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Monem A, Habibi D, Goudarzi H. A new DES-mediated synthesis of Henna-based benzopyranophenazines and benzoxanthenetriones. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16273. [PMID: 39009649 PMCID: PMC11251052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
MTPPBr/THFTCA-DES was prepared as a new deep eutectic solvent (DES) from a mixture (molar ratio 7:3) of methyltriphenyl-phosphonium bromide (MTPPBr) and tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetra-carboxylic acid (THFTCA), and characterized with various spectroscopic techniques, densitometer, and eutectic point. Then, it was used as a new and powerful catalyst for the synthesis of two sets of biologically important compounds, namely the Henna-based benzopyranophenazines and benzoxan-thenetriones. Solvent-free conditions, short reaction time, high efficiency, and easy recycling and separation of the DES catalyst are among the most important features of the presented method. Also, there is a nice consistency between the proposed structure of the DES compound, the integration values of the 1H NMR peaks, and the ratio of MTPPBr to THFTCA obtained from the eutectic point phase diagram. In addition, the reduction of peak splitting patterns in DES compared to the two primary materials can be good evidence of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezo Monem
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | - Davood Habibi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran.
| | - Hadis Goudarzi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
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2
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Staudinger JL, Mahroke A, Patel G, Dattel C, Reddy S. Pregnane X Receptor Signaling Pathway and Vitamin K: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Human Health. Cells 2024; 13:681. [PMID: 38667296 PMCID: PMC11049418 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the likely clinical impact of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation by vitamin K on human health. PXR, initially recognized as a master regulator of xenobiotic metabolism in liver, emerges as a key regulator influencing intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The activation of PXR by vitamin K highlights its role as a potent endogenous and local agonist with diverse clinical implications. Recent research suggests that the vitamin K-mediated activation of PXR highlights this vitamin's potential in addressing pathophysiological conditions by promoting hepatic detoxification, fortifying gut barrier integrity, and controlling pro-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. PXR activation by vitamin K provides an intricate association with cancer cell survival, particularly in colorectal and liver cancers, to provide new insights into potential novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the clinical implications of PXR activation by vitamin K bridges molecular mechanisms with health outcomes, further offering personalized therapeutic approaches for complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L. Staudinger
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin Campus, 2901 St Johns Blvd, Joplin, MO 64804, USA (C.D.); (S.R.)
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3
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Kong M, Gao C, Luan X, Fan C, Hao M, Jin C, Zhao J, Li H, Zhao J, Luan J, Lin Y, Li Q. Analyzing the factors associated with efficacy among teriparatide treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:109. [PMID: 38310278 PMCID: PMC10837964 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teriparatide (TPTD) is a widely used anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Several factors have been identified to be related to bone mineral density (BMD) increase in anti-osteoporosis treatment with other agents; however, there has been no systematic analysis to summarize the associated determinants of BMD reaction to daily teriparatide treatment. METHODS In this retrospective study, we performed a comprehensive investigation involving not only clinical data but also several relevant lifestyle factors to be examined for their potential contribution to BMD response. This post-hoc analysis included 258 post-menopaused patients with osteoporosis who received TPTD at 20 µg/day for 12 months. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to distinguish the response variables of lumbar spine (LS) BMD transformation, the principal outcome measure of efficacy, from the baseline at 12 months. RESULTS Twelve months of TPTD treatment resulted in an absolute 0.39 ± 0.37 increase in T-score of LS BMD. Gastrointestinal disease, prior bisphosphonate or glucocorticoid treatment, no vitamin K2 supplementation, low levels of serum 25(OH)D and PINP, weak increment of PINP and β-CTX at 3 months, unhealthy lifestyle (excessive smoking, tea, coffee, and drinking), vegetarian diet pattern, low ALT level, and high BMD at baseline were determined by univariate analyses to be related to the weak reaction of TPTD treatment (P < 0.10). In the multiple regression model, postmenopausal women with vitamin K2 supplementation, higher baseline serum 25(OH)D level, and higher PINP concentration at 3 months indicated a good reaction of LS BMD at 12 months (P < 0.05). Patients with gastrointestinal disease, prior bisphosphonate and glucocorticoid treatment, vegetarian diet pattern, and higher baseline BMD were significantly more likely to have a lower absolute LS BMD response compared to patients without these characteristics (P < 0.05). Further analysis confirmed the negative effect of unhealthy lifestyle on TPTD treatment. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the significance of a comprehensive assessment of clinical or lifestyle-related characteristics of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in the management of TPTD therapy in routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changtong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 1, Jiao Zhou Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaona Luan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuiying Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Ankang Hospital of Shandong Province, No. 1, Ji Dai Road, Ji'ning, 272000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Canghai Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiangning Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jindong Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Luan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Middle Dong Hai Road, Qing'dao, 266000, Shandong Province, China.
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4
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Homma T, Okamoto M, Koharazawa R, Hayakawa M, Fushimi T, Tode C, Hirota Y, Osakabe N, Baba M, Suhara Y. Exploring Novel Vitamin K Derivatives with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42248-42263. [PMID: 38024673 PMCID: PMC10652723 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
From our compound library of vitamin K derivatives, we found that some compounds exhibited anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. The common structure of these compounds was menaquinone-2 (MK-2) with either the m-methylphenyl or the 1-naphthyl group introduced at the end of the side chain. Therefore, new vitamin K derivatives having more potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity were explored by introducing various functional groups at the ω-position of the side chain. MK-2 derivatives with a purine moiety showed the most potent antiviral activity among the derivatives. We also found that their mechanism of action was the inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2. The chemical structures of our compounds were completely different from those of nucleic acid derivatives such as remdesivir and molnupiravir, clinically approved RdRp inhibitors for COVID-19 treatment, suggesting that our compounds may be effective against viruses resistant to these nucleic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Homma
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Mika Okamoto
- Division
of Infection Control Research, Center for Advanced Science Research
and Promotion, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Ryohto Koharazawa
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Mayu Hayakawa
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Taiki Fushimi
- Functional
Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Chisato Tode
- Instrumental
Analysis Center, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
- Functional
Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
- Functional
Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Masanori Baba
- Division
of Infection Control Research, Center for Advanced Science Research
and Promotion, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
- Functional
Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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Effect of Vitamin K-Mediated PXR Activation on Drug-Metabolizing Gene Expression in Human Intestinal Carcinoma LS180 Cell Line. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051709. [PMID: 34069974 PMCID: PMC8157877 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the key regulator of our defense mechanism against foreign substances such as drugs, dietary nutrients, or environmental pollutants. Because of increased health consciousness, the use of dietary supplements has gradually increased, and most of them can activate PXR. Therefore, an analysis of the interaction between drugs and nutrients is important because altered levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters can remarkably affect the efficiency of a co-administered drug. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of vitamin K-mediated PXR activation on drug metabolism-related gene expression in intestine-derived LS180 cells via gene expression studies and western blotting analyses. We demonstrated that menaquinone 4 (MK-4), along with other vitamin Ks, including vitamin K1, has the potential to induce MDR1 and CYP3A4 gene expression. We showed that PXR knockdown reversed MK-4-mediated stimulation of these genes, indicating the involvement of PXR in this effect. In addition, we showed that the expression of MDR1 and CYP3A4 genes increased synergistically after 24 h of rifampicin and MK-4 co-treatment. Our study thus elucidates the importance of drug–nutrient interaction mediated via PXR.
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Quantum chemical approach towards the secondary amino derivatives of C(3) substituted 1,4-naphthoquinone: Combined molecular and dft calculations. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Yıldırım H, Yıldız M, Bayrak N, Sahin M, Tuyun AF. Crystal Structures of 2-Chloro-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)naphthalene-1,4-dione and 2-Chloro-3-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)naphthalene-1,4-dione. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774519070289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010138. [PMID: 31947821 PMCID: PMC7019739 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K health benefits have been recently widely shown to extend beyond blood homeostasis and implicated in chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dementia, cognitive impairment, mobility disability, and frailty. Novel and more efficient nutritional and therapeutic options are urgently needed to lower the burden and the associated health care costs of these age-related diseases. Naturally occurring vitamin K comprise the phylloquinone (vitamin K1), and a series of menaquinones broadly designated as vitamin K2 that differ in source, absorption rates, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and target activity. Although vitamin K1 and K2 sources are mainly dietary, consumer preference for diet supplements is growing, especially when derived from marine resources. The aim of this review is to update the reader regarding the specific contribution and effect of each K1 and K2 vitamers in human health, identify potential methods for its sustainable and cost-efficient production, and novel natural sources of vitamin K and formulations to improve absorption and bioavailability. This new information will contribute to foster the use of vitamin K as a health-promoting supplement, which meets the increasing consumer demand. Simultaneously, relevant information on the clinical context and direct health consequences of vitamin K deficiency focusing in aging and age-related diseases will be discussed.
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Vijitphan P, Rukachaisirikul V, Muanprasat C, Iawsipo P, Panprasert J, Tadpetch K. Unified synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 8-O-methylfusarubin and its analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7078-7087. [PMID: 31298255 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01221d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and unified synthesis of four related pyranonaphthoquinone natural products, e.g. 8-O-methylfusarubin, 8-O-methylanhydrofusarubin, fusarubin and anhydrofusarubin, is reported. The key synthetic features include the precedented Diels-Alder cycloaddition to assemble the naphthalene skeleton, selective formylation and acetonylation and intramolecular acetalization to construct the pyran ring. Manipulation of the oxidation state of the naphthoquinone core was performed to construct the two analogues, fusarubin and anhydrofusarubin. This work also highlights an unprecedented directing effect of the hydroxymethylene group in the selective hypervalent iodine-mediated quinone oxidation. The four synthetic compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against six human cancer cells. 8-O-Methylfusarubin was the most potent analogue and displayed excellent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC50 value of 1.01 μM with no cytotoxic effect on noncancerous Vero cells, which could potentially be a promising lead compound for anti-breast cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsit Vijitphan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand and Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Panata Iawsipo
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand and Unit of Bioactive Natural Compounds for Healthcare Products Development, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Panprasert
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand and Unit of Bioactive Natural Compounds for Healthcare Products Development, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Kwanruthai Tadpetch
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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10
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Wang H, Luo YH, Shen GN, Piao XJ, Xu WT, Zhang Y, Wang JR, Feng YC, Li JQ, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Wang SN, Xue H, Wang HX, Wang CY, Jin CH. Two novel 1,4‑naphthoquinone derivatives induce human gastric cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by regulating reactive oxygen species‑mediated MAPK/Akt/STAT3 signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2571-2582. [PMID: 31322207 PMCID: PMC6691246 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1,4-Naphthoquinone derivatives have superior anticancer effects, but their use has been severely limited in clinical practice due to adverse side effects. To reduce the side effects and extend the anticancer effects of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, 2-(butane-1-sulfinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (BQ) and 2-(octane-1-sulfinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (OQ) were synthesized, and their anticancer activities were investigated. The anti-proliferation effects, determined by MTT assays, showed that BQ and OQ significantly inhibited the viability of gastric cancer cells and had no significant cytotoxic effect on normal cell lines. The apoptotic effect was determined by flow cytometry, and the results showed that BQ and OQ induced cell apoptosis by regulating the mitochondrial pathway and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase via inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway in AGS cells. Furthermore, BQ and OQ significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and this effect was blocked by the ROS scavenger NAC in AGS cells. BQ and OQ induced apoptosis by upregulating the protein expression of p38 and JNK and downregulating the levels of ERK and STAT3. Furthermore, expression levels of these proteins were also blocked after NAC treatment. These results demonstrated that BQ and OQ induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in AGS cells by stimulating ROS generation, which caused subsequent activation of MAPK, Akt and STAT3 signaling pathways. Thus, BQ and OQ may serve as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hua Luo
- Department of Grass Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Nan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Ji Piao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163316, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Ting Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ru Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chao Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Nong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
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11
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New Aspects of Vitamin K Research with Synthetic Ligands: Transcriptional Activity via SXR and Neural Differentiation Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123006. [PMID: 31226734 PMCID: PMC6627468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is classified into three homologs depending on the side-chain structure, with 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoqumone as the basic skeleton. These homologs are vitamin K1 (phylloquinone: PK), derived from plants with a phythyl side chain; vitamin K2 (menaquinone-n: MK-n), derived from intestinal bacteria with an isoprene side chain; and vitamin K3 (menadione: MD), a synthetic product without a side chain. Vitamin K homologs have physiological effects, including in blood coagulation and in osteogenic activity via γ-glutamyl carboxylase and are used clinically. Recent studies have revealed that vitamin K homologs are converted to MK-4 by the UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) in vivo and accumulate in all tissues. Although vitamin K is considered to have important physiological effects, its precise activities and mechanisms largely remain unclear. Recent research on vitamin K has suggested various new roles, such as transcriptional activity as an agonist of steroid and xenobiotic nuclear receptor and differentiation-inducing activity in neural stem cells. In this review, we describe synthetic ligands based on vitamin K and exhibit that the strength of biological activity can be controlled by modification of the side chain part.
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Azuma K, Inoue S. Multiple Modes of Vitamin K Actions in Aging-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2844. [PMID: 31212662 PMCID: PMC6600274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that was originally found as an essential factor for blood coagulation. With the discovery of its role as a co-factor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), its function for blood coagulation was understood as the activation of several blood coagulation factors by their γ-carboxylation. Over the last two decades, other modes of vitamin K actions have been discovered, such as the regulation of transcription by activating the steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), physical association to 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (17β-HSD4), covalent modification of Bcl-2 antagonist killer 1 (Bak), and the modulation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. In addition, several epidemiological studies have revealed that vitamin K status is associated with some aging-related diseases including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and sarcopenia. Clinical studies on single nucleotide polymorphisms of GGCX suggested an association between higher GGCX activity and bone protective effect, while recent findings using conditional knockout mice implied that a contribution in protective effect for bone loss by GGCX in osteoblastic lineage was unclear. GGCX in other cell lineages or in other tissues might play a protective role for osteoporosis. Meanwhile, animal experiments by our groups among others revealed that SXR, a putative receptor for vitamin K, could be important in the bone metabolism. In terms of the cartilage protective effect of vitamin K, both GGCX- and SXR-dependent mechanisms have been suggested. In clinical studies on osteoarthritis, the γ-carboxylation of matrix Gla protein (MGP) and gla-rich protein (GRP) may have a protective role for the disease. It is also suggested that SXR signaling has protective role for cartilage by inducing family with sequence similarity 20a (Fam20a) expression in chondrocytes. In the case of sarcopenia, a high vitamin K status in plasma was associated with muscle strength, large muscle mass, and high physical performance in some observational studies. However, the basic studies explaining the effects of vitamin K on muscular tissue are limited. Further research on vitamin K will clarify new biological mechanisms which contribute to human longevity and health through the prevention and treatment of aging-related musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Azuma
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
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13
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Zhang Y, Luo YH, Piao XJ, Shen GN, Wang JR, Feng YC, Li JQ, Xu WT, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Wang CY, Jin CH. The design of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and mechanisms underlying apoptosis induction through ROS-dependent MAPK/Akt/STAT3 pathways in human lung cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1577-1587. [PMID: 30846406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The natural compound 1,4-naphthoquinone has potent anti-tumor activity. However, the clinical application of 1,4-naphthoquinone and its derivatives has been limited by their side effects. In this study, we attempted to reduce the toxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinone by synthesizing two derivatives: 2,3-dihydro-2,3-epoxy-2-propylsulfonyl-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (EPDMNQ) and 2,3-dihydro-2,3-epoxy-2-nonylsulfonyl-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (ENDMNQ). Then we evaluated the cytotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of these compounds in lung cancer cells. EPDMNQ and ENDMNQ significantly inhibited the viabilities of three lung cancer cell lines and induced A549 cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In addition, they induced the apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells by increasing the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and decreasing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK), protein kinase B (Akt), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Furthermore, they increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells; however, pretreatment with the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly inhibited EPDMNQ- and ENDMNQ-mediated apoptosis and reversed apoptotic proteins expression. In conclusion, EPDMNQ and ENDMNQ induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells via the ROS-mediated activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Akt and STAT3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Ying-Hua Luo
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Xian-Ji Piao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163316, China
| | - Gui-Nan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Jia-Ru Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yu-Chao Feng
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Jin-Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Wan-Ting Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Chang-Yuan Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China.
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China; College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China.
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14
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Development of novel silanol-based human pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonists with improved receptor selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4493-4501. [PMID: 30077610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Herein, we report the development and structure-activity relationship studies of a new series of hPXR agonists. Focusing on our recently developed silanol-sulfonamide scaffold, we developed the potent hPXR agonist 28, which shows good selectivity over hLXRα and β, hFXR, and hRORα and γ. Examination of the structure-activity relationship suggested a possible strategy to manipulate the selectivity. Docking simulation indicated the presence of an additional binding cavity and polar contacts in the ligand-binding pocket of hPXR. This information should be helpful for the future development of more potent and selective hPXR ligands.
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15
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Kimura K, Hirota Y, Kuwahara S, Takeuchi A, Tode C, Wada A, Osakabe N, Suhara Y. Synthesis of Novel Synthetic Vitamin K Analogues Prepared by Introduction of a Heteroatom and a Phenyl Group That Induce Highly Selective Neuronal Differentiation of Neuronal Progenitor Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2591-2596. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimito Kimura
- Laboratory
of Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Bioscience
and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College
of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory
of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takeuchi
- Analytical
Laboratory, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Chisato Tode
- Analytical
Laboratory, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Department
of Life Science for Organic Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Food
and
Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College
of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Laboratory
of Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Bioscience
and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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16
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Inami K, Okayama Y, Harada M, Morita M, Mochizuki M. Synthesis and Radical Scavenging Activity of Substituted Benzo[h]chromanols. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Vermeer C, van 't Hoofd C, Knapen MHJ, Xanthoulea S. Synthesis of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones with higher gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity than MK-4 both in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:208-211. [PMID: 27955810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is the collective term for compounds that share a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ring, but differ in the side-chain at the 3-position. We synthesized novel 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives with different side chain length at the 3-position. Derivatives with C-14 and C-16 tails showed the highest in vitro bioactivity resulting in 2.5 and 2-fold higher carboxylated osteocalcin synthesis in MG63 cells than menaquinone-4 (MK-4, form of vitamin K2). Longer side chain lengths resulted in lower bioactivity. The in vivo vitamin K activity of the C-14 tail derivative was further tested in WKY rats receiving a vitamin K-deficient diet that resulted in a 40% decrease of prothrombin activity. The C-14 tail derivative was able to counteract the effects on vitamin K deficiency induced by the diet and resulted in the complete restoration of prothrombin activity. Compared to naturally occurring forms of vitamin K, synthetic vitamin K derivatives may have higher bioactivity and different pharmacological characteristics that are more favorable for use as supplements or in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Vermeer
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cynthia van 't Hoofd
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo H J Knapen
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Suhara Y, Hirota Y, Hanada N, Nishina S, Eguchi S, Sakane R, Nakagawa K, Wada A, Takahashi K, Tokiwa H, Okano T. Synthetic Small Molecules Derived from Natural Vitamin K Homologues that Induce Selective Neuronal Differentiation of Neuronal Progenitor Cells. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7088-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Department
of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Norika Hanada
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Shun Nishina
- Laboratory
of Environmental Sciences, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Sachiko Eguchi
- Laboratory
of Environmental Sciences, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Rie Sakane
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and
Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Department
of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Department
of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku,
Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takahashi
- Laboratory
of Environmental Sciences, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department
of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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19
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Kaesler N, Magdeleyns E, Herfs M, Schettgen T, Brandenburg V, Fliser D, Vermeer C, Floege J, Schlieper G, Krüger T. Impaired vitamin K recycling in uremia is rescued by vitamin K supplementation. Kidney Int 2014; 86:286-93. [PMID: 24429407 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease, vitamin K-dependent proteins, including the calcification inhibitor matrix Gla protein, are largely uncarboxylated indicating that functional vitamin K deficiency may contribute to uremic vascular calcification. Since the effects of uremia on the vitamin K cycle are unknown, we investigated the influence of uremia and vitamin K supplementation on the activity of the vitamin K cycle and extraosseous calcification. Uremia was induced in rats by an adenine-supplemented diet and vitamin K1 or K2 was administered over 4 and 7 weeks. After 4 weeks of adenine diet, the activity of the vitamin K cycle enzyme γ-carboxylase but not the activities of DT-diaphorase or vitamin K epoxide reductase were reduced. Serum levels of undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein increased, indicating functional vitamin K deficiency. There was no light microscopy-detectable calcification at this stage but chemically determined aortic and renal calcium content was increased. Vitamin K treatment reduced aortic and renal calcium content after 4 weeks. Seven weeks of uremia induced overt calcification in the aorta, heart, and kidneys; however, addition of vitamin K restored intrarenal γ-carboxylase activity and overstimulated it in the liver along with reducing heart and kidney calcification. Thus, uremic vitamin K deficiency may partially result from a reduction of the γ-carboxylase activity which possibly contributes to calcification. Pharmacological vitamin K supplementation restored the vitamin K cycle and slowed development of soft tissue calcification in experimental uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kaesler
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elke Magdeleyns
- VitaK BV, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Herfs
- VitaK BV, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Department of Environmental and Social Medicine, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Danilo Fliser
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cees Vermeer
- VitaK BV, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Schlieper
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thilo Krüger
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Suhara Y, Motoyoshi S, Hirota Y, Sawada N, Nakagawa K, Tokiwa H, Okano T. [Structure-activity relationship of novel vitamin K analogues as steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) agonists]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 132:881-6. [PMID: 22864345 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 is a ligand for a nuclear receptor, steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), that induces the gene expressions of CYP3A4. We synthesized new vitamin K analogues with the same isoprene side chains symmetrically introduced at the 2 and 3 positions of 1,4-naphthoquinone and vitamin K2 analogues with hydroxyl or phenyl groups at the ω-terminal of the side chain. The upregulation of SXR-mediated transcription of the target gene by the analogues was dependent on the length of the side chain and the hydrophobicity of the ω-terminal residues. Phenyl analogue menaquinone-3 was as active as the known SXR ligand rifampicin.
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21
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The tumor suppressor TERE1 (UBIAD1) prenyltransferase regulates the elevated cholesterol phenotype in castration resistant prostate cancer by controlling a program of ligand dependent SXR target genes. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1075-92. [PMID: 23919967 PMCID: PMC3759667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is characterized by persistent androgen receptor-driven tumor growth in the apparent absence of systemic androgens. Current evidence suggests that CRPC cells can produce their own androgens from endogenous sterol precursors that act in an intracrine manner to stimulate tumor growth. The mechanisms by which CRPC cells become steroidogenic during tumor progression are not well defined. Herein we describe a novel link between the elevated cholesterol phenotype of CRPC and the TERE1 tumor suppressor protein, a prenyltransferase that synthesizes vitamin K-2, which is a potent endogenous ligand for the SXR nuclear hormone receptor. We show that 50% of primary and metastatic prostate cancer specimens exhibit a loss of TERE1 expression and we establish a correlation between TERE1 expression and cholesterol in the LnCaP-C81 steroidogenic cell model of the CRPC. LnCaP-C81 cells also lack TERE1 protein, and show elevated cholesterol synthetic rates, higher steady state levels of cholesterol, and increased expression of enzymes in the de novo cholesterol biosynthetic pathways than the non-steroidogenic prostate cancer cells. C81 cells also show decreased expression of the SXR nuclear hormone receptor and a panel of directly regulated SXR target genes that govern cholesterol efflux and steroid catabolism. Thus, a combination of increased synthesis, along with decreased efflux and catabolism likely underlies the CRPC phenotype: SXR might coordinately regulate this phenotype. Moreover, TERE1 controls synthesis of vitamin K-2, which is a potent endogenous ligand for SXR activation, strongly suggesting a link between TERE1 levels, K-2 synthesis and SXR target gene regulation. We demonstrate that following ectopic TERE1 expression or induction of endogenous TERE1, the elevated cholesterol levels in C81 cells are reduced. Moreover, reconstitution of TERE1 expression in C81 cells reactivates SXR and switches on a suite of SXR target genes that coordinately promote both cholesterol efflux and androgen catabolism. Thus, loss of TERE1 during tumor progression reduces K-2 levels resulting in reduced transcription of SXR target genes. We propose that TERE1 controls the CPRC phenotype by regulating the endogenous levels of Vitamin K-2 and hence the transcriptional control of a suite of steroidogenic genes via the SXR receptor. These data implicate the TERE1 protein as a previously unrecognized link affecting cholesterol and androgen accumulation that could govern acquisition of the CRPC phenotype.
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22
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Fredericks WJ, Yin H, Lal P, Puthiyaveettil R, Malkowicz SB, Fredericks NJ, Tomaszewski J, Rauscher FJ, Malkowicz SB. Ectopic expression of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein inhibits growth of renal clear cell carcinoma cells: altered metabolic phenotype associated with reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and SXR target genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:638-52. [PMID: 23759948 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein emphasize its multifactorial influence on the cell, in part due to its broad sub-cellular distribution to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. However, the profound effects of TERE1 relate to its prenyltransferase activity for synthesis of the bioactive quinones menaquinone and COQ10. Menaquinone (aka, vitamin K-2) serves multiple roles: as a carrier in mitochondrial electron transport, as a ligand for SXR nuclear hormone receptor activation, as a redox modulator, and as an alkylator of cellular targets. We initially described the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein as a tumor suppressor based upon reduced expression in urological cancer specimens and the inhibition of growth of tumor cell lines/xenografts upon ectopic expression. To extend this potential tumor suppressor role for the TERE1 protein to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we applied TERE1 immunohistochemistry to a TMA panel of 28 RCC lesions and determined that in 57% of RCC lesions, TERE1 expression was reduced (36%) or absent (21%). Ectopic TERE1 expression caused an 80% decrease in growth of Caki-1 and Caki-2 cell lines, a significantly decreased colony formation, and increased caspase 3/7 activity in a panel of RCC cell lines. Furthermore, TERE1 expression increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and hydrogen production, oxidative stress and NO production. Based on the elevated cholesterol and altered metabolic phenotype of RCC, we also examined the effects of TERE1 and the interacting protein TBL2 on cellular cholesterol. Ectopic TERE1 or TBL2 expression in Caki-1, Caki-2 and HEK 293 cells reduced cholesterol by up to 40%. RT-PCR analysis determined that TERE1 activated several SXR targets known to regulate lipid metabolism, consistent with predictions based on its role in menaquinone synthesis. Loss of TERE1 may contribute to the altered lipid metabolic phenotype associated with progression in RCC via an uncoupling of ROS/RNS and SXR signaling from apoptosis by elevation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Fredericks
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Farley SM, Leonard SW, Taylor AW, Birringer M, Edson KZ, Rettie AE, Traber MG. ω-Hydroxylation of phylloquinone by CYP4F2 is not increased by α-tocopherol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1785-93. [PMID: 23650179 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The objective of this study was to investigate the initial catabolic step of vitamin E and K metabolism, the ω-hydroxylation by human cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2). METHODS AND RESULTS Tocopherol (T) metabolism was compared using rat liver slices incubated with deuterated (d₆)-RRR-α-T (d₆-α-T), racemic 2S-α-T (2S, 4'RS, 8'RS α-T, 2S-α-T), or d₂-γ-T (d₂-γ-T). Following comparable uptake of each T by liver slices, twice as much 13'-OH-T was produced from 2S-α-T or d₂-γ-T (39 ± 15 or 42 ± 5 pmol/g liver, respectively) as from d₆-α-T (17 ± 2, p < 0.01). Kinetic studies were conducted using insect microsomes expressing human CYP4F2 incubated with d₄-phylloquinone (d₄-PK), d₆-RRR-α-T, d₃-SRR-α-T, or d₂-γ-T. CYP4F2 demonstrated similar apparent maximal velocities (Vmax) when either of the α-Ts were used as substrates, which were less than the apparent d₄-PK Vmax (p < 0.0002), while the CYP4F2 catalytic efficiency toward d₄-PK (15.8 Vmax/Km) was five times greater than for α-Ts. Vitamin K had no effect on vitamin E catabolism, while vitamin E slightly decreased the d₄-PK Vmax. CONCLUSION CYP4F2 discriminates between Ts and PK in vitro, but α-T does not apparently increase PK ω-hydroxylation by this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Farley
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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