readouts. As IRAP is a zinc-dependent enzyme, the remaining active compounds were further evaluated in the primary assay, albeit with the addition of zinc ions. Rescreening with zinc confirmed the inhibitory activity for most compounds, emphasizing a zinc-independent mechanism of action. Additionally, target engagement was confirmed using a complementary biophysical thermal shift assay where compounds causing positive/negative thermal shifts were considered genuine binders. Triaging based on biochemical activity, target engagement, and drug-likeness resulted in the selection of 50 qualified hits, of which the IC50 of 32 compounds was below 3.5 µM. Despite hydroxamic acid dominance, diverse chemotypes with biochemical activity and target engagement were discovered, including non-hydroxamic acid compounds. The most potent compound (QHL1) was resynthesized with a confirmed inhibitory IC50 of 320 nM. Amongst these compounds, 20 new compound structure classes were identified, providing many new starting points for the development of unique IRAP inhibitors. Detailed characterization and optimization of lead compounds, considering both hydroxamic acids and other diverse structures, are in progress for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Saman Honarnejad
- Pivot Park Screening Centre, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Maaike Bras
- Pivot Park Screening Centre, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Gemma L. Baillie
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Stuart P. McElroy
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Philip S. Jones
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Angus Morrison
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Julia Beveridge
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
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Frasca S, Galkin M, Stro̷mme M, Lindh J, Gising J. Toward Biomass-Based Organic Electronics: Continuous Flow Synthesis and Electropolymerization of N-Substituted Pyrroles. ACS Omega 2024; 9:13852-13859. [PMID: 38559979 PMCID: PMC10975589 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Pyrroles are foundational building blocks in a wide array of disciplines, including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Currently sourced from nonrenewable fossil sources, there is a strive to explore alternative and sustainable synthetic pathways to pyrroles utilizing renewable feedstocks. The utilization of biomass resources presents a compelling solution, particularly given that several key bulk and fine chemicals already originate from biomass. For instance, 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran and aniline are promising candidates for biomass-based chemical production. In this study, we present an innovative approach for synthesizing N-substituted pyrroles by modifying the Clauson-Kaas protocol, starting from 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran as the precursor. The developed methodology offers the advantage of producing pyrroles under mild reaction conditions with the potential for catalyst-free reactions depending upon the structural features of the substrate. We devised protocols suitable for both continuous flow and batch reactions, enabling the conversion of a wide range of anilines and sulfonamides into their respective N-substituted pyrroles with good to excellent yields. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of depositing thin films of the corresponding polymers onto electrodes through in situ electropolymerization. This innovative application showcases the potential for sustainable, biomass-based organic electronics, thus, paving the way for environmentally friendly advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Frasca
- Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maxim Galkin
- Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Stro̷mme
- Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Lindh
- Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03Uppsala, Sweden
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Engen K, Lundbäck T, Yadav A, Puthiyaparambath S, Rosenström U, Gising J, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Hallberg M, Larhed M. Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by Imidazo [1,5-α]pyridines-Synthesis and Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2516. [PMID: 38473764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been shown to improve cognitive functions in several animal models. Recently, we performed a screening campaign of approximately 10,000 compounds, identifying novel small-molecule-based compounds acting as inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of IRAP. Here we report on the chemical synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and initial characterization of physicochemical properties of a series of 48 imidazo [1,5-α]pyridine-based inhibitors, including delineation of their mode of action as non-competitive inhibitors with a small L-leucine-based IRAP substrate. The best compound displays an IC50 value of 1.0 µM. We elucidate the importance of two chiral sites in these molecules and find they have little impact on the compound's metabolic stability or physicochemical properties. The carbonyl group of a central urea moiety was initially believed to mimic substrate binding to a catalytically important Zn2+ ion in the active site, although the plausibility of this binding hypothesis is challenged by observation of excellent selectivity versus the closely related aminopeptidase N (APN). Taken together with the non-competitive inhibition pattern, we also consider an alternative model of allosteric binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology and Genome Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anubha Yadav
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharathna Puthiyaparambath
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology and Genome Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wannberg J, Gising J, Henriksson M, Vo DD, Sävmarker J, Sallander J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Larsson J, Hamid S, Ablahad H, Spizzo I, Gaspari TA, Widdop RE, Grönbladh A, Petersen NN, Backlund M, Hallberg M, Larhed M. N-(Heteroaryl)thiophene sulfonamides as angiotensin AT2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116122. [PMID: 38199164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Two series of N-(heteroaryl)thiophene sulfonamides, encompassing either a methylene imidazole group or a tert-butylimidazolylacetyl group in the meta position of the benzene ring, have been synthesized. An AT2R selective ligand with a Ki of 42 nM was identified in the first series and in the second series, six AT2R selective ligands with significantly improved binding affinities and Ki values of <5 nM were discovered. The binding modes to AT2R were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations. Although some of the high affinity ligands exhibited fair stability in human liver microsomes, comparable to that observed with C21 undergoing clinical trials, most ligands displayed a very low metabolic stability with t½ of less than 10 min in human liver microsomes. The most promising ligand, with an AT2R Ki value of 4.9 nM and with intermediate stability in human hepatocytes (t½ = 77 min) caused a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wannberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Henriksson
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Duc Duy Vo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Sallander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Larsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Selin Hamid
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Hanin Ablahad
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadia N Petersen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lindman J, Yadav A, Gising J, Larhed M. Two-Chamber Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Bromides and Triflates Using Amino Acids as Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12978-12985. [PMID: 37639573 PMCID: PMC10507664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A palladium(0)-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction employing molybdenum hexacarbonyl as a carbon monoxide precursor for the production of N-capped amino acids using aryl and heteroaryl bromides and triflates is reported. The carbon monoxide is formed ex situ through the use of a two-chamber system, where carbon monoxide generated in one chamber is free to diffuse over and be consumed in the other palladium-catalyzed reaction chamber. Using this method, two series of aryl bromides and aryl triflates were utilized to synthesize 21 N-capped amino acids in isolated yields between 40 and 91%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lindman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anubha Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Lindman J, Gopalan G, Palo-Nieto C, Brandt P, Gising J, Larhed M. Diastereoselective Synthesis of N-Methylspiroindolines by Intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck Annulations. ACS Omega 2022; 7:32525-32535. [PMID: 36120037 PMCID: PMC9476516 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spiroindolines represent a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry, although stereocontrol around the spirocarbon can be a synthetic challenge. Here we present a palladium(0)-catalyzed intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck annulation reaction from (+)-Vince lactam-derived cyclopentenyl-tethered 2-bromo-N-methylanilines for the formation of N-methylspiroindolines. A series of 14 N-methylspiroindolines were synthesized in 59-81% yield with diastereoselectivity >98%, which was rationalized by density functional theory calculations and confirmed through X-ray crystallography. One spiroindoline was converted to an N- and C-terminal protected rigidified unnatural amino acid, which could be orthogonally deprotected.
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Roy T, Petersen NN, Gopalan G, Gising J, Hallberg M, Larhed M. 2-Alkyl substituted benzimidazoles as a new class of selective AT2 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116804. [PMID: 35576659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ligands comprising a benzimidazole rather than the imidazole ring that is common in AT2R ligands e.g. in the AT2R agonist C21, can provide both high affinity and receptor selectivity. In particular, compounds encompassing benzimidazoles, substituted in the 2-position with small bulky groups such as an isopropyl (Ki = 4.0 nM) or a tert-butyl (Ki = 5.3 nM) or alternatively a thiazole heterocycle (Ki = 5.1 nM) demonstrate high affinity and AT2R selectivity. An n-butyl chain, as found in the AT1R selective sartans, makes the ligand less receptor selective. The isobutyl group on the biaryl scaffold present in most AT2R selective ligands reported so far was originally derived from the nonselective potent AT1R/AT2R ligand L-162,313. Notably, in all ligands discussed herein, the isobutyl group was substituted by an n-propyl group and ligands with high affinity to AT2R were provided and in addition the majority of them demonstrate a favorable AT2R/AT1R selectivity. The introduction of fluoro atoms in various positions had no pronounced effect on the affinity data. Ligands with a thiazole or a tert-butyl group attached to the 2-position and with a terminal trifluoromethyl butoxycarbonyl sidechain exhibited a similar stability as C21 in human liver microsomes, while other ligands examined were less stable in the microsome assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Roy
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadia N Petersen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Greeshma Gopalan
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Wannberg J, Gising J, Lindman J, Salander J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Ablahad H, Hamid S, Grönbladh A, Spizzo I, Gaspari TA, Widdop RE, Hallberg A, Backlund M, Leśniak A, Hallberg M, Larhed M. N-(Methyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamides as high affinity AT2 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115859. [PMID: 33309749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of meta-substituted acetophenone derivatives, encompassing N-(alkyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamide fragments have been synthesized. Several selective AT2 receptor ligands were identified, among those a tert-butylimidazole derivative (20) with a Ki of 9.3 nM, that demonstrates a high stability in human liver microsomes (t½ = 62 min) and in human hepatocytes (t½ = 194 min). This methyloxycarbonylthiophene sulfonamide is a 20-fold more potent binder to the AT2 receptor and is considerably more stable in human liver microsomes, than a previously reported and broadly studied structurally related AT2R prototype antagonist 3 (C38). Ligand 20 acts as an AT2R agonist and caused an AT2R mediated concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta. Furthermore, in contrast to imidazole derivative C38, the tert-butylimidazole derivative 20 is a poor inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. It is demonstrated herein that smaller alkyloxycarbonyl groups make the ligands in this series of AT2R selective compounds less prone to degradation and that a high AT2 receptor affinity can be retained after truncation of the alkyloxycarbonyl group. Binding modes of the most potent AT2R ligands were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wannberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Lindman
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Salander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanin Ablahad
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Selin Hamid
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Isaksson R, Lindman J, Wannberg J, Sallander J, Backlund M, Baraldi D, Widdop R, Hallberg M, Åqvist J, Gutierrez de Teran H, Gising J, Larhed M. A Series of Analogues to the AT 2R Prototype Antagonist C38 Allow Fine Tuning of the Previously Reported Antagonist Binding Mode. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:114-125. [PMID: 30697513 PMCID: PMC6346239 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We here report on our continued studies of ligands binding to the promising drug target angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Two series of compounds were synthesized and investigated. The first series explored the effects of adding small substituents to the phenyl ring of the known selective nonpeptide AT2R antagonist C38, generating small but significant shifts in AT2R affinity. One compound in the first series was equipotent to C38 and showed similar kinetic solubility, and stability in both human and mouse liver microsomes. The second series was comprised of new bicyclic derivatives, amongst which one ligand exhibited a five-fold improved affinity to AT2R as compared to C38. The majority of the compounds in the second series, including the most potent ligand, were inferior to C38 with regard to stability in both human and mouse microsomes. In contrast to our previously reported findings, ligands with shorter carbamate alkyl chains only demonstrated slightly improved stability in microsomes. Based on data presented herein, a more adequate, tentative model of the binding modes of ligand analogues to the prototype AT2R antagonist C38 is proposed, as deduced from docking redefined by molecular dynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Isaksson
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Jens Lindman
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Johan Wannberg
- SciLifeLab Drug Discovery & Development Platform, Medicinal Chemistry – Lead Identification, Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Jessica Sallander
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Maria Backlund
- SciLifeLab Drug Discovery & Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics, Department of PharmacyUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Dhaniel Baraldi
- Department of PharmacologyMonash UniversityClayton, Victoria3800AUSTRALIA
| | - Robert Widdop
- Department of PharmacologyMonash UniversityClayton, Victoria3800AUSTRALIA
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesUppsala UniversitySE-751 24UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | | | - Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversitySE-751 23UppsalaSWEDEN
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11
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De Rosa M, Lu L, Zamaratski E, Szałaj N, Cao S, Wadensten H, Lenhammar L, Gising J, Roos AK, Huseby DL, Larsson R, Andrén PE, Hughes D, Brandt P, Mowbray SL, Karlén A. Design, synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of oligopeptides targeting E. coli type I signal peptidase (LepB). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:897-911. [PMID: 28038943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type I signal peptidases are potential targets for the development of new antibacterial agents. Here we report finding potent inhibitors of E. coli type I signal peptidase (LepB), by optimizing a previously reported hit compound, decanoyl-PTANA-CHO, through modifications at the N- and C-termini. Good improvements of inhibitory potency were obtained, with IC50s in the low nanomolar range. The best inhibitors also showed good antimicrobial activity, with MICs in the low μg/mL range for several bacterial species. The selection of resistant mutants provided strong support for LepB as the target of these compounds. The cytotoxicity and hemolytic profiles of these compounds are not optimal but the finding that minor structural changes cause the large effects on these properties suggests that there is potential for optimization in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Rosa
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lu Lu
- Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edouard Zamaratski
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Szałaj
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sha Cao
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Wadensten
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annette K Roos
- Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas L Huseby
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sherry L Mowbray
- Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Karlén
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Belfrage AK, Abdurakhmanov E, Kerblom E, Brandt P, Oshalim A, Gising J, Skogh A, Neyts J, Danielson UH, Sandström A. Discovery of pyrazinone based compounds that potently inhibit the drug-resistant enzyme variant R155K of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2603-20. [PMID: 27160057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the design and synthesis of 2(1H)-pyrazinone based HCV NS3 protease inhibitors with variations in the C-terminus. Biochemical evaluation was performed using genotype 1a, both the wild-type and the drug resistant enzyme variant, R155K. Surprisingly, compounds without an acidic sulfonamide retained good inhibition, challenging our previous molecular docking model. Moreover, selected compounds in this series showed nanomolar potency against R155K NS3 protease; which generally confer resistance to all HCV NS3 protease inhibitors approved or in clinical trials. These results further strengthen the potential of this novel substance class, being very different to the approved drugs and clinical candidates, in the development of inhibitors less sensitive to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karin Belfrage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eldar Abdurakhmanov
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Kerblom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Oshalim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Skogh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - U Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Russo F, Gising J, Åkerbladh L, Roos AK, Naworyta A, Mowbray SL, Sokolowski A, Henderson I, Alling T, Bailey MA, Files M, Parish T, Karlén A, Larhed M. Optimization and Evaluation of 5-Styryl-Oxathiazol-2-one Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome Inhibitors as Potential Antitubercular Agents. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:342-62. [PMID: 26246997 PMCID: PMC4522185 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of 5-styryl-oxathiazol-2-ones as inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteasome. As part of the study, the structure-activity relationship of oxathiazolones as Mtb proteasome inhibitors has been investigated. Furthermore, the prepared compounds displayed a good selectivity profile for Mtb compared to the human proteasome. The 5-styryl-oxathiazol-2-one inhibitors identified showed little activity against replicating Mtb, but were rapidly bactericidal against nonreplicating bacteria. (E)-5-(4-Chlorostyryl)-1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one) was most effective, reducing the colony-forming units (CFU)/mL below the detection limit in only seven days at all concentrations tested. The results suggest that this new class of Mtb proteasome inhibitors has the potential to be further developed into novel antitubercular agents for synergistic combination therapies with existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Russo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Åkerbladh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annette K Roos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agata Naworyta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sherry L Mowbray
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Sokolowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Torey Alling
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research InstituteSeattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Mai A Bailey
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research InstituteSeattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Megan Files
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research InstituteSeattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research InstituteSeattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala UniversityBox 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Belfrage AK, Gising J, Svensson F, Åkerblom E, Sköld C, Sandström A. Efficient and Selective Palladium-Catalysed C-3 Urea Couplings to 3,5-Dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) represents a major public health problem. The growing number of (extensively) multi-drug resistance cases indicates that there is an urgent need for discovery of new anti-TB entities, addressed towards new and specific targets, and continuous development of fast and efficient synthetic strategies to access them easily. Microwave-assisted chemistry is well suited for small-scale laboratory synthetic work, allowing full control of reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and time. Microwave-assisted high-speed organic synthesis is especially useful in the lead optimization phase of drug discovery. To illustrate the advantages of modern microwave heating technology, we herein describe applications and approaches that have been useful for the synthesis of new drug-like anti-TB compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Rosa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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16
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Gising J, Belfrage AK, Alogheli H, Ehrenberg A, Åkerblom E, Svensson R, Artursson P, Karlén A, Danielson UH, Larhed M, Sandström A. Achiral pyrazinone-based inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease and drug-resistant variants with elongated substituents directed toward the S2 pocket. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1790-801. [PMID: 23517538 DOI: 10.1021/jm301887f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the design, synthesis, inhibitory potency, and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel class of achiral peptidomimetic HCV NS3 protease inhibitors. The compounds are based on a dipeptidomimetic pyrazinone glycine P3P2 building block in combination with an aromatic acyl sulfonamide in the P1P1' position. Structure-activity relationship data and molecular modeling support occupancy of the S2 pocket from elongated R(6) substituents on the 2(1H)-pyrazinone core and several inhibitors with improved inhibitory potency down to Ki = 0.11 μM were identified. A major goal with the design was to produce inhibitors structurally dissimilar to the di- and tripeptide-based HCV protease inhibitors in advanced stages of development for which cross-resistance might be an issue. Therefore, the retained and improved inhibitory potency against the drug-resistant variants A156T, D168V, and R155K further strengthen the potential of this class of inhibitors. A number of the inhibitors were tested in in vitro preclinical profiling assays to evaluate their apparent pharmacokinetic properties. The various R(6) substituents were found to have a major influence on solubility, metabolic stability, and cell permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Abstract
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A fast and convenient synthesis of arylamidines starting from readily available potassium aryltrifluoroborates and cyanamides is reported. The coupling was achieved by Pd(II)-catalysis in a one step 20 min microwave protocol using Pd(O2CCF3), 6-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl, TFA, and MeOH, providing the corresponding arylamidines in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sävmarker
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Gising J, Nilsson MT, Odell LR, Yahiaoui S, Lindh M, Iyer H, Sinha AM, Srinivasa BR, Larhed M, Mowbray SL, Karlén A. Trisubstituted imidazoles as Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2894-8. [PMID: 22369127 PMCID: PMC3381009 DOI: 10.1021/jm201212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine
synthetase (MtGS) is a promising target for antituberculosis
drug discovery. In a recent high-throughput screening study we identified
several classes of MtGS inhibitors targeting the
ATP-binding site. We now explore one of these classes, the 2-tert-butyl-4,5-diarylimidazoles, and present the design,
synthesis, and X-ray crystallographic studies leading to the identification
of MtGS inhibitors with submicromolar IC50 values and promising antituberculosis MIC values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Gising J, Odell LR, Larhed M. Microwave-assisted synthesis of small molecules targeting the infectious diseases tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2713-29. [PMID: 22227602 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06833h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of microwave in situ heating offer unparalleled opportunities for medicinal chemists to speed up lead optimisation processes in early drug discovery. The technology is ideal for small-scale discovery chemistry because it allows full reaction control, short reaction times, high safety and rapid feedback. To illustrate these advantages, we herein describe applications and approaches in the synthesis of small molecules to combat four of the most prevalent infectious diseases; tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C, using dedicated microwave instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Nordqvist A, Nilsson MT, Lagerlund O, Muthas D, Gising J, Yahiaoui S, Odell LR, Srinivasa BR, Larhed M, Mowbray SL, Karlén A. Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray crystallographic studies of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase inhibitors. Med Chem Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lazorova L, Hubatsch I, Ekegren JK, Gising J, Nakai D, Zaki NM, Bergström CAS, Norinder U, Larhed M, Artursson P. Structural features determining the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3763-72. [PMID: 21491458 PMCID: PMC3210832 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to identify structural features that alter the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux in a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). Eleven PIs were selected containing a tertiary alcohol in a transition-state mimicking scaffold, in which two substituents (R1 and R2) were varied systematically. Indinavir was selected as a reference compound. The apical-to-basolateral permeability was investigated in 2/4/A1 and Caco-2 monolayers. In addition, the basolateral-to-apical permeability was investigated in the Caco-2 monolayers and the efflux ratios were calculated. The absence of active drug transport processes in 2/4/A1 cells allowed identification and modeling of structural elements affecting the passive permeability. For instance, small aromatic R1 substituents and a small (bromo-) R2 substituent were associated with a high passive permeability. Efflux studies in Caco-2 cells indicated that amide-substituted neutral hydrophobic amino acids, such as valine and leucine, in the R1 position, reduced the apical-to-basolateral transport and enhanced the efflux. We conclude that our investigation revealed structural features that alter the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux in the series of PIs and hope that these results can contribute to the synthesis of PIs with improved permeability and limited efflux properties. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:3763–3772, 2011
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lazorova
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Örtqvist P, Gising J, Ehrenberg AE, Vema A, Borg A, Karlén A, Larhed M, Danielson UH, Sandström A. Discovery of achiral inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease based on 2(1H)-pyrazinones. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6512-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Odell LR, Nilsson MT, Gising J, Lagerlund O, Muthas D, Nordqvist A, Karlén A, Larhed M. Functionalized 3-amino-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: A novel class of drug-like Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4790-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Gising J, Örtqvist P, Sandström A, Larhed M. A straightforward microwave method for rapid synthesis of N-1, C-6 functionalized 3,5-dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2809-15. [DOI: 10.1039/b905501k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Ekegren JK, Gising J, Wallberg H, Larhed M, Samuelsson B, Hallberg A. Variations of the P2 group in HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a tertiary alcohol in the transition-state mimicking scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3040-3. [PMID: 16886068 DOI: 10.1039/b606859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A short synthetic protocol leading to HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a tertiary alcohol based transition-state mimicking unit and different P2 side chains has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Ekegren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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