1
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Heidary M, Shariati S, Nourigheimasi S, Khorami M, Moradi M, Motahar M, Bahrami P, Akrami S, Kaviar VH. Mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fostemsavir. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:250. [PMID: 38395761 PMCID: PMC10885622 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed many antiretroviral medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), however, treatment options for people with multi-drug resistant HIV remain limited. Medication resistance, undesirable effects, prior tolerance, and previous interlacement incapacity to deliver new drug classes all lead to the requirement for new medication classes and drug combination therapy. Fostemsavir (FTR) is a new CD-4 attachment inhibitor medicine that was recently authorized by the United States FDA to treat HIV-1. In individuals with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1, FTR is well tolerated and virologically active. According to recent investigations, drug combination therapy can positively affect MDR-HIV. The mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of FTR has been highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mona Khorami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parisa Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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2
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Abimbola Salubi C, Abbo HS, Jahed N, Titinchi S. Medicinal chemistry perspectives on the development of piperazine-containing HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117605. [PMID: 38246116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most perilous diseases known to humankind. A 2023 estimate put the number of people living with HIV around 40 million worldwide, with the majority benefiting from various antiretroviral therapies. Consequently, the urgent need for the development of effective drugs to combat this virus cannot be overstated. In the realm of medicinal and organic chemistry, the synthesis and identification of novel compounds capable of inhibiting HIV enzymes at different stages of their life cycle are of paramount importance. Notably, the spotlight is on the progress made in enhancing the potency of HIV inhibitors through the use of piperazine-based compounds. Multiple studies have revealed that the incorporation of a piperazine moiety results in a noteworthy enhancement of anti-HIV activity. The piperazine ring assumes a pivotal role in shaping the pharmacophore responsible for inhibiting HIV-1 at critical stage, including attachment, reverse transcription, integration, and protease activity. This review also sheds light on the various opportunities that can be exploited to develop effective antiretroviral targets and eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The advancement of highly potent analogues in HIV inhibitor research has been greatly facilitated by contemporary medicinal strategies, including molecular/fragment hybridization, structure-based drug design, and bioisosterism. These techniques have opened up new avenues for the development of compounds with enhanced efficacy in combating the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Abimbola Salubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hanna S Abbo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nazeeen Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salam Titinchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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3
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Urvashi, Senthil Kumar JB, Das P, Tandon V. Development of Azaindole-Based Frameworks as Potential Antiviral Agents and Their Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6454-6495. [PMID: 35477274 PMCID: PMC9063994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The azaindole (AI) framework continues to play a significant role in the design of new antiviral agents. Modulating the position and isosteric replacement of the nitrogen atom of AI analogs notably influences the intrinsic physicochemical properties of lead compounds. The intra- and intermolecular interactions of AI derivatives with host receptors or viral proteins can also be fine tuned by carefully placing the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic core. This wide-ranging perspective article focuses on AIs that have considerable utility in drug discovery programs against RNA viruses. The inhibition of influenza A, human immunodeficiency, respiratory syncytial, neurotropic alpha, dengue, ebola, and hepatitis C viruses by AI analogs is extensively reviewed to assess their plausible future potential in antiviral drug discovery. The binding interaction of AIs with the target protein is examined to derive a structural basis for designing new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - J. B. Senthil Kumar
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
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4
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Muccini C, Canetti D, Castagna A, Spagnuolo V. Efficacy and Safety Profile of Fostemsavir for the Treatment of People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1): Current Evidence and Place in Therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:297-304. [PMID: 35115764 PMCID: PMC8800563 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s273660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Muccini
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Diana Canetti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnuolo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: Vincenzo Spagnuolo, Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Stamira d’Ancona 20, Milan, Italy, Tel +390226437907, Fax +390226437903, Email
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5
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Leblanc E, Ban F, Cavga AD, Lawn S, Huang CCF, Mohan S, Chang MEK, Flory MR, Ghaidi F, Lingadahalli S, Chen G, Yu IPL, Morin H, Lallous N, Gleave ME, Mohammed H, Young RN, Rennie PS, Lack NA, Cherkasov A. Development of 2-(5,6,7-Trifluoro-1 H-Indol-3-yl)-quinoline-5-carboxamide as a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Inhibitor of Human Androgen Receptor Targeting Its Binding Function-3 for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14968-14982. [PMID: 34661404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy almost invariably develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Targeting the androgen receptor (AR) Binding Function-3 (BF3) site offers a promising option to treat CRPC. However, BF3 inhibitors have been limited by poor potency or inadequate metabolic stability. Through extensive medicinal chemistry, molecular modeling, and biochemistry, we identified 2-(5,6,7-trifluoro-1H-Indol-3-yl)-quinoline-5-carboxamide (VPC-13789), a potent AR BF3 antagonist with markedly improved pharmacokinetic properties. We demonstrate that VPC-13789 suppresses AR-mediated transcription, chromatin binding, and recruitment of coregulatory proteins. This novel AR antagonist selectively reduces the growth of both androgen-dependent and enzalutamide-resistant PCa cell lines. Having demonstrated in vitro efficacy, we developed an orally bioavailable prodrug that reduced PSA production and tumor volume in animal models of CRPC with no observed toxicity. VPC-13789 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antiandrogen with a distinct mode of action that has a potential as novel CRPC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leblanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ayse Derya Cavga
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sam Lawn
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Chia-Chi Flora Huang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew E K Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Mark R Flory
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Fariba Ghaidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shreyas Lingadahalli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ivan Pak Lok Yu
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hélène Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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6
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Chen Q, Wu C, Zhu J, Li E, Xu Z. Therapeutic potential of indole derivatives as anti-HIV agents: A mini-review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:993-1008. [PMID: 34636313 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211012111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one of the leading causes of human deaths. The advent of different anti-HIV drugs over different disease progress has made AIDS/HIV from a deadly infection to chronic and manageable disease. However, the development of multidrug-resistant viruses, together with the severe side effects of anti-HIV agents, compromised their efficacy and limited the treatment options. Indoles, the most common frameworks in the bioactive molecules, represent attractive scaffolds for the design and development of novel drugs. Indole derivatives are potential inhibitors of HIV enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, and some indole-based agents like Delavirdine have already been applied in clinics or under clinical evaluations for the treatment of AIDS/HIV, revealing that indole moiety is a useful template for the development of anti-HIV agents. This review focuses on the recent advancement of indole derivatives including indole alkaloids, hybrids, and dimers with anti-HIV potential, covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. The chemical structures, structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Chongchong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta. Canada
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Enzhong Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000. China
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7
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Wang T, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA. Innovation in the discovery of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor temsavir and its phosphonooxymethyl prodrug fostemsavir. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1955-1980. [PMID: 34602806 PMCID: PMC8476988 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of fostemsavir (2), the tromethamine salt of the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of temsavir (1), encountered significant challenges at many points in the preclinical and clinical development program that, in many cases, stimulated the implementation of innovative solutions in order to enable further progression. In the preclinical program, a range of novel chemistry methodologies were developed during the course of the discovery effort that enabled a thorough examination and definition of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor (AI) pharmacophore. These discoveries helped to address the challenges associated with realizing a molecule with all of the properties necessary to successfully advance through development and this aspect of the program is the major focus of this retrospective. Although challenges and innovation are not unusual in drug discovery and development programs, the HIV-1 AI program is noteworthy not only because of the serial nature of the challenges encountered along the development path, but also because it resulted in a compound that remains the first and only example of a mechanistically novel class of HIV-1 inhibitor that is proving to be very beneficial for controlling virus levels in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Beijing Kawin Technology Share-Holdiing Co., 6 Rongjing East Street, BDA, Beijing, PR China
| | - John F Kadow
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405 USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000 USA
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8
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Lai YT. Small Molecule HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors: Discovery, Mode of Action and Structural Basis of Inhibition. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050843. [PMID: 34066522 PMCID: PMC8148533 DOI: 10.3390/v13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral entry into host cells is a critical step in the viral life cycle. HIV-1 entry is mediated by the sole surface envelope glycoprotein Env and is initiated by the interaction between Env and the host receptor CD4. This interaction, referred to as the attachment step, has long been considered an attractive target for inhibitor discovery and development. Fostemsavir, recently approved by the FDA, represents the first-in-class drug in the attachment inhibitor class. This review focuses on the discovery of temsavir (the active compound of fostemsavir) and analogs, mechanistic studies that elucidated the mode of action, and structural studies that revealed atomic details of the interaction between HIV-1 Env and attachment inhibitors. Challenges associated with emerging resistance mutations to the attachment inhibitors and the development of next-generation attachment inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Kung PP, Fan C, Gukasyan HJ, Huang B, Kephart S, Kraus M, Lee JH, Sutton SC, Yamazaki S, Zehnder L. Design and Characterization of a Pyridone-Containing EZH2 Inhibitor Phosphate Prodrug. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1725-1732. [PMID: 33529029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A pyridone-derived phosphate prodrug of an enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor was designed and synthesized to improve the inhibitor's aqueous solubility. This prodrug (compound 5) was profiled in pharmacokinetic experiments to assess its ability to deliver the corresponding parent compound (compound 2) to animals in vivo following oral administration. Results from these studies showed that the prodrug was efficiently converted to its parent compound in vivo. In separate experiments, the prodrug demonstrated impressive in vivo tumor growth inhibition in a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Karpas-422 cell line-derived xenograft model. The described prodrug strategy is expected to be generally applicable to poorly soluble pyridone-containing EZH2 inhibitors and provides a new option to enable such compounds to achieve sufficiently high exposures in vivo.
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10
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Benedict Victor SM, Iusupov IR, Belov DS, Markov PO, Kurkin AV, Altieri A, Debnath AK. Preclinical Optimization of gp120 Entry Antagonists as anti-HIV-1 Agents with Improved Cytotoxicity and ADME Properties through Rational Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1724-1749. [PMID: 32031803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a milestone in the optimization of NBD-11021, an HIV-1 gp120 antagonist, by developing a new and novel analogue, NBD-14189 (Ref1), which showed antiviral activity against HIV-1HXB2, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 89 nM. However, cytotoxicity remained high, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data showed relatively poor aqueous solubility. To optimize these properties, we replaced the phenyl ring in the compound with a pyridine ring and synthesized a set of 48 novel compounds. One of the new analogues, NBD-14270 (8), showed a marked improvement in cytotoxicity, with 3-fold and 58-fold improvements in selectivity index value compared with that of Ref1 and NBD-11021, respectively. Furthermore, the in vitro ADME data clearly showed improvements in aqueous solubility and other properties compared with those for Ref1. The data for 8 indicated that the pyridine scaffold is a good bioisostere for phenyl, allowing the further optimization of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Shahad Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Sofia M Benedict Victor
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Ildar R Iusupov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Pavel O Markov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
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11
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Vangala R, Sivan SK, Peddi SR, Manga V. Computational design, synthesis and evaluation of new sulphonamide derivatives targeting HIV-1 gp120. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 34:39-54. [PMID: 31792886 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the host cell receptor CD4 is the first step during the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) entry into the host cells that makes it a promising target for drug design. To elucidate the crucial three dimensional (3D) structural features of reported HIV-1 gp120 CD4 binding inhibitors, 3D pharmacophores were generated and receptor based approach was employed to quantify these structural features. A four-partial least square factor model with good statistics and predictive ability was generated for the dataset of 100 molecules. To further ascertain the structural requirement for gp120-CD4 binding inhibition, molecular interaction studies of inhibitors with gp120 was carried out by performing molecular docking using Glide 5.6. Based on these studies, structural requirements were drawn and new molecules were designed accordingly to yield new sulphonamides derivatives. A water based green synthetic approach was adopted to obtain these compounds which were evaluated for their HIV-1 gp120 CD4 binding inhibition. The newly synthesized compounds exhibited remarkable activity (10-fold increase) when compared with the standard BMS 806. Further the stability of newly synthesized derivatives with HIV-1 gp120 was also investigated through molecular dynamics simulation studies. This provides a proof of concept for molecular modeling based design of new inhibitors for inhibition of HIV-1 gp120 CD4 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Vangala
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Sree Kanth Sivan
- Department of Chemistry, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 001, India
| | - Saikiran Reddy Peddi
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Vijjulatha Manga
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.
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12
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Huang YM, Alharbi NS, Sun B, Shantharam CS, Rakesh KP, Qin HL. Synthetic routes and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of anti-HIV agents: A key review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111566. [PMID: 31401538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide increase of AIDS, an epidemic infection in constant development has an essential and still requires potent antiretroviral chemotherapeutic agents for reducing the integer of deaths caused by HIV. Thus, there is an urgent need for new anti-HIV drug candidates with increased strength, new targets, superior pharmacokinetic properties, and compact side effects. From this viewpoint, we first review present strategies of anti-HIV drug innovation and the synthesis of heterocyclic or natural compound as anti-HIV agents for facilitating the development of more influential and successful anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Njud S Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research Group, Deportment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - C S Shantharam
- Department of Chemistry, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Mysuru, 570016, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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13
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Wang T, Ueda Y, Zhang Z, Yin Z, Matiskella J, Pearce BC, Yang Z, Zheng M, Parker DD, Yamanaka GA, Gong YF, Ho HT, Colonno RJ, Langley DR, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Attachment Inhibitor Temsavir and Its Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug Fostemsavir. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6308-6327. [PMID: 29920093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of the 4-methoxy-6-azaindole series of HIV-1 attachment inhibitors (AIs) that originated with 1 to deliver temsavir (3, BMS-626529) is described. The most beneficial increases in potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties were attained by incorporating N-linked, sp2-hybridized heteroaryl rings at the 7-position of the heterocyclic nucleus. Compounds that adhered to a coplanarity model afforded targeted antiviral potency, leading to the identification of 3 with characteristics that provided for targeted exposure and PK properties in three preclinical species. However, the physical properties of 3 limited plasma exposure at higher doses, both in preclinical studies and in clinical trials as the result of dissolution- and/or solubility-limited absorption, a deficiency addressed by the preparation of the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug 4 (BMS-663068, fostemsavir). An extended-release formulation of 4 is currently in phase III clinical trials where it has shown promise as part of a drug combination therapy in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients.
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14
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Rautio J, Meanwell NA, Di L, Hageman MJ. The expanding role of prodrugs in contemporary drug design and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:559-587. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Van der Plas SE, Kelgtermans H, De Munck T, Martina SLX, Dropsit S, Quinton E, De Blieck A, Joannesse C, Tomaskovic L, Jans M, Christophe T, van der Aar E, Borgonovi M, Nelles L, Gees M, Stouten P, Van Der Schueren J, Mammoliti O, Conrath K, Andrews M. Discovery of N-(3-Carbamoyl-5,5,7,7-tetramethyl-5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (GLPG1837), a Novel Potentiator Which Can Open Class III Mutant Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Channels to a High Extent. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1425-1435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Kelgtermans
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Tom De Munck
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Evelyne Quinton
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ann De Blieck
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Tomaskovic
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Mia Jans
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Monica Borgonovi
- Galapagos SASU, 102
Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Luc Nelles
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Maarten Gees
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Pieter Stouten
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Oscar Mammoliti
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Katja Conrath
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Martin Andrews
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
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16
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Meanwell NA, Krystal MR, Nowicka-Sans B, Langley DR, Conlon DA, Eastgate MD, Grasela DM, Timmins P, Wang T, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Attachment: The Discovery and Development of Temsavir and its Prodrug Fostemsavir. J Med Chem 2017; 61:62-80. [PMID: 29271653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection currently requires lifelong therapy with drugs that are used in combination to control viremia. The indole-3-glyoxamide 6 was discovered as an inhibitor of HIV-1 infectivity using a phenotypic screen and derivatives of this compound were found to interfere with the HIV-1 entry process by stabilizing a conformation of the virus gp120 protein not recognized by the host cell CD4 receptor. An extensive optimization program led to the identification of temsavir (31), which exhibited an improved antiviral and pharmacokinetic profile compared to 6 and was explored in phase 3 clinical trials as the phosphonooxymethyl derivative fostemsavir (35), a prodrug designed to address dissolution- and solubility-limited absorption issues. In this drug annotation, we summarize the structure-activity and structure-liability studies leading to the discovery of 31 and the clinical studies conducted with 35 that entailed the development of an extended release formulation suitable for phase 3 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David A Conlon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dennis M Grasela
- Innovative Medicines Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Peter Timmins
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Reeds Lane, Moreton, Merseyside CH46 1QW, United Kingdom
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Hartz RA, Vrudhula VM, Ahuja VT, Grace JE, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Synthesis and evaluation of prodrugs of corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF 1) receptor antagonist BMS-665053 leading to improved oral bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1360-1363. [PMID: 28223020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphate and ester-based prodrugs of anilinopyrazinone 1 (BMS-665053) containing either a methylene or an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker was prepared and evaluated in rat pharmacokinetic studies with the goal of improving the oral bioavailability of the parent (1). The prodrugs, in general, had improved aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability compared to 1. Prodrug 12, which contains an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker, showed the greatest improvement in the oral bioavailability relative to the parent (1), with a seven-fold increase (from 5% to 36%) in rat pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hartz
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Vivekananda M Vrudhula
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Vijay T Ahuja
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - James E Grace
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas J Lodge
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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19
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Lu H, Rogowskyj J, Yu W, Venkatesh A, Khan N, Nakagawa S, Goossens N, Koh AP, Higashi T, Gunasekaran G, Schwarz ME, Hiotis SP, Xu X, Kinney W, Hoshida Y, Block T, Cuconati A, Du Y. Novel substituted aminothiazoles as potent and selective anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5819-5824. [PMID: 27793566 PMCID: PMC6317351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous identification of a disubstituted aminothiazole termed HBF-0079 with promising selective toxicity for HCC-derived cell lines versus non-HCC liver lines, a series of tri-substituted aminothiazole derivatives were prepared and evaluated. This work resulted in the discovery of isopropyl 4-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxylate, 14, which displayed EC50 value of 0.11μM and more than 450times of selectivity, and its methyl carbonate prodrug 24 with improved solubility in organic solvents. Furthermore, 14, was shown to reduce the proliferation of several liver cancer cells derived directly from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagang Lu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - John Rogowskyj
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Anu Venkatesh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Noshena Khan
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Anna P Koh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Takaaki Higashi
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Ganesh Gunasekaran
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Myron E Schwarz
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Spiros P Hiotis
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - William Kinney
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Timothy Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Andrea Cuconati
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
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20
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Abet V, Filace F, Recio J, Alvarez-Builla J, Burgos C. Prodrug approach: An overview of recent cases. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:810-827. [PMID: 27823878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight the most modern trends in the prodrug strategy. In drug research and development, the prodrug concept has found a number of useful applications. Selected examples of this approach are provided in this paper and they are classified according to the aim of their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Abet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana Filace
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Recio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez-Builla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Burgos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Tzvetkov NT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Antonov L. A simple approach to multifunctionalized N1-alkylated 7-amino-6-azaoxindole derivatives using their in situ stabilized tautomer form. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Xu J, Cai J, Chen J, Zong X, Wu X, Ji M, Wang P. An Efficient Synthesis of Baricitinib. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14569294811333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient method for the synthesis of baricitinib was developed. The starting material tert-butyl 3-oxoazetidine-1-carboxylate was converted to intermediate 2-(1-(ethylsulfonyl)azetidin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile via the Horner–Emmons reaction, deprotection of the N-Boc-group and a final sulfonamidation reaction. Then the nucleophilic addition reaction was carried out smoothly to afford the borate intermediate in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene under reflux. Finally, the desired compound baricitinib was obtained by the Suzuki coupling reaction of 4-chloro-7- H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine with the above borate intermediate. All compounds were characterised by IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The overall yield in this synthetic route was as high as 49%. Moreover, this procedure is straightforward to carry out, has low cost and is suitable for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xu
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Junqing Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
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23
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Dang Z, Zhu L, Lai W, Bogerd H, Lee KH, Huang L, Chen CH. Aloperine and Its Derivatives as a New Class of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:240-4. [PMID: 26985308 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A quinolizidine-type alkaloid aloperine was found to inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1 entry. Aloperine inhibited HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion at low micromolar concentrations. To further improve the antiviral potency, more than 30 aloperine derivatives with a variety of N12-substitutions were synthesized. Among them, 12d with an N-(1-butyl)-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzamide side chain showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 at 0.69 μM. Aloperine derivatives inhibited both X4 and R5 HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusions. In addition, both BMS-806, a compound representing a class of HIV-1 gp120-targeting small molecules in clinical trials, and resistant and sensitive HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusions were equally sensitive to aloperine derivatives. These results suggest that aloperine and its derivatives are a new class of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dang
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Weihong Lai
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Hal Bogerd
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products
Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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24
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Lu L, Yu F, Cai L, Debnath AK, Jiang S. Development of Small-molecule HIV Entry Inhibitors Specifically Targeting gp120 or gp41. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1074-90. [PMID: 26324044 PMCID: PMC4775441 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150901114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein surface subunit gp120 and transmembrane subunit gp41 play important roles in HIV-1 entry, thus serving as key targets for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. T20 peptide (enfuvirtide) is the first U.S. FDA-approved HIV entry inhibitor; however, its clinical application is limited by the lack of oral availability. Here, we have described the structure and function of the HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 subunits and reviewed advancements in the development of small-molecule HIV entry inhibitors specifically targeting these two Env glycoproteins. We then compared the advantages and disadvantages of different categories of HIV entry inhibitor candidates and further predicted the future trend of HIV entry inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Building #13, Shanghai 200032, China.
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25
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Zhan P, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Liu X. Anti-HIV Drug Discovery and Development: Current Innovations and Future Trends. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2849-78. [PMID: 26509831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The early effectiveness of combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the treatment of HIV infection has been compromised to some extent by rapid development of multidrug-resistant HIV strains, poor bioavailability, and cumulative toxicities, and so there is a need for alternative strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and additional therapeutic agents with novel action modes or targets. From this perspective, we first review current strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and optimization, with the aid of selected examples from the recent literature. We highlight the development of phosphate ester-based prodrugs as a means to improve the aqueous solubility of HIV inhibitors, and the introduction of the substrate envelope hypothesis as a new approach for overcoming HIV drug resistance. Finally, we discuss future directions for research, including opportunities for exploitation of novel antiretroviral targets, and the strategy of activation of latent HIV reservoirs as a means to eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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26
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Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment: The discovery and structure-activity relationships of tetrahydroisoquinolines as replacements for the piperazine benzamide in the 3-glyoxylyl 6-azaindole pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:160-7. [PMID: 26584882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
6,6-Fused ring systems including tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydropyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines have been explored as possible replacements for the piperazine benzamide portion of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-663068. In initial studies, the tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds demonstrate sub-nanomolar activity in a HIV-1 pseudotype viral infection assay used as the initial screen for inhibitory activity. Analysis of SARs and approaches to optimization for an improved drug-like profile are examined herein.
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27
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Liu C, Lin J, Hynes J, Wu H, Wrobleski ST, Lin S, Dhar TGM, Vrudhula VM, Sun JH, Chao S, Zhao R, Wang B, Chen BC, Everlof G, Gesenberg C, Zhang H, Marathe PH, McIntyre KW, Taylor TL, Gillooly K, Shuster DJ, McKinnon M, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Schieven GL, Leftheris K. Discovery of ((4-(5-(Cyclopropylcarbamoyl)-2-methylphenylamino)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazine-6-carbonyl)(propyl)carbamoyloxy)methyl-2-(4-(phosphonooxy)phenyl)acetate (BMS-751324), a Clinical Prodrug of p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7775-84. [PMID: 26359680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In search for prodrugs to address the issue of pH-dependent solubility and exposure associated with 1 (BMS-582949), a previously disclosed phase II clinical p38α MAP kinase inhibitor, a structurally novel clinical prodrug, 2 (BMS-751324), featuring a carbamoylmethylene linked promoiety containing hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (HPA) derived ester and phosphate functionalities, was identified. Prodrug 2 was not only stable but also water-soluble under both acidic and neutral conditions. It was effectively bioconverted into parent drug 1 in vivo by alkaline phosphatase and esterase in a stepwise manner, providing higher exposure of 1 compared to its direct administration, especially within higher dose ranges. In a rat LPS-induced TNFα pharmacodynamic model and a rat adjuvant arthritis model, 2 demonstrated similar efficacy to 1. Most importantly, it was shown in clinical studies that prodrug 2 was indeed effective in addressing the pH-dependent absorption issue associated with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Lin
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John Hynes
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hong Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephen T Wrobleski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shuqun Lin
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Vivekananda M Vrudhula
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jung-Hui Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sam Chao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gerry Everlof
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christoph Gesenberg
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Punit H Marathe
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kim W McIntyre
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Tracy L Taylor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kathleen Gillooly
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David J Shuster
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Murray McKinnon
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John H Dodd
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gary L Schieven
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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28
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Patel RV, Park SW. Pyrroloaryls and pyrroloheteroaryls: Inhibitors of the HIV fusion/attachment, reverse transcriptase and integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5247-63. [PMID: 26116177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds execute a very important role in drug design and discovery. This article provides the basic milestones of the research for pyrroloaryl and pyrroloheteroaryl based components targeting HIV viral replication cycle. Anti-HIV activity is elaborated for several classes of pyrrolo-compounds as pyrrolopyridines, pyrrolopyrimidines, pyrrolopyridazines, pyrrolobenzodiazepinones, pyrrolobenzothiazepines, pyrrolobenzoxazepinones, pyrrolophenanthridines, pyrroloquinoxalines, pyrrolotriazines, pyrroloquinolines, pyrrolopyrazinones, pyrrolothiatriazines, arylthiopyrroles and pyrrolopyrazolones targeting two essential HIV enzymes, reverse transcriptase and integrase as well as attachment/fusion of HIV virons to the host CD-4 cell. Such attempts were resulted in a discovery of highly potent anti-HIV agents suitable for clinical trials, for example, BMS-378806, BMS-585248, BMS-626529, BMS-663068, BMS-488043 and BMS-663749, etc. as anti-HIV attachment agents, triciribine, QX432, BI-1 and BI-2 as HIV RT inhibitors which are in preclinical or clinical development. Mechanism of action of compounds presented in this article towards the suppression of HIV attachment/fusion as well as against the activities of HIV enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase has been discussed. Relationships of new compounds' molecular framework and HIV viral target has been overviewed in order to facilitate further construction of promising anti-HIV agents in future drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Patel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Se Won Park
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, South Korea
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29
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Li X, Zhang L, Tian Y, Song Y, Zhan P, Liu X. Novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a patent review (2011 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:1199-227. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.964685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Huang H, He G, Zhu X, Jin X, Qiu S, Zhu H. Iodine-Mediated Oxidation of Ynamides: A Facile Access toN-Monosubstituted α-Ketoamides and α-Ketoimides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Liu T, Huang B, Zhan P, De Clercq E, Liu X. Discovery of small molecular inhibitors targeting HIV-1 gp120-CD4 interaction drived from BMS-378806. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:481-90. [PMID: 25203778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry into host cells is a complex, multi-factors involved, and multi-step process. Especially, the attachment of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the host cell receptor CD4 is the first key step during entry process, representing a promising antiviral therapeutic target. Among the HIV-1 attachment inhibitors blocking the interaction between gp120 and CD4 cells, BMS-378806 and NBD-556 are two representative small molecular chemical entities. Particularly, BMS-378806 and its derivatives are newly identified class of orally bioavailable HIV-1 inhibitors that interfere gp120-CD4 interaction. In this review, we focused on describing the structure-activity relationships (SARs), structural modifications, in vitro or even in vivo pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of BMS-378806 and its analogues as HIV-1 gp120 attachment inhibitors. In addition, the brief SARs, structural modifications of NBD-556 and its derivatives targeting the "Phe-43 cavity" as CD4 mimics were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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32
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Timmins P, Brown J, Meanwell NA, Hanna GJ, Zhu L, Kadow JF. Enabled clinical use of an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor through drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1288-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Leahy DK, Pack SK. Preparation of Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrugs of HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400225q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David K. Leahy
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Shawn K. Pack
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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34
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35
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Regueiro-Ren A, Simmermacher-Mayer J, Sinz M, Johnson KA, Huang XS, Jenkins S, Parker D, Rahematpura S, Zheng M, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Attachment 13. Synthesis and Profiling of a Novel Amminium Prodrug of the HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor BMS-585248. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1670-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jean Simmermacher-Mayer
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael Sinz
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kim A. Johnson
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaohua Stella Huang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Dawn Parker
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John F. Kadow
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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36
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Regueiro-Ren A, Xue QM, Swidorski JJ, Gong YF, Mathew M, Parker DD, Yang Z, Eggers B, D'Arienzo C, Sun Y, Malinowski J, Gao Q, Wu D, Langley DR, Colonno RJ, Chien C, Grasela DM, Zheng M, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment. 12. Structure-activity relationships associated with 4-fluoro-6-azaindole derivatives leading to the identification of 1-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl-1h-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-585248). J Med Chem 2013; 56:1656-69. [PMID: 23360431 DOI: 10.1021/jm3016377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly potent HIV-1 attachment inhibitors with 4-fluoro-6-azaindole core heterocycles that target the viral envelope protein gp120 has been prepared. Substitution in the 7-position of the azaindole core with amides (12a,b), C-linked heterocycles (12c-l), and N-linked heterocycles (12m-u) provided compounds with subnanomolar potency in a pseudotype infectivity assay and good pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. A predictive model was developed from the initial SAR in which the potency of the analogues correlated with the ability of the substituent in the 7-position of the azaindole to adopt a coplanar conformation by either forming internal hydrogen bonds or avoiding repulsive substitution patterns. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-585248, 12m) exhibited much improved in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic properties than the previous clinical candidate BMS-488043 (1). The predicted low clearance in humans, modest protein binding, and good potency in the presence of 40% human serum for 12m led to its selection for human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States.
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37
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Yeung KS, Qiu Z, Xue Q, Fang H, Yang Z, Zadjura L, D’Arienzo CJ, Eggers BJ, Riccardi K, Shi PY, Gong YF, Browning MR, Gao Q, Hansel S, Santone K, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 7: Indole-7-carboxamides as potent and orally bioavailable antiviral agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Yeung KS, Qiu Z, Yin Z, Trehan A, Fang H, Pearce B, Yang Z, Zadjura L, D’Arienzo CJ, Riccardi K, Shi PY, Spicer TP, Gong YF, Browning MR, Hansel S, Santone K, Barker J, Coulter T, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 8: The effect of C7-heteroaryl substitution on the potency, and in vitro and in vivo profiles of indole-based inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Yeung KS, Qiu Z, Yang Z, Zadjura L, D'Arienzo CJ, Browning MR, Hansel S, Huang XS, Eggers BJ, Riccardi K, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 9: an assessment of oral prodrug approaches to improve the plasma exposure of a tetrazole-containing derivative. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 23200244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
7-(2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-indole 3 was found to be a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 attachment but the compound lacked oral bioavailability in rats. The cause of the low exposure was believed to be poor absorption attributed to the acidic nature of the tetrazole moiety and, in an effort to address this liability, three more lipohilic tetrazole analogs, N-acetoxymethyl 4, N-pivaloyloxymethyl 5, and N-methyl 6, were evaluated as potential oral prodrugs in rats. Prodrug 5 was ineffective in improving the plasma concentration of 3 in vivo but compound 4 provided a 15-fold enhancement of the plasma concentration of 3. Most interestingly, oral dosing of analog 6 afforded a substantial increase in the plasma concentration of the parent in rats when compared to dosing of parent. This represents a novel example of a methyl tetrazole that acts as a prodrug for a free NH tetrazole-containing compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kap-Sun Yeung
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, PO Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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40
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Wang T, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Gong YF, Riccardi KA, Lin PF, Parker DD, Rahematpura S, Mathew M, Zheng M, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF, Bender JA. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 10. The discovery and structure-activity relationships of 4-azaindole cores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 23200254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-azaindole oxoacetic acid piperazine benzamides was synthesized and evaluated in an effort to identify an oral HIV-1 attachment inhibitor with the potential to improve upon the pre-clinical profile of BMS-378806 (7), an initial clinical compound. Modifications at the 7-position of the 4-azaindole core modulated potency significantly and SAR showed that certain compounds with a 5-membered ring heteroaryl group at that position were the most potent. Four of the compounds with the best profiles were evaluated in a rat pharmacokinetic model and all had superior oral bioavailability and lower clearance when compared with 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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41
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Bender JA, Yang Z, Eggers B, Gong YF, Lin PF, Parker DD, Rahematpura S, Zheng M, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 11: the discovery and structure-activity relationships associated with 4,6-diazaindole cores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 23206859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of HIV-1 attachment inhibitors containing a 4,6-diazaindole core were examined in an effort to identify a compound which improved upon the potency and oral exposure of BMS-488043 (2). BMS-488043 (2) is a 6-azaindole-based HIV-1 attachment inhibitor which established proof-of-concept for this mechanism in human clinical studies but required high doses and concomitant administration of a high fat meal to achieve efficacious exposures. Based on previous studies in indole and azaindole scaffolds, SAR investigation was concentrated around the key 7-position in the 4,6-diazaindole series and led to the discovery of molecules with 5- to 20-fold increases in potency and three- to seven-fold increases in exposure over 2 in a rat PK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Bender
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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42
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In vitro antiviral characteristics of HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529, the active component of the prodrug BMS-663068. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3498-507. [PMID: 22547625 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00426-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-663068 is the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of BMS-626529, a novel small-molecule attachment inhibitor that targets HIV-1 gp120 and prevents its binding to CD4(+) T cells. The activity of BMS-626529 is virus dependent, due to heterogeneity within gp120. In order to better understand the anti-HIV-1 spectrum of BMS-626529 against HIV-1, in vitro activities against a wide variety of laboratory strains and clinical isolates were determined. BMS-626529 had half-maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) values of <10 nM against the vast majority of viral isolates; however, susceptibility varied by >6 log(10), with half-maximal effective concentration values in the low pM range against the most susceptible viruses. The in vitro antiviral activity of BMS-626529 was generally not associated with either tropism or subtype, with few exceptions. Measurement of the binding affinity of BMS-626529 for purified gp120 suggests that a contributory factor to its inhibitory potency may be a relatively long dissociative half-life. Finally, in two-drug combination studies, BMS-626529 demonstrated additive or synergistic interactions with antiretroviral drugs of different mechanistic classes. These results suggest that BMS-626529 should be active against the majority of HIV-1 viruses and support the continued clinical development of the compound.
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