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Mamedov VA, Zhukova NA, Syakaev VV, Gubaidullin AT, Samigullina AI, Beschastnova TN, Perevalova DS, Babaeva OB, Rizvanov IDK, Sinyashin OG. AcOH-Catalyzed Rearrangements of Benzo[ e][1,4]diazepin-2(and 3)-ones: Easy Access to 1,4-Dihydroquinazolines and Their Condensed Analogues. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14577-14585. [PMID: 39297490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Presented herein is a novel synthesis of new 2-(quinolin-4-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinazoline systems 8, in which the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of spiro[benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-3,4'-quinolin]-2(1H)-ones generated in situ from 3-(2-aminophenyl)-5H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(1H)-ones 6 with acetone and alkylmethyl ketones has been realized as an important step. An attempt to synthesize isomeric 2-(2-aminophenyl)-5H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-3(4H)-one 6'a by hydrolysis of the corresponding N-{2-[5H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-3(4H)-on-2-yl]phenyl}acetamide 5'a led to a new heterocyclic system, 6-methyl-8,13-dihydro-13aH-quinazolino[4,3-b]quinazolin-5-ium 13a-carboxylate 14, as a result of an unexpected rearrangement. In addition, it is noteworthy that during the hydrolysis of N-{2-[5H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(1H)-on-3-yl]phenyl}acetamides 5, the not previously described 14-dihydro-5H-14,5a-(epimino[1,2]benzo)benzo[5,6][1,4]diazepin[2,1-b]quinazolin-6(7H)-ones 7 were unexpectedly obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakhid A Mamedov
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Nataliya A Zhukova
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Victor V Syakaev
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T Gubaidullin
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aida I Samigullina
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Tat'yana N Beschastnova
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Darya S Perevalova
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Olga B Babaeva
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Il Dar Kh Rizvanov
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg G Sinyashin
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
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2
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Nketia PB, Gasu EN, Mensah JO, Borquaye LS. In silico identification of α-bisabolol and letestuianin C as potential inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:8660-8672. [PMID: 37584491 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2247084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in drug research, finding a safe, effective, and easy to use chemotherapy for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a challenging task. Trypanosomatids have developed resistance mechanisms towards melarsoprol (the current drug of choice), and the fact that it is poisonous is problematic. Therefore, a search for alternative therapeutics against the parasite is urgently needed. Natural products offer potential for drug discovery, but little or nothing is known about the target of inhibition or possible mode of inhibition. Therefore, this study aimed to use molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate 30 antitrypanosomal natural products as potential inhibitors of trypanothione reductase, a key protein necessary for the survival of the Trypanosoma brucei. The study also assessed the pharmacokinetic properties of the most promising compounds. Of the compounds evaluated, α-bisabolol, letestuianin C, waltherione, and mexicanin E were found to bind at the active site of TR and interact with Met115, Tyr112, and Trp23, which are essential for enzyme functioning. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed the sustained binding of α-bisabolol and letestuianin C throughout the simulation period, potentially obstructing the binding of the substrate (T[S]2) and impeding catalysis. The binding of these compounds to TR led to the presence of solvent molecules in the enzyme's active site, and this could potentially lead to protein aggregation. Furthermore, α-bisabolol and letestuianin C exhibited promising safety profiles. Consequently, α-bisabolol and letestuianin C have been shown to be viable candidates for targeting trypanothione reductase in the fight against human African trypanosomiasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Baah Nketia
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Edward Ntim Gasu
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Central Laboratory, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Central Laboratory, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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3
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Morlacci V, Aschi M, Chiarini M, Momoli C, Palombi L, Arcadi A. Product Selectivity Control in the Brønsted Acid-Mediated Reactions with 2-Alkynylanilines. Molecules 2024; 29:3693. [PMID: 39125097 PMCID: PMC11314341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Brønsted acid-catalysed/mediated reactions of the 2-alkynylanilines are reported. While metal-catalysed reactions of these valuable building blocks have led to the establishment of robust protocols for the selective, diverse-oriented syntheses of significant heterocyclic derivatives, we here demonstrate the practical advantages of an alternative methodology under metal-free conditions. Our investigation into the key factors influencing the product selectivity in Brønsted acid-catalysed/mediated reactions of 2-alkynylanilines reveals that different reaction pathways can be directed towards the formation of diverse valuable products by simply choosing appropriate reaction conditions. The origins of chemo- and regioselectivity switching have been explored through Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Morlacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università Degli Studi Dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; (V.M.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università Degli Studi Dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; (V.M.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Caterina Momoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università Degli Studi Dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; (V.M.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Palombi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università Degli Studi Dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; (V.M.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università Degli Studi Dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; (V.M.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (L.P.)
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4
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Bonanata J. The role of the active site lysine residue on FAD reduction by NADPH in glutathione reductase. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108075. [PMID: 38678729 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GR) is a two dinucleotide binding domain flavoprotein (tDBDF) that catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione coupled to the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+. An interesting feature of GR and other tDBDFs is the presence of a lysine residue (Lys-66 in human GR) at the active site, which interacts with the flavin group, but has an unknown function. To better understand the role of this residue, the dynamics of GR was studied using molecular dynamics simulations, and the reaction mechanism of FAD reduction by NADPH was studied using QM/MM molecular modeling. The two possible protonation states of Lys-66 were considered: neutral and protonated. Molecular dynamics results suggest that the active site is more structured for neutral Lys-66 than for protonated Lys-66. QM/MM modeling results suggest that Lys-66 should be in its neutral state for a thermodynamically favorable reduction of FAD by NADPH. Since the reaction is unfavorable with protonated Lys-66, the reverse reaction (the reduction of NADP+ by FADH-) is expected to take place. A phylogenetic analysis of various tDBDFs was performed, finding that an active site lysine is present in different the tDBDFs enzymes, suggesting that it has a conserved biological role. Overall, these results suggest that the protonation state of the active site lysine determines the energetics of the reaction, controlling its reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenner Bonanata
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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5
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González-Montero MC, Andrés-Rodríguez J, García-Fernández N, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, García-Estrada C. Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism in Trypanosomatids. Molecules 2024; 29:2214. [PMID: 38792079 PMCID: PMC11124245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by trypanosomatids, including African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Chagas disease, and different forms of leishmaniasis, are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people worldwide, mainly in vulnerable territories of tropical and subtropical areas. In general, current treatments against these diseases are old-fashioned, showing adverse effects and loss of efficacy due to misuse or overuse, thus leading to the emergence of resistance. For these reasons, searching for new antitrypanosomatid drugs has become an urgent necessity, and different metabolic pathways have been studied as potential drug targets against these parasites. Considering that trypanosomatids possess a unique redox pathway based on the trypanothione molecule absent in the mammalian host, the key enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism, trypanothione reductase and trypanothione synthetase, have been studied in detail as druggable targets. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings on the molecules inhibiting these two essential enzymes for Trypanosoma and Leishmania viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Cristina González-Montero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Julia Andrés-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Nerea García-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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6
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Exertier C, Salerno A, Antonelli L, Fiorillo A, Ocello R, Seghetti F, Caciolla J, Uliassi E, Masetti M, Fiorentino E, Orsini S, Di Muccio T, Ilari A, Bolognesi ML. Fragment Merging, Growing, and Linking Identify New Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors for Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:402-419. [PMID: 38164929 PMCID: PMC10788915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a suitable target for drug discovery approaches against leishmaniasis, although the identification of potent inhibitors is still challenging. Herein, we harnessed a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) strategy to develop new TR inhibitors. Previous crystallographic screening identified fragments 1-3, which provided ideal starting points for a medicinal chemistry campaign. In silico investigations revealed critical hotspots in the TR binding site, guiding our structure- and ligand-based structure-actvity relationship (SAR) exploration that yielded fragment-derived compounds 4-14. A trend of improvement in Leishmania infantum TR inhibition was detected along the optimization and confirmed by the crystal structures of 9, 10, and 14 in complex with Trypanosoma brucei TR. Compound 10 showed the best TR inhibitory profile (Ki = 0.2 μM), whereas 9 was the best one in terms of in vitro and ex vivo activity. Although further fine-tuning is needed to improve selectivity, we demonstrated the potentiality of FBDD on a classic but difficult target for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ocello
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Francesca Seghetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Jessica Caciolla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Matteo Masetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Stefania Orsini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum─University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
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7
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Carlson HM, Smith SR, Mosey RA. Direct Formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O Bonds in Dihydroquinazolines via Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Mediated sp 3 C-H Functionalization. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38165125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction for the direct formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds in dihydroquinazolines has been developed. This one-pot method allows for the synthesis of C4-disubstituted dihydroquinazolines as well as C4-spirolactam, spirolactone, and spiroindene dihydroquinazolines in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Carlson
- Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Ave., Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Sydney R Smith
- Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Ave., Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - R Adam Mosey
- Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Ave., Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
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8
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Sun L, Li J, Wu Y, Li Y, Chen J, Xia X, Yuan C, Guo H, Mao B. Palladium-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-methylidenetrimethylene carbonate or methylene cyclic carbamate with sulfamate-derived cyclic imines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8107-8111. [PMID: 37801030 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01361h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-methylidenetrimethylene carbonate or methylene cyclic carbamate with sulfamate-derived cyclic imines has been successfully developed under mild reaction conditions, affording pharmacologically interesting oxazine or hydropyrimidine derivatives in high yields (up to 99% yield). Furthermore, the cycloaddition reactions could be efficiently scaled up and several synthetic transformations were accomplished for the construction of other useful 1,3-oxazine and hydropyrimidinone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Jiyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Yafei Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Junqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoye Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhao Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Biming Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China.
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9
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Preliminary Structure-Activity Relationship Study of the MMV Pathogen Box Compound MMV675968 (2,4-Diaminoquinazoline) Unveils Novel Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196574. [PMID: 36235118 PMCID: PMC9571290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
New drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). In line with our quest for novel inhibitors of trypanosomes, a small library of analogs of the antitrypanosomal hit (MMV675968) available at MMV as solid materials was screened for antitrypanosomal activity. In silico exploration of two potent antitrypanosomal structural analogs (7-MMV1578647 and 10-MMV1578445) as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was achieved, together with elucidation of other antitrypanosomal modes of action. In addition, they were assessed in vitro for tentative inhibition of DHFR in a crude trypanosome extract. Their ADMET properties were also predicted using dedicated software. Overall, the two diaminoquinazoline analogs displayed approximately 40-fold and 60-fold more potency and selectivity in vitro than the parent hit, respectively (MMV1578445 (10): IC50 = 0.045 µM, SI = 1737; MMV1578467 (7): IC50 = 0.06 µM; SI = 412). Analogs 7 and 10 were also strong binders of the DHFR enzyme in silico, in all their accessible protonation states, and interacted with key DHFR ligand recognition residues Val32, Asp54, and Ile160. They also exhibited significant activity against trypanosome protein isolate. MMV1578445 (10) portrayed fast and irreversible trypanosome growth arrest between 4–72 h at IC99. Analogs 7 and 10 induced in vitro ferric iron reduction and DNA fragmentation or apoptosis induction, respectively. The two potent analogs endowed with predicted suitable physicochemical and ADMET properties are good candidates for further deciphering their potential as starting points for new drug development for HAT.
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10
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Xiong J, He HT, Yang HY, Zeng ZG, Zhong CR, Shi H, Ouyang ML, Tao YY, Pang YL, Zhang YH, Hu B, Fu ZX, Miao XL, Zhu HL, Yao G. Synthesis of 4-Tetrazolyl-Substituted 3,4-Dihydroquinazoline Derivatives with Anticancer Activity via a One-Pot Sequential Ugi-Azide/Palladium-Catalyzed Azide-Isocyanide Cross-Coupling/Cyclization Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9488-9496. [PMID: 35881945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new one-pot preparation of 4-tetrazolyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolines has been reported. The Ugi-azide reactions of 2-azidobenzaldehydes, amines, trimethylsilyl azide, and isocyanides produced azide intermediates without separation, which were treated with isocyanides to give 4-tetrazolyl-3,4-dihydroquinazoline derivatives through a sequential Palladium-catalyzed azide-isocyanide cross-coupling/cyclization reaction in moderate to good yields. The biological evaluation demonstrated that compound 6c inhibited breast cancer cells well and displayed broad applications for synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ting He
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - He-Yu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Ran Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hang Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ling Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Long Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Li Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, P. R. China
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11
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Fiorillo A, Colotti G, Exertier C, Liuzzi A, Seghetti F, Salerno A, Caciolla J, Ilari A. Innovative Approach for a Classic Target: Fragment Screening on Trypanothione Reductase Reveals New Opportunities for Drug Design. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900882. [PMID: 35860359 PMCID: PMC9289546 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a key factor in the redox homeostasis of trypanosomatid parasites, critical for survival in the hostile oxidative environment generated by the host to fight infection. TR is considered an attractive target for the development of new trypanocidal agents as it is essential for parasite survival but has no close homolog in humans. However, the high efficiency and turnover of TR challenging targets since only potent inhibitors, with nanomolar IC50, can significantly affect parasite redox state and viability. To aid the design of effective compounds targeting TR, we performed a fragment-based crystal screening at the Diamond Light Source XChem facility using a library optimized for follow-up synthesis steps. The experiment, allowing for testing over 300 compounds, resulted in the identification of 12 new ligands binding five different sites. Interestingly, the screening revealed the existence of an allosteric pocket close to the NADPH binding site, named the “doorstop pocket” since ligands binding at this site interfere with TR activity by hampering the “opening movement” needed to allow cofactor binding. The second remarkable site, known as the Z-site, identified by the screening, is located within the large trypanothione cavity but corresponds to a region not yet exploited for inhibition. The fragments binding to this site are close to each other and have some remarkable features making them ideal for follow-up optimization as a piperazine moiety in three out of five fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Fiorillo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Annarita Fiorillo,
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Liuzzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Seghetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Caciolla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
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12
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Ali V, Behera S, Nawaz A, Equbal A, Pandey K. Unique thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids: Redox homeostasis and drug resistance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:75-155. [PMID: 35878950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are mainly responsible for heterogeneous parasitic diseases: Leishmaniasis, Sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease and control of these diseases implicates serious challenges due to the emergence of drug resistance. Redox-active biomolecules are the endogenous substances in organisms, which play important role in the regulation of redox homeostasis. The redox-active substances like glutathione, trypanothione, cysteine, cysteine persulfides, etc., and other inorganic intermediates (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) are very useful as defence mechanism. In the present review, the suitability of trypanothione and other essential thiol molecules of trypanosomatids as drug targets are described in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. We have explored the role of tryparedoxin, tryparedoxin peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutaredoxins in the anti-oxidant mechanism and drug resistance. Up-regulation of some proteins in trypanothione metabolism helps the parasites in survival against drug pressure (sodium stibogluconate, Amphotericin B, etc.) and oxidative stress. These molecules accept electrons from the reduced trypanothione and donate their electrons to other proteins, and these proteins reduce toxic molecules, neutralize reactive oxygen, or nitrogen species; and help parasites to cope with oxidative stress. Thus, a better understanding of the role of these molecules in drug resistance and redox homeostasis will help to target metabolic pathway proteins to combat Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Sachidananda Behera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Afreen Nawaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Botany, Araria College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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13
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Babu SS, Varma AA, Gopinath P. Photoredox catalyzed cascade CF 3 addition/chemodivergent annulations of ortho-alkenyl aryl ureas. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1990-1993. [PMID: 35048095 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a substrate-controlled cascade cyclization of o-alkenyl aryl ureas, an ambident nucleophile for constructing functionalized heterocycles such as 2-amino-1,3-benzoxazines and dihydroquinazolinones in a chemodivergent fashion using photoredox catalysis under mild conditions. The versatility of the method has been successfully demonstrated by applying this strategy to a wide range of substrates and for the synthesis of functionalized etifoxine drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakamuri Sarath Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - A Anagha Varma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
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14
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Jiang Q, Qin T, Yang X. Asymmetric Synthesis of Hydroquinazolines Bearing C4-Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters via Kinetic Resolution of α-Tertiary Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:625-630. [PMID: 34978827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for asymmetric synthesis of hydroquinazolines bearing C4-tetrasubstituted stereocenters has been achieved through kinetic resolution of 2-amido α-tertiary benzylamines via chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed intramolecular dehydrative cyclizations. This method gave access to both α-tertiary benzylamines and hydroquinazolines with broad scope and high enantioselectivities. An intriguing restricted rotation of the C-N bond was observed for hydroquinazoline products bearing C4-tetrasubstituted stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tianren Qin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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15
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Long Z, Maolin Y, Haoran C, Mingwu D. One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydroquinazoline Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Nematpour M, Dastjerdi HF, Mahboubi-Rabbani M. A Concise and Efficient CuI-catalyzed Synthesis of Diimino Dihydroquinazoline
Derivatives from Isocyanides and Guanidines Derivatives
Through Intramolecular C-H Activation. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178618666210920112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
A novel series of diimino dihydroquinazoline derivatives were synthesized from isocyanides and guanidine analogs in quantitative yields by applying an efficient, inexpensive, one-pot copper-catalyzed intramolecular C-H activation reaction under mild conditions. The structures were confirmed on the basis of IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis data. The protocol offers advantages like short reaction time, simple workup process, high yields, and an environmentally benign methodology. Interestingly, better results (yield = 82%) were observed in terms of the yield obtained by using a mixture of CuI, Cs2CO3 and acetonitrile as the catalyst, base and solvent, respectively. The data also suggested that compound 5i is produced with the highest yield (87%) from the corresponding diisopropyl carbon diimide, 4-nitroaniline and phenyl isocyanide. Finally, a mechanistic explanation for the reaction promoted by cuprous iodide (CuI) was proposed on the basis of previous investigations and our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Nematpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Fasihi Dastjerdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran Iran
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17
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Cullen DR, Gallagher A, Duncan CL, Pengon J, Rattanajak R, Chaplin J, Gunosewoyo H, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Payne A, Mocerino M. Synthesis and evaluation of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113861. [PMID: 34624822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei (T. b.), and affects communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, analogues of a tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold were reported as having in vitro activity (IC50 = 0.25-70.5 μM) against T. b. rhodesiense. In this study the synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of 80 compounds based around a core tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold are reported. A detailed structure activity relationship was revealed, and five derivatives (two of which have been previously reported) with inhibition of T. b. rhodesiense growth in the sub-micromolar range were identified. Four of these (3c, 12b, 17b and 26a) were also found to have good selectivity over mammalian cells (SI > 50). Calculated logD values and preliminary ADME studies predict that these compounds are likely to have good absorption and metabolic stability, with the ability to passively permeate the blood brain barrier. This makes them excellent leads for a blood-brain barrier permeable antitrypanosomal scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica R Cullen
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ashlee Gallagher
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
| | - Caitlin L Duncan
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group - National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Roonglawan Rattanajak
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group - National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Jason Chaplin
- Epichem Pty Ltd. Suite 5, 3 Brodie-Hall Drive Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Curtin Medical School - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group - National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alan Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Mauro Mocerino
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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18
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Ramu D, Singh S. Potential molecular targets of Leishmania pathways in developing novel antileishmanials. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:41-57. [PMID: 34877877 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The illness known as leishmaniasis has not become a household name like malaria, although it stands as the second-largest parasitic disease, surpassed only by malaria. As no licensed vaccine is available, treatment for leishmaniasis mostly relies on chemotherapy. Inefficiency and drug resistance are the major impediments in current therapeutics. In this scenario, identification of novel molecular drug candidates is indispensable to develop robust antileishmanials. The exploration of structure-based drugs to target enzymes/molecules of Leishmania which differ structurally/functionally from their equivalents in mammalian hosts not only helps in developing a new class of antileishmanials, but also paves the way to understand Leishmania biology. This review provides a comprehensive overview on possible drug candidates relating to various Leishmania molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandugudumula Ramu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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19
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George DE, Tepe JJ. Advances in Proteasome Enhancement by Small Molecules. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1789. [PMID: 34944433 PMCID: PMC8699248 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome system is a large and complex molecular machinery responsible for the degradation of misfolded, damaged, and redundant cellular proteins. When proteasome function is impaired, unwanted proteins accumulate, which can lead to several diseases including age-related and neurodegenerative diseases. Enhancing proteasome-mediated substrate degradation with small molecules may therefore be a valuable strategy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. In this review, we discuss the structure of proteasome and how proteasome's proteolytic activity is associated with aging and various neurodegenerative diseases. We also summarize various classes of compounds that are capable of enhancing, directly or indirectly, proteasome-mediated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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20
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Druggable hot spots in trypanothione reductase: novel insights and opportunities for drug discovery revealed by DRUGpy. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:871-882. [PMID: 34181199 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of target druggability guided by search and characterization of hot spots is a pivotal step in early stages of drug-discovery. The raw output of FTMap provides the data to perform this task, but it relies on manual intervention to properly combine different sets of consensus sites, therefore allowing identification of hot spots and evaluation of strength, shape and distance among them. Thus, the user's previous experience on the target and the software has a direct impact on how data generated by FTMap server can be explored. DRUGpy plugin was developed to overcome this limitation. By automatically assembling and scoring all possible combinations of consensus sites, DRUGpy plugin provides FTMap users a straight-forward method to identify and characterize hot spots in protein targets. DRUGpy is available in all operating systems that support PyMOL software. DRUGpy promptly identifies and characterizes pockets that are predicted by FTMap to bind druglike molecules with high-affinity (druggable sites) or low-affinity (borderline sites) and reveals how protein conformational flexibility impacts on the target's druggability. The use of DRUGpy on the analysis of trypanothione reductases (TR), a validated drug target against trypanosomatids, showcases the usefulness of the plugin, and led to the identification of a druggable pocket in the conserved dimer interface present in this class of proteins, opening new perspectives to the design of selective inhibitors.
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21
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Identification of 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic Acid as New Target Inhibitors against Trypanothione Reductase from Leishmania Infantum Using Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113335. [PMID: 34206087 PMCID: PMC8199445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic and Terpenoids are potent natural antiparasitic compounds. This study aimed to identify new drug against Leishmania parasites, leishmaniasis’s causal agent. A new in silico analysis was accomplished using molecular docking, with the Autodock vina program, to find the binding affinity of two important phytochemical compounds, Masticadienonic acid and the 3-Methoxycarpachromene, towards the trypanothione reductase as target drugs, responsible for the defense mechanism against oxidative stress and virulence of these parasites. There were exciting and new positive results: the molecular docking results show as elective binding profile for ligands inside the active site of this crucial enzyme. The ADMET study suggests that the 3-Methoxycarpachromene has the highest probability of human intestinal absorption. Through this work, 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic acid are shown to be potentially significant in drug discovery, especially in treating leishmaniasis. Hence, drug development should be completed with promising results.
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22
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Revuelto A, de Lucio H, García-Soriano JC, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Gago F, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Camarasa MJ, Velázquez S. Efficient Dimerization Disruption of Leishmania infantum Trypanothione Reductase by Triazole-phenyl-thiazoles. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6137-6160. [PMID: 33945281 PMCID: PMC8480782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of Leishmania infantum trypanothione disulfide reductase (LiTryR) by disruption of its homodimeric interface has proved to be an alternative and unexploited strategy in the search for novel antileishmanial agents. Proof of concept was first obtained by peptides and peptidomimetics. Building on previously reported dimerization disruptors containing an imidazole-phenyl-thiazole scaffold, we now report a new 1,2,3-triazole-based chemotype that yields noncompetitive, slow-binding inhibitors of LiTryR. Several compounds bearing (poly)aromatic substituents dramatically improve the ability to disrupt LiTryR dimerization relative to reference imidazoles. Molecular modeling studies identified an almost unexplored hydrophobic region at the interfacial domain as the putative binding site for these compounds. A subsequent structure-based design led to a symmetrical triazole analogue that displayed even more potent inhibitory activity over LiTryR and enhanced leishmanicidal activity. Remarkably, several of these novel triazole-bearing compounds were able to kill both extracellular and intracellular parasites in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Revuelto
- Instituto
de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor de Lucio
- Departamento
de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad
de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Área
de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas,
Unidad Asociada al IQM-CSIC, Universidad
de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Área
de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas,
Unidad Asociada al IQM-CSIC, Universidad
de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad
de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto
de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Velázquez
- Instituto
de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Abdelfattah MAO, Ibrahim MA, Abdullahi HL, Aminu R, Saad SB, Krstin S, Wink M, Sobeh M. Eugenia uniflora and Syzygium samarangense extracts exhibit anti-trypanosomal activity: Evidence from in-silico molecular modelling, in vitro, and in vivo studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111508. [PMID: 33756157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the main cause of the sleeping sickness threatening millions of populations in many African countries. The parasitic infection is currently managed by some synthetic medications, most of them suffer limited activity spectrum and/or serious adverse effects. Some studies have pointed out the promising therapeutic potential of the plant extracts rich in polyphenols to curb down parasitic infections caused by T. brucei and other trypanosomes. In this work, the main components dominating Eugenia uniflora and Syzygium samarangense plant extracts were virtually screened, through docking, as inhibitors of seven T. brucei enzymes validated as potential drug targets. The in vitro and in vivo anti-T. brucei activities of the extracts in two treatment doses were evaluated. Moreover, the extract effects on the packed cell volume level, liver, and kidney functions were assessed. Five compounds showed strong docking and minimal binding energy to five target enzymes simultaneously and three other compounds were able to bind strongly to at least four of the target enzymes. These compounds represent lead hits to develop novel trypanocidal agents of natural origin. Both extracts showed moderate in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity. Infected animal groups treated over 5 days with the studied extracts showed an appreciable in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity and ameliorated in a dose dependent manner the anaemia, liver, and kidney damages induced by the infection. In conclusion, Eugenia uniflora and Syzygium samarangense could serve as appealing sources to treat trypanosomes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raphael Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Saad Bello Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sonja Krstin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBiosciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco.
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24
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Su G, Thomson CJ, Yamazaki K, Rozsar D, Christensen KE, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. A bifunctional iminophosphorane squaramide catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of hydroquinazolines via intramolecular aza-Michael reaction to α,β-unsaturated esters. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6064-6072. [PMID: 33996002 PMCID: PMC8098679 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00856k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of enantioenriched hydroquinazoline cores via a novel bifunctional iminophosphorane squaramide catalyzed intramolecular aza-Michael reaction of urea-linked α,β-unsaturated esters is described. The methodology exhibits a high degree of functional group tolerance around the forming hydroquinazoline aryl core and wide structural variance on the nucleophilic N atom of the urea moiety. Excellent yields (up to 99%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 97 : 3 er) using both aromatic and less acidic aliphatic ureas were realized. The potential industrial applicability of the transformation was demonstrated in a 20 mmol scale-up experiment using an adjusted catalyst loading of 2 mol%. The origin of enantioselectivity and reactivity enhancement provided by the squaramide motif has been uncovered computationally using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, combined with the activation strain model (ASM) and energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The activation of both aromatic and aliphatic ureas as N-centered nucleophiles in intramolecular Michael addition reactions to α,β-unsaturated esters was achieved under bifunctional iminophosphorane squaramide superbase catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Su
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Connor J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK .,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Rozsar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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25
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Kazemi E, Darehkordi A, Abbasi A. Friedel-Crafts synthesis of bis(trifluoromethylated)-4-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinazolines, bis(trifluoromethylated)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-ols and trifluoromethyl arylketoimines using N-aryltrifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides and benzene derivatives. Mol Divers 2021; 26:815-825. [PMID: 33534024 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward approach to access biologically important N-heterocycles, namely bis(trifluoromethylated)-4-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinazolines, bis(trifluoromethylated)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-ols and trifluoromethyl arylketoimines, as a group of important frameworks or initial substance from N-aryltrifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides with benzene derivatives via Friedel-Crafts reaction has been described. This novel strategy provides synthesis of trifluoromethylated dihydroquinazolines and trifluoromethyl arylketoimines in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanja, Rafsanjan, 77176, Iran
| | - Ali Darehkordi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanja, Rafsanjan, 77176, Iran.
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Piñeyro MD, Arias D, Parodi-Talice A, Guerrero S, Robello C. Trypanothione Metabolism as Drug Target for Trypanosomatids. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1834-1846. [PMID: 33308115 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas Disease, African sleeping sickness, and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, which have a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality in poor countries. The available drugs used as treatment have high toxicity, limited access, and can cause parasite drug resistance. Long-term treatments, added to their high toxicity, result in patients that give up therapy. Trypanosomatids presents a unique trypanothione based redox system, which is responsible for maintaining the redox balance. Therefore, inhibition of these essential and exclusive parasite's metabolic pathways, absent from the mammalian host, could lead to the development of more efficient and safe drugs. The system contains different redox cascades, where trypanothione and tryparedoxins play together a central role in transferring reduced power to different enzymes, such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, non-selenium glutathione peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidases, glutaredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, through NADPH as a source of electrons. There is sufficient evidence that this complex system is essential for parasite survival and infection. In this review, we explore what is known in terms of essentiality, kinetic and structural data, and the development of inhibitors of enzymes from this trypanothione-based redox system. The recent advances and limitations in the development of lead inhibitory compounds targeting these enzymes have been discussed. The combination of molecular biology, bioinformatics, genomics, and structural biology is fundamental since the knowledge of unique features of the trypanothione-dependent system will provide tools for rational drug design in order to develop better treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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27
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Wu JY, Liao WJ, Lin XY, Liang CF. A facile access to N-sulfonylthioimidates and their use for the transformation to 3,4-dihydroquinazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8881-8885. [PMID: 33107883 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Sulfonylthioimidates can be efficiently synthesized through one-pot three-component coupling of terminal alkynes, sulfonyl azides, and thiols by using a copper(i) catalyst in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The proposed reaction is characterized by mild reaction conditions and tolerance of diverse functional groups. Additionally, the crucial pharmacophore of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines was synthesized using a one-pot synthetic strategy from N-sulfonylthioimidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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28
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Meng X, Yang M, Peng J, Zhao Y. Silver‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction of Amines, 2‐Isocyanobenzaldehydes, and 2,2,2‐Trifluorodiazoethane and Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Indolo[1,2‐
c
]quinazolines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang‐He Meng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Ju‐Yin Peng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
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29
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Campbell MV, Iretskii AV, Mosey RA. One-Pot Tandem Assembly of Amides, Amines, and Ketones: Synthesis of C4-Quaternary 3,4- and 1,4-Dihydroquinazolines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11211-11225. [PMID: 32786625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent tandem assembly procedure for the synthesis of diverse C4-quaternary 3,4-dihydroquinazolines from amides, amines, and ketones has been developed. The one-pot reaction involves successive triflic anhydride mediated amide dehydration, ketimine addition, and Pictet-Spengler-like cyclization processes and affords products in up to 92% yield. Conversion of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines to the corresponding 1,4-dihydroquinazolines via a two-step N1 dealkylation and regioselective N3 functionalization protocol, including computational rationale for the observed regioselectivity, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly V Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Alexei V Iretskii
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - R Adam Mosey
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
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30
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Canever MF, Miletti LC. Screening and Identification of Pathogen Box® Compounds with anti-Trypanosoma evansi Activity. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105421. [PMID: 32112721 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of new drugs targeting neglected animal diseases is imperative. In Asia and South America, Trypanosoma evansi is a pathogen that affects horses and other species, causing economic losses associated with reduced animal productivity and death. In order to accelerate the identification of drugs with activity against neglected diseases, Medicines for Malaria Venture has developed Pathogen Box®, a library of 400 different molecules. The present work aimed to identify compounds present in the Pathogen Box® library, measuring in vitro activity against T. evansi. Among the 400 compounds, 5 showed anti-T.evansi activity: pentamidine, MMV688410, MMV687273, MMV022478 and auranofin. Suramin, a trypanocidal activity molecule present on the Pathogen Box® reference compound list, demonstrated no anti-T. evansi activity in the in vitro assays. MMV688410 is the most promising candidate because it induces death and reduces the number of parasites in cell culture, and mainly because its mechanism of action is probably associated with inhibition of trypanosomal reductase enzyme, an exclusive target of trypanosomatides. Further in vitro and in vivo assays are needed to determine the efficacy of the compounds identified in this work, especially by associating tissue distribution and the ability of drugs to cross the blood brain barrier, as T. evansi is able to invade the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Feltrin Canever
- Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Lages, SC 88520-000 Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Lages, SC 88520-000 Brazil.
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31
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Turcano L, Battista T, De Haro ET, Missineo A, Alli C, Paonessa G, Colotti G, Harper S, Fiorillo A, Ilari A, Bresciani A. Spiro-containing derivatives show antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei through inhibition of the trypanothione reductase enzyme. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008339. [PMID: 32437349 PMCID: PMC7269337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of trypanothione, an antioxidant dithiol that protects Trypanosomatid parasites from oxidative stress induced by mammalian host defense systems. TR is considered an attractive target for the development of novel anti-parasitic agents as it is essential for parasite survival but has no close homologue in humans. We report here the identification of spiro-containing derivatives as inhibitors of TR from Trypanosoma brucei (TbTR), the parasite responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis. The hit series, identified by high throughput screening, was shown to bind TbTR reversibly and to compete with the trypanothione (TS2) substrate. The prototype compound 1 from this series was also found to impede the growth of Trypanosoma brucei parasites in vitro. The X-ray crystal structure of TbTR in complex with compound 1 solved at 1.98 Å allowed the identification of the hydrophobic pocket where the inhibitor binds, placed close to the catalytic histidine (His 461’) and lined by Trp21, Val53, Ile106, Tyr110 and Met113. This new inhibitor is specific for TbTR and no activity was detected against the structurally similar human glutathione reductase (hGR). The central spiro scaffold is known to be suitable for brain active compounds in humans thus representing an attractive starting point for the future treatment of the central nervous system stage of T. brucei infections. Trypanosoma brucei is a parasite responsible for neglected pathologies such as human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness. This disease is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, with 70 million people at risk of infection. Current treatments for this type of disease are limited by their toxicity, administration in endemic countries and treatment resistance. Therapies against infectious diseases typically rely on targeting one or more components of the parasite that are not present in humans to ensure the best possible therapeutic window. In this case we aimed at targeting the Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase (TR), one enzyme that synthesize the reduced trypanothione a key molecule for preserving the parasite redox balance. This enzyme does not exist in humans that have glutathione instead of trypanothione. Past attempts to identify novel inhibitors of this target has failed to generate drug-like molecules. To overcome this limitation we employed a recent, higher quality, TR activity assay to test a collection of compounds previously reported to be active against these parasites. This approach led to the identification and validation of a new chemotype with a unique mode of inhibition of TR. This chemical series is a drug-like starting point, in fact its core (spiro) is present in drugs approved for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Turcano
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Missineo
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Cristina Alli
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Giacomo Paonessa
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AI); (AB)
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
- * E-mail: (AI); (AB)
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32
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Ali S, Alamzeb M, Rashid MU, Setzer WN. Effect of Temperature on 1H NMR Spectra, Antitrypanosomal Activity, Conformational Analysis, and Molecular Docking of Curine Derivatives from Berberis brevissima. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1383-1393. [PMID: 32364734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ethanolic root extract of Berberis brevissima afforded a new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, 13-nitrochondrofoline (2), and two known bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, chondrofoline (1) and curine (4). The acetylation of chondrofoline (1) gave O-acetylchondrofoline (3). The dimeric structures of 1 and 2 were studied through variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy at 25, 40, 60, and 80 °C and conformational analysis, using density functional theory employing the M06-2X functional and the 6-31G* basis set. The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 against Trypanosoma brucei showed significant potential with MIC values of 2.6, 2.2, 2.3, and 3.8 μM, respectively. Molecular docking evaluation of alkaloids 1, 2, 3, and 4 against known T. brucei protein targets revealed T. brucei phosphodiesterase B1 to be the preferred target. The docking energies of the alkaloids with Tb6PGL (PDB 3EB9) ranged from -88.8 to -106.0 kJ/mol and was comparable to the cocrystallized ligand, citrate (Edock = -78.3 kJ/mol). It seems reasonable that the curine alkaloids may compete with the natural substrates for these protein targets and serve as leads in designing and developing more potent and selective drugs against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli 11100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Alamzeb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli 11100, Pakistan
| | - Mamoon Ur Rashid
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 729000, Vietnam
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
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33
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Shaykoon MS, Marzouk AA, Soltan OM, Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Gouda AM, Youssif BGM, Abdel-Aziz M. Design, synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of heteroaryl-based 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103933. [PMID: 32446119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-thioacetamide 3a-b and 4a-b and 5-pyrazin-2-yl-3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiones 9a-h were designed and synthesized. The compounds prepared have been identified using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 9a, 9b, 9d-e and 9f have been evaluated with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as a control drug for their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Results showed that 3b was the most active compound in general and also more potent than control DFMO. 3b was 8 folds more potent than the reference with IC50 of 0.79 μM and IC90 of 1.35 μM, respectively compared to DFMO (IC50 = 6.10 μM and IC90 of 8.66 μM). The tested compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity with selectivity indices ranging from 12 (9d) to 102 (3b) against L6 cells. Docking study was performed into ten of T. brucei enzymes which have been identified as potential/valid targets for most of the antitrypanosomal agents. The results of the docking study revealed high binding scores toward many of the selected enzymes. A good correlation was observed only between log (IC50) of antitrypanosomal activity of the new compounds and their calculated Ki values against TryR enzyme (R2 = 0.726). Compound 3b, the most active as antitrypanosomal agents exhibited similar binding orientation and interaction to those of WP6 against TryR enzyme. However, in a next round of work, a complementary studies will be carried out to clarify the mechanism of action of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser Sh Shaykoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Osama M Soltan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Bahaa G M Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
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Battista T, Colotti G, Ilari A, Fiorillo A. Targeting Trypanothione Reductase, a Key Enzyme in the Redox Trypanosomatid Metabolism, to Develop New Drugs against Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiases. Molecules 2020; 25:E1924. [PMID: 32326257 PMCID: PMC7221613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoans Leishmania and Trypanosoma, belonging to the same Trypanosomatidae family, are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis. Overall, these infections affect millions of people worldwide, posing a serious health issue as well as socio-economical concern. Current treatments are inadequate, mainly due to poor efficacy, toxicity, and emerging resistance; therefore, there is an urgent need for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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35
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Magyar CL, Wall TJ, Davies SB, Campbell MV, Barna HA, Smith SR, Savich CJ, Mosey RA. Triflic anhydride mediated synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines: a three-component one-pot tandem procedure. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:7995-8000. [PMID: 31408069 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01596e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot three-component tandem reaction involving a key Pictet-Spengler-like annulation step has been developed, providing an efficient method for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines in moderate to good yields from amides, aldehydes, and amines. The multicomponent triflic anhydride mediated reaction tolerates the installation of numerous functional groups, affording extensive diversity about the heterocyclic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Magyar
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, USA.
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36
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A review on the druggability of a thiol-based enzymatic antioxidant thioredoxin reductase for treating filariasis and other parasitic infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:125-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Lenz M, Krauth-Siegel RL, Schmidt TJ. Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones of the 4,15- iso-Atriplicolide Type are Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203737. [PMID: 31623252 PMCID: PMC6832266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of our investigations on the antitrypanosomal potential of sesquiterpene lactones (STL), we have recently reported on the exceptionally strong activity of 4,15-iso-Atriplicolide tiglate, which demonstrated an IC50 value of 15 nM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the etiologic agent responsible for East African human trypanosomiasis (HAT). Since STLs are known to often interact with their biological targets (e.g., in anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity) by means of the covalent modification of biological nucleophiles—most prominently free cysteine thiol groups in proteins—it was a straightforward assumption that such compounds might interfere with the trypanothione-associated detoxification system of trypanosomes. This system heavily relies on thiol groups in the form of the dithiol trypanothione (T(SH)2) and in the active centers of enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism and homeostasis. Indeed, we found in the present study that 4,15-iso-atriplicolide tiglate, as well as its structural homologues, the corresponding methacrylate and isobutyrate, are inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (TR), the enzyme serving the parasites to keep T(SH)2 in the dithiol state. The TR inhibitory activity was demonstrated to be time-dependent and irreversible. Quite interestingly, of the several further STLs with different core structures that were also tested, none inhibited TR at a significant level. Thus, the TR inhibitory effect by the 4,15-iso-atriplicolide esters appears to be specific for this particular type of furanoheliangolide-type STL. Some structure–activity relationships can already be deduced on the basis of the data reported here, which may serve as the starting point for searching further, possibly more potent, TR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairin Lenz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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Matadamas-Martínez F, Hernández-Campos A, Téllez-Valencia A, Vázquez-Raygoza A, Comparán-Alarcón S, Yépez-Mulia L, Castillo R. Leishmania mexicana Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors: Computational and Biological Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24183216. [PMID: 31487860 PMCID: PMC6767256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmanicidal drugs have many side effects, and drug resistance to all of them has been documented. Therefore, the development of new drugs and the identification of novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Leishmania mexicana trypanothione reductase (LmTR), a NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase important to thiol metabolism, is essential for parasite viability. Its absence in the mammalian host makes this enzyme an attractive target for the development of new anti-Leishmania drugs. Herein, a tridimensional model of LmTR was constructed and the molecular docking of 20 molecules from a ZINC database was performed. Five compounds (ZINC04684558, ZINC09642432, ZINC12151998, ZINC14970552, and ZINC11841871) were selected (docking scores -10.27 kcal/mol to -5.29 kcal/mol and structurally different) and evaluated against recombinant LmTR (rLmTR) and L. mexicana promastigote. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation of LmTR-selected compound complexes was achieved. The five selected compounds inhibited rLmTR activity in the range of 32.9% to 40.1%. The binding of selected compounds to LmTR involving different hydrogen bonds with distinct residues of the molecule monomers A and B is described. Compound ZINC12151998 (docking score -10.27 kcal/mol) inhibited 32.9% the enzyme activity (100 µM) and showed the highest leishmanicidal activity (IC50 = 58 µM) of all the selected compounds. It was more active than glucantime, and although its half-maximal cytotoxicity concentration (CC50 = 53 µM) was higher than that of the other four compounds, it was less cytotoxic than amphotericin B. Therefore, compound ZINC12151998 provides a promising starting point for a hit-to-lead process in our search for new anti-Leishmania drugs that are more potent and less cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Téllez-Valencia
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vázquez-Raygoza
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico
| | - Sandra Comparán-Alarcón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Karaali N. A convenient method for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines from iminoester hydrochlorides via microwave irradiation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819857513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a simple and practical strategy for the synthesis of 2-substituted-3,4-dihydroquinazolines in which the ring closure reaction of 2-aminobenzylamine with corresponding iminoester hydrochlorides via microwave irradiation allows the formation of the target compounds. Also, the 3,4-quinazoline derivatives were synthesized by conventional heating procedures for comparison in terms of reaction time and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Karaali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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40
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Ren J, Pi C, Wu Y, Cui X. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative [4 + 2]-Cyclization Reaction of Glycine Esters with Anthranils: Access to 3,4-Dihydroquinazolines. Org Lett 2019; 21:4067-4071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chao Pi
- Department of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
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41
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Colotti G, Saccoliti F, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Prakash J, Yadav S, Dubey VK, Vistoli G, Battista T, Mocci S, Fiorillo A, Bibi A, Madia VN, Messore A, Costi R, Di Santo R, Ilari A. Structure-guided approach to identify a novel class of anti-leishmaniasis diaryl sulfide compounds targeting the trypanothione metabolism. Amino Acids 2019; 52:247-259. [PMID: 31037461 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania protozoans are the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease consisting of three major clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. VL is caused by Leishmania donovani in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent and by Leishmania infantum in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America, and causes an estimated 60,000 deaths per year. Trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered to be one of the best targets to find new drugs against leishmaniasis. This enzyme is fundamental for parasite survival in the human host since it reduces trypanothione, a molecule used by the tryparedoxin/tryparedoxin peroxidase system of Leishmania to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide produced by host macrophages during infection. Recently, we solved the X-ray structure of TR in complex with the diaryl sulfide compound RDS 777 (6-(sec-butoxy)-2-((3-chlorophenyl)thio)pyrimidin-4-amine), which impairs the parasite defense against the reactive oxygen species by inhibiting TR with high efficiency. The compound binds to the catalytic site and engages in hydrogen bonds the residues more involved in the catalysis, namely Glu466', Cys57 and Cys52, thereby inhibiting the trypanothione binding. On the basis of the RDS 777-TR complex, we synthesized structurally related diaryl sulfide analogs as TR inhibitors able to compete for trypanothione binding to the enzyme and to kill the promastigote in the micromolar range. One of the most active among these compounds (RDS 562) was able to reduce the trypanothione concentration in cell of about 33% via TR inhibition. RDS 562 inhibits selectively Leishmania TR, while it does not inhibit the human homolog glutathione reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IBPM-CNR, c/o Dip. Scienze Biochimiche Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Jay Prakash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 981039, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dip. di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mocci
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Aasia Bibi
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IBPM-CNR, c/o Dip. Scienze Biochimiche Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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42
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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43
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Osorio-Méndez JF, Cevallos AM. Discovery and Genetic Validation of Chemotherapeutic Targets for Chagas' Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:439. [PMID: 30666299 PMCID: PMC6330712 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new treatments for Chagas' disease. To identify drug targets, it is important to understand the basic biology of Trypanosoma cruzi, in particular with respect to the biological pathways or proteins that are essential for its survival within the host. This review provides a streamlined approach for identifying drug targets using freely available chemogenetic databases and outlines the relevant characteristics of an ideal chemotherapeutic target. Among those are their essentiality, druggability, availability of structural information, and selectivity. At the moment only 16 genes have been found as essential by gene disruption in T. cruzi. At the TDR Targets database, a chemogenomics resource for neglected diseases, information about published structures for these genes was only found for three of these genes, and annotation of validated inhibitors was found in two. These inhibitors have activity against the parasitic stages present in the host. We then analyzed three of the pathways that are considered promising in the search for new targets: (1) Ergosterol biosynthesis, (2) Resistance to oxidative stress, (3) Synthesis of surface glycoconjugates. We have annotated all the genes that participate in them, identified those that are considered as druggable, and incorporated evidence from either Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp. that supports the hypothesis that these pathways are essential for T. cruzi survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Felipe Osorio-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular, Programa de Medicina, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt, Armenia, Colombia.,Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Ana María Cevallos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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44
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Veale CGL, Hoppe HC. Screening of the Pathogen Box reveals new starting points for anti-trypanosomal drug discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2037-2044. [PMID: 30647879 PMCID: PMC6301270 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to uncover new starting points for anti-trypansomal drug discovery through the screening of the Pathogen Box against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Our study identified compounds 35, 39, 46, 53 and 56 whose activity and selectivity highlighted them as promising candidates with potential for further study and optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa . ; Tel: +27 33 260 6365
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa . ; Tel: +27 46 603 8262
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45
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Identification and binding mode of a novel Leishmania Trypanothione reductase inhibitor from high throughput screening. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006969. [PMID: 30475811 PMCID: PMC6283646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered to be one of the best targets to find new drugs against Leishmaniasis. This enzyme is fundamental for parasite survival in the host since it reduces trypanothione, a molecule used by the tryparedoxin/tryparedoxin peroxidase system of Leishmania to neutralize hydrogen peroxide produced by host macrophages during infection. In order to identify new lead compounds against Leishmania we developed and validated a new luminescence-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay that allowed us to screen a library of 120,000 compounds. We identified a novel chemical class of TR inhibitors, able to kill parasites with an IC50 in the low micromolar range. The X-ray crystal structure of TR in complex with a compound from this class (compound 3) allowed the identification of its binding site in a pocket at the entrance of the NADPH binding site. Since the binding site of compound 3 identified by the X-ray structure is unique, and is not present in human homologs such as glutathione reductase (hGR), it represents a new target for drug discovery efforts. Human leishmaniasis is one of the most diffused neglected vector-borne diseases and causes 60,000 deaths annually, a rate surpassed only by malaria among parasitic diseases. Anti-Leishmania treatments are unsatisfactory in terms of their safety and efficacy and there is an urgent need to find treatments. Compounds targeting proteins that are essential for parasite survival but that are not present in the human host are of especial interest with a view to developing selective and non-toxic drugs. Leishmania uses trypanothione as its main detoxifying molecule, allowing the parasite to neutralize the reactive oxygen species produced by macrophages during the infection. Trypanothione is activated by Trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that is absent in man but that is essential for parasite survival, and is therefore considered an attractive target. The new luminescence-based high-throughput screening assay that we have developed and validated allowed us to identify new TR inhibitors by screening a collection of 120,000 compounds. Hit follow-up led to a prototype molecule, compound 3, that we have shown is able to bind in a cavity at the entrance of the NADPH binding site, thereby inhibiting TR. Compound 3 is not able to inhibit the human homolog glutathione reductase (hGR) since the residues lining its NADPH binding cavity are not conserved with respect to TR. Based on their mechanism of action, compounds from the class represented by compound 3 are useful leads for the design new drugs against leishmaniasis.
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46
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Gruber N, Díaz JE, Orelli LR. Synthesis of dihydroquinazolines from 2-aminobenzylamine: N 3 -aryl derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2510-2519. [PMID: 30344774 PMCID: PMC6178284 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential N-functionalization of 2-aminobenzylamine (2-ABA) followed by cyclodehydration allowed for a straightforward and efficient synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines with N-aryl substituents bearing electron-withdrawing groups. The sequence involves an initial SNAr displacement, N-acylation and MW-assisted ring closure. Remarkably, the uncatalyzed N-arylation of 2-ABA led to the monosubstitution product using equimolar amounts of both reagents. The individual steps were optimized achieving good to excellent overall yields of the desired heterocycles, avoiding additional protection and deprotection steps. A mechanistic interpretation for the cyclodehydration reaction promoted by trimethylsilyl polyphosphate (PPSE) is also proposed on the basis of literature data and our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gruber
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena E Díaz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana R Orelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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47
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Chen Q, Mao Z, Gao K, Guo F, Sheng L, Chen Z. Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydroquinazolines via Rearrangement of Indazolium Salts. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8750-8758. [PMID: 30011991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of 1,2-dihydroquinazolines via rearrangement of indazolium salts was described. A mechanistic study using isotope labeling experiment revealed that the rearrangement passes through cleavage of N-N bond/ring opening after basic deprotonation of 2-benzyl in indazolium salts to yield intermediate E, which proceeds in an intramolecular N-nucleophilic addition to form the observed product. Computational analyses imply that the pathway of the rearrangement is determined by the energy barriers of the ring-closing process and the stability of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering , Southwest Forestry University , Kunming 650224 , China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Zhuqing Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Kunqi Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Fang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Li Sheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
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48
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Ilari A, Genovese I, Fiorillo F, Battista T, De Ionna I, Fiorillo A, Colotti G. Toward a Drug Against All Kinetoplastids: From LeishBox to Specific and Potent Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3069-3078. [PMID: 29897765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness affect millions of people worldwide and lead to the death of about 50 000 humans per year. These diseases are caused by the kinetoplastids Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. These parasites share many general features, including gene conservation, high amino acid identity among proteins, the presence of subcellular structures as glycosomes and the kinetoplastid, and genome architecture, that may make drug development family specific, rather than species-specific, i.e., on the basis of the inhibition of a common, conserved parasite target. However, no optimal molecular targets or broad-spectrum drugs have been identified to date to cure these diseases. Here, the LeishBox from GlaxoSmithKline high-throughput screening, a 192-molecule set of best antileishmanial compounds, based on 1.8 million compounds, was used to identify specific inhibitors of a validated Leishmania target, trypanothione reductase (TR), while analyzing in parallel the homologous human enzyme glutathione reductase (GR). We identified three specific highly potent TR inhibitors and performed docking on the TR solved structure, thereby elucidating the putative molecular basis of TR inhibition. Since TRs from kinetoplastids are well conserved, and these compounds inhibit the growth of Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, the identification of a common validated target may lead to the development of potent antikinetoplastid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM CNR), Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Ilaria Genovese
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Fabiana Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Ilenia De Ionna
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM CNR), Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
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49
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Tiwari N, Tanwar N, Munde M. Molecular insights into trypanothione reductase-inhibitor interaction: A structure-based review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1700373. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tiwari
- School of Physical Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Neetu Tanwar
- School of Physical Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Manoj Munde
- School of Physical Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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50
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Feng T, Tian M, Zhang X, Fan X. Tunable Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclohexa-1,3-dienes and 2-Aminobenzophenones/Benzoate from the Cascade Reactions of Allenic Ketones/Allenoate with Amines and Enones. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5313-5322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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