New Pyridobenzoxazepine Derivatives Derived from 5-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)-8-chloro-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine (JL13): Chemical Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation

Seven-membered N-heterocycles as approved drugs and promising leads in medicinal chemistry as well as the metal-free domino access to their scaffolds

Azepanes or azepines are structural motifs of many drugs, drug candidates and evaluated lead compounds. Even though compounds having N-heterocyclic 7-membered rings are often found in nature (e.g. alkaloids), the natural compounds of this group are rather rare as approved therapeutics. Thus, recently studied and approved azepane or azepine-congeners predominantly consist of semi-synthetically or synthetically-obtained scaffolds. In this review a comparison of approved drugs and recently investigated leads was proposed taking into regard their structural aspects (stereochemistry), biological activities, pharmacokinetic properties and confirmed molecular targets. The 7-membered N-heterocycles reveal a wide range of biological activities, not only against CNS diseases, but also as e.g. antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic and against allergy agents. As most of the approved or investigated potential drugs or lead structures, belonging to 7-membered N-heterocycles, are synthetic scaffolds, this report also reveals different and efficient metal-free cascade approaches useful to synthesize both simple azepane or azepine-containing congeners and those of oligocyclic structures. Stereochemistry of azepane/azepine fused systems, in view of biological data and binding with the targets, is discussed. Apart from the approved drugs, we compare advances in SAR studies of 7-membered N-heterocycles (mainly from 2018 to 2023), whereas the related synthetic part concerning various domino strategies is focused on the last ten years.

Design, synthesis and in silico molecular docking evaluation of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents

Chalcone and triazole scaffolds have demonstrated a crucial role in the advancement of science and technology. Due to their significance, research has proceeded on the design and development of novel benzooxepine connected to 1,2,3-triazolyl chalcone structures. The new chalcone derivatives produced by benzooxepine triazole methyl ketone 2 and different aromatic carbonyl compounds 3 are discussed in this paper. All prepared compounds have well-established structures to a variety of spectral approaches, including mass analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR. Among the tested compounds, hybrids 4c, 4d, 4i, and 4k exhibited exceptional antibacterial susceptibilities with MIC range of 3.59-10.30 μM against the tested S. aureus strain. Compounds 4c, 4d displayed superior antifungal activity against F. oxysporum with MIC 3.25, 4.89 μM, when compared to fluconazole (MIC = 3.83 μM) respectively. On the other hand, analogues 4d, 4f, and 4k demonstrated equivalent antitubercular action against H37Rv strain with MIC range of 2.16-4.90 μM. The capacity of ligand 4f to form a stable compound on the active site of CYP51 from M. tuberculosis (1EA1) was confirmed by docking studies using amino acids Leu321(A), Pro77(A), Phe83(A), Lys74(A), Tyr76(A), Ala73(A), Arg96(A), Thr80(A), Met79(A), His259(A), and Gln72(A). Additionally, the chalcone‒1,2,3‒triazole hybrids ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), characteristics of molecules, estimations of toxicity, and bioactivity parameters were assessed.

Fifty years of experience with loxapine for the rapid non-coercive tranquilization of acute behavioral disturbances in schizophrenia patients, and beyond

INTRODUCTION

Acute behavioral disturbances in psychosis, including agitation, comprise a heterogeneous group of manifestations varying in intensity and duration they last for. They require rapid, non-coercive treatments ranging from verbal de-escalation to the calming effect of pharmacological agents. The treatment goals are reduction of patient suffering and prevention of disease deterioration. Stabilizing rather than sedating is preferred to ensure improved compliance and a stronger therapeutic alliance. Furthermore, animal pharmacology and clinical studies on agitation reveal the robust calming and anxiolytic properties of loxapine.

AREAS COVERED

This review covers the pharmacological and clinical history of loxapine along with research developments. It emphasizes the advantages of its multiple formulations ranging from injectable forms and tablets to orally inhaled forms to attain rapid and fine-tuned tranquilization.

EXPERT OPINION

Rapid tranquillization is achieved within 2-6 hours using liquid orally-consumed loxapine, and within an hour or less with its IM or orally inhaled forms. Loxapine has been adopted in the management of a wide range of acute disturbances, such as agitation in psychosis. In the context of personalized medicine, key cellular and molecular elements of the schizophrenia phenotype were recently shown to be improved with loxapine.

Curated Database and Preliminary AutoML QSAR Model for 5-HT1A Receptor

Introduction of a new drug to the market is a challenging and resource-consuming process. Predictive models developed with the use of artificial intelligence could be the solution to the growing need for an efficient tool which brings practical and knowledge benefits, but requires a large amount of high-quality data. The aim of our project was to develop quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model predicting serotonergic activity toward the 5-HT1A receptor on the basis of a created database. The dataset was obtained using ZINC and ChEMBL databases. It contained 9440 unique compounds, yielding the largest available database of 5-HT1A ligands with specified pKi value to date. Furthermore, the predictive model was developed using automated machine learning (AutoML) methods. According to the 10-fold cross-validation (10-CV) testing procedure, the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) was 0.5437, and the coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.74. Moreover, the Shapley Additive Explanations method (SHAP) was applied to assess a more in-depth understanding of the influence of variables on the model’s predictions. According to to the problem definition, the developed model can efficiently predict the affinity value for new molecules toward the 5-HT1A receptor on the basis of their structure encoded in the form of molecular descriptors. Usage of this model in screening processes can significantly improve the process of discovery of new drugs in the field of mental diseases and anticancer therapy.

1,5-Benzoxazepines as a unique and potent scaffold for activity drugs: A review

Benzoxazepines constitute a huge number of organic compounds widely described in the literature. Many of them are distinguished by their biological properties. Among them, our attention was drawn to 1,5-benzoxazepine derivatives due to their interesting pharmacological properties. As is reported in the literature, these compounds are not only good building blocks in organic synthesis but also have interesting biological and pharmacological properties. This article is the first review publication to describe the synthesis methods and unique properties of 1,5-benzoxazepines. Literature reports widely describe the biological properties of 1,5-benzoxazepine, like anticancer, antibacterial, or antifungal activities. 1,5-Benzoxazepine derivatives can also interact with G-protein-coupled receptors and could be incorporated into new potential drugs, among others, in treating neuronal disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Effects of JL13, a pyridobenzoxazepine compound, in dopaminergic and glutamatergic models of antipsychotic activity

The pyridobenzoxazepine compound, 5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-8-chloro-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine (JL13), has been developed as a potential antipsychotic drug. We tested the hypothesis that JL13 is efficacious in both dopaminergic and glutamatergic animal models of schizophrenia. We investigated JL13 for its efficacy to prevent cocaine- and ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and MK-801-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Male Swiss mice received injections of JL13 (0.1-10 mg/kg) and were tested in the open field for basal locomotion. In separate experiments, the animals received injections of JL13 (0.1-3 mg/kg) followed by cocaine (10 mg/kg), ketamine (60 mg/kg), or MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg) and were tested in the open field for hyperlocomotion. In addition, it was also tested if JL13 prevented MK-801-induced disruption of PPI. Only the highest dose of JL13 impaired spontaneous locomotion, suggesting its favorable profile regarding motor side effects. At doses that did not impair basal motor activity, JL13 prevented cocaine-, ketamine-, and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. Moreover, JL13 prevented MK-801-induced disruption of PPI. Extending previous findings, this study shows that JL13 exerts antipsychotic-like activity in both dopaminergic and glutamatergic models. This compound has a favorable pharmacological profile, similar to second-generation antipsychotics.

FeCl3-Mediated Domino Reaction of Benzoxazinones with Aroylmethylidene Malonates: Synthesis to Functionalized Pyrrolobenzoxazines

An efficient domino approach for the synthesis of pyrrolobenzoxazine derivatives is described. The FeCl₃-promoted domino reaction between aroylmethylidene malonates and benzoxazinones has been successfully established to afford the title compounds in good to excellent yield under mild reaction conditions. The domino protocol provides a concise and straightforward access to highly substituted pyrrolobenzoxazines with high efficiency and excellent functional group tolerance.

Base-regulated tunable synthesis of pyridobenzoxazepinones and pyridobenzoxazines

A base-regulated one-pot protocol for the tunable synthesis of pyridobenzoxazepinones and pyridobenzoxazines has been developed. Pyridobenzoxazepinones and pyridobenzoxazines were produced in good yields selectively.

Enhancing a CH-π Interaction to Increase the Affinity for 5-HT1A Receptors

An electrostatic interaction related to a favorable position of the distal phenyl ring and a phenylalanine residue in the binding pocket would explain the higher 5-HT1A affinity of a 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (THP) analogue compared to the corresponding 4-phenylpiperazine analogue. To explore a possible reinforcement of this interaction to increase the affinity for 5-HT1A receptors, different 4-substituted-phenyl analogues were synthesized and tested. The most important increase of affinity is obtained with two electron-donating methyl groups in positions 3 and 5.

Base mediated 7-exo-dig intramolecular cyclization of Ugi–propargyl precursors: a highly efficient and regioselective synthetic approach toward diverse 1,4-benzoxazepine-5(2H)-ones

A metal-free facile and efficient two-step synthetic protocol for the preparation of 1,4-benzoxazepine-5(2H)-one derivatives has been developed.