1
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Břehová P, Řezníčková E, Škach K, Jorda R, Dejmek M, Vojáčková V, Šála M, Kovalová M, Dračínský M, Dolníková A, Strmeň T, Kinnertová M, Chalupský K, Dvořáková A, Gucký T, Mertlíková Kaiserová H, Klener P, Nencka R, Kryštof V. Inhibition of FLT3-ITD Kinase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by New Imidazo[1,2- b]pyridazine Derivatives Identified by Scaffold Hopping. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11133-11157. [PMID: 37535845 PMCID: PMC10461230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
FLT3 kinase is a potential drug target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients with FLT3 mutations typically have higher relapse rates and worse outcomes than patients without FLT3 mutations. In this study, we investigated the suitability of various heterocycles as central cores of FLT3 inhibitors, including thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine, and imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine. Our assays revealed a series of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines with high potency against FLT3. Compound 34f showed nanomolar inhibitory activity against recombinant FLT3-ITD and FLT3-D835Y (IC50 values 4 and 1 nM, respectively) as well as in the FLT3-ITD-positive AML cell lines MV4-11, MOLM-13, and MOLM-13 expressing the FLT3-ITD-D835Y mutant (GI50 values of 7, 9, and 4 nM, respectively). In contrast, FLT3-independent cell lines were much less sensitive. In vitro experiments confirmed suppression of FLT3 downstream signaling pathways. Finally, the treatment of MV4-11 xenograft-bearing mice with 34f at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg markedly blocked tumor growth without any adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řezníčková
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
| | - Kryštof Škach
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vojáčková
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kovalová
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dolníková
- Institute
of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Timotej Strmeň
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kinnertová
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gucký
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková Kaiserová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klener
- Institute
of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Department
of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech
Republic
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Danagulyan GG, Panosyan HA, Gharibyan VK, Hasratyan AH. A Simple and Easily Implemented Method for the Regioselective Introduction of Deuterium into Azolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines Molecules. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062869. [PMID: 36985841 PMCID: PMC10054722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the technically easy-to-implement synthesis of deuterium-labeled pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines have been developed. The regioselectivity of such transformations has been shown. 1H NMR and mass spectrometric methods have proved the quantitative nature of such transformations and the kinetics of deuterium exchange has been studied. Spectrally, at different temperatures (+30 °C, -10 °C and -15 °C), the kinetics of the process was studied both in CD3OD and in deuterated alkali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevorg G Danagulyan
- Laboratory of Bioactive Azaheterocycles, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Hovsep Emin Str. 123, Yerevan 0051, Armenia
- Scientific and Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Azatutyan Ave. 26, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Henrik A Panosyan
- Scientific and Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Azatutyan Ave. 26, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Vache K Gharibyan
- Laboratory of Bioactive Azaheterocycles, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Hovsep Emin Str. 123, Yerevan 0051, Armenia
| | - Ani H Hasratyan
- Laboratory of Bioactive Azaheterocycles, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Hovsep Emin Str. 123, Yerevan 0051, Armenia
- Scientific and Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Azatutyan Ave. 26, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
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3
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An Efficient Microwave Assisted Copper Catalyzed C-3 Amination of 3-Bromopyrazolo[1,5–a]pyrimidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Elgemeie GH, Azzam RA, Zaghary WA, Khedr MA, Elsherif GE. Medicinal Chemistry of Pyrazolopyrimidine Scaffolds Substituted with Different Heterocyclic Nuclei. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3374-3403. [PMID: 36330628 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221102162000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal chemistry of pyrazolopyrimidine scaffolds substituted with different heterocyclic nuclei has attracted great attention due to their wide range of biological activities that have been reported. Pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold is an important privileged heterocycle nucleus in drug discovery. METHODS All pharmacological activities of pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold have been mentioned, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antitubercular, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity agents. In addition, it was used in both osteoporosis and neurological disorders. The difference in potency and bioavailability of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives refers to the substituent groups that can increase the activity against specific targets and enhance their selectivity. RESULTS This review provides an overview of different synthetic pathways, structure activity relationships, and preclinical studies of pyrazolopyrimidine scaffolds substituted with a variety of heterocyclic nuclei, as well as it provides a discussion on the significant biological findings of these important scaffolds. In addition, it provides some insights on the different macromolecular targets that pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold can effectively work on, such as; cyclin dependent kinases; CDK2, CDK7, and CDK9, checkpoint kinases; CHK1 and CHK2 and their correlation with the anticancer activity, PI3Kα, transient receptor potential canonical 6, B-Raf kinase, Interleukin- 1 receptor-associated kinase 4, B-cell lymphoma 6, TRKA-C kinase, potent kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, colon cancer cell line (CaCo-2), domain receptor kinase (KDR), HepG-2 carcinoma cell, FLT3. The antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and E. coli and antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, A. niger, and A. clavatus are discussed. CONCLUSION This review provides an overview of the different pharmacological activities of the pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold and its correlation with chemical structure. Some exciting new developments in pyrazolopyrimidine scaffolds are also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal H Elgemeie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Zaghary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Gihad E Elsherif
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Hammouda MM, Gaffer HE, Elattar KM. Insights into the medicinal chemistry of heterocycles integrated with a pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine scaffold. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1150-1196. [PMID: 36325400 PMCID: PMC9580358 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are the dominant motif of many drugs; for instance, zaleplon and indiplon are sedative agents and ocinaplon was identified as an anxiolytic agent. The importance of this class of compounds lies in its varied and significant biological activities, and accordingly, considerable methods have been devised to prepare these compounds. Hence, other derivatives of this class of compounds were prepared by substitution reactions with different nucleophiles exploiting the activity of groups linked to the ring carbon and nitrogen atoms. The methods used vary through the condensation reactions of the aminopyrazoles with 1,2-allenic, enaminonitriles, enaminones, 1,3-diketones, unsaturated nitriles, or unsaturated ketones. Alternatively, these compounds are prepared through the reactions of acyclic reagents, as these methods were recently developed efficiently with high yields. The current review highlighted the recent progress of the therapeutic potential of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as antimicrobial, anticancer, antianxiety, anti-proliferative, analgesic, and antioxidant agents, carboxylesterase, translocator protein and PDE10A inhibitors, and selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hammouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Hatem E Gaffer
- Dyeing and Printing Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Center Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Khaled M Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201010655354
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6
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Stefanello FS, Kappenberg YG, Araújo JN, Franceschini SZ, Martins MA, Zanatta N, Iglesias BA, Bonacorso HG. Trifluoromethyl-substituted aryldiazenyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-amines: Regioselective synthesis, structure, and optical properties. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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7
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Zhou S, Huang G. Some important inhibitors and mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:930-943. [PMID: 34942050 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that seriously affects human health and quality of life, and it is one of the main causes of labor loss and disability. Many countries have listed rheumatoid arthritis as one of the national a key diseases to tackle. The pathogenesis of RA in humans is still unknown, and medical researchers believe that the pathogenesis of RA may be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. RA is an incurable condition that can only be controlled and treated with conventional drugs. In this paper, the pathologic features and pathogenesis of RA were introduced, and the research progress of new anti-rheumatoid arthritis chemical drugs in recent years was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, 401228, China.,College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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8
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Elattar KM, El-Mekabaty A. Bicyclic 5-6 Systems: Comprehensive Synthetic Strategies for the Annulations of Pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidines. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:547-586. [PMID: 33966620 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210509015108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolopyrimidines are a privileged class of 5-6 bicyclic systems with three or four nitrogen atoms, including four possible isomeric structures. The significance of this class of compounds is that they can be applied in medical and pharmaceutical fields due to their unlimited biological aptitude, hence it is the basic skeleton of several synthetic drugs. The current review aimed to highlight all the synthetic routes that have been applied to construct the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring systems up to date. The sections in this study included the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines by condensation reactions of 5-aminopyrazoles with each of β-diketones, 1,5-diketones, β- ketoaldehydes, α-cyanoaldehydes, β-enaminones, enamines, enaminonitriles, ethers, with unsaturated ketones, unsaturated thiones, unsaturated esters, unsaturated dienones "1,2-allenic", unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated imines, and unsaturated nitriles. The routes adopted to synthesize this class of heterocyclic compounds were extended for ring construction from acyclic reagents and multicomponent reactions under catalytic or catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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9
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Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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10
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Jismy B, Guillaumet G, Akssira M, Tikad A, Abarbri M. Efficient microwave-assisted Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 3-bromo pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidin-5(4 H)-one: towards a new access to 3,5-diarylated 7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine derivatives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1287-1302. [PMID: 35747396 PMCID: PMC9134006 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07959f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthetic route to C3-arylated 7-trifluoromethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives has been reported starting from 3-bromo-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-one through a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The arylation (heteroarylation) strategy can be performed using a wide variety of aryl and heteroaryl boronic acids and requiring a tandem catalyst XPhosPdG2/XPhos to avoid the debromination reaction. These optimized conditions were successfully extended to the synthesis of 7-, 8- and 9-arylated pyrimido[1,2-b]indazol-2-ones from their corresponding brominated starting materials. Furthermore, the second C-5 arylation of C3-arylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-ones was achieved under standard Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling conditions, after activating the C–O bond of the lactam function with PyBroP, giving access to a small library of 3,5-diarylated 7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields. The interest of this approach has been highlighted by the synthesis of a known anti-inflammatory agent. Additionally, a preliminary biological evaluation has revealed that a number of derivatives display micromolar IC50 values against monoamine oxidase B, an important target in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. A convenient and efficient synthetic route to C3-arylated 7-trifluoromethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives has been reported starting from 3-bromo-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-one through a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Jismy
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E). EA 6299
- Faculté des Sciences
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA)
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- France
| | - Mohamed Akssira
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et de Chimie Bioorganique
- URAC 22
- 28800 Mohammedia
- Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Tikad
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Substances Naturelles
- Faculté des Sciences
- Département de Chimie
- Université Moulay Ismail
- Meknès 50050
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E). EA 6299
- Faculté des Sciences
- 37200 Tours
- France
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11
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Diethelm-Varela B, Ai Y, Liang D, Xue F. Nitrogen Mustards as Anticancer Chemotherapies: Historic Perspective, Current Developments and Future Trends. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:691-712. [PMID: 30931858 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190401100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustards, a family of DNA alkylating agents, marked the start of cancer pharmacotherapy. While traditionally characterized by their dose-limiting toxic effects, nitrogen mustards have been the subject of intense research efforts, which have led to safer and more effective agents. Even though the alkylating prodrug mustards were first developed decades ago, active research on ways to improve their selectivity and cytotoxic efficacy is a currently active topic of research. This review addresses the historical development of the nitrogen mustards, outlining their mechanism of action, and discussing the improvements on their therapeutic profile made through rational structure modifications. A special emphasis is made on discussing the nitrogen mustard prodrug category, with Cyclophosphamide (CPA) serving as the main highlight. Selected insights on the latest developments on nitrogen mustards are then provided, limiting such information to agents that preserve the original nitrogen mustard mechanism as their primary mode of action. Additionally, future trends that might follow in the quest to optimize these invaluable chemotherapeutic medications are succinctly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Diethelm-Varela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Dongdong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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12
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Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are fused N-heterocyclic systems of a pyrazole. They are considered as a key structural motif in many vital applications, such as medicinal, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and pigments. Their synthetic routes have escalated dramatically in the last decades. The current review is a recent synthetic survey of pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidines and their applications until recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Al-Azmi
- Chemistry Department, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
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13
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 7-(aminoalkyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:226-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Demjén A, Alföldi R, Angyal A, Gyuris M, Hackler L, Szebeni GJ, Wölfling J, Puskás LG, Kanizsai I. Synthesis, cytotoxic characterization, and SAR study of imidazo[1,2-b
]pyrazole-7-carboxamides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800062. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Demjén
- AVIDIN Ltd.; Szeged Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | | | - Anikó Angyal
- AVIDIN Ltd.; Szeged Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | | | | | - Gábor J. Szebeni
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - László G. Puskás
- AVIDIN Ltd.; Szeged Hungary
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
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15
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Jismy B, Guillaumet G, Allouchi H, Akssira M, Abarbri M. Concise and Efficient Access to 5,7-Disubstituted Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines by Pd-Catalyzed Sequential Arylation, Alkynylation and SNArReaction. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Badr Jismy
- Département de Chimie; Université François Rabelais; Laboratoire d'Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282); équipe Recherche et Innovation en Chimie Médicinale; Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et de Chimie Bioorganique; Département de Chimie Université Hassan II de Casablanca; URAC 22; 28800 Mohammedia Maroc
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans; UMR CNRS 7311; BP 6759, rue de Chartres 45067 Orléans Cedex2 France
| | - Hassan Allouchi
- Département de Chimie; Université François Rabelais; Laboratoire d'Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282); équipe Recherche et Innovation en Chimie Médicinale; Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
| | - Mohamed Akssira
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et de Chimie Bioorganique; Département de Chimie Université Hassan II de Casablanca; URAC 22; 28800 Mohammedia Maroc
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Département de Chimie; Université François Rabelais; Laboratoire d'Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282); équipe Recherche et Innovation en Chimie Médicinale; Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
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16
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Cherukupalli S, Karpoormath R, Chandrasekaran B, Hampannavar GA, Thapliyal N, Palakollu VN. An insight on synthetic and medicinal aspects of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:298-352. [PMID: 27894044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold is one of the privileged hetrocycles in drug discovery. Its application as a buliding block for developing drug-like candidates has displayed broad range of medicinal properties such as anticancer, CNS agents, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, CRF1 antagonists and radio diagnostics. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have acquired greater attention amid medicinal chemists, and many of the lead compounds were derived for various disease targets. However, there is plenty of room for the medicinal chemists to further exploit this privileged scaffold in developing potential drug candidates. The present review briefly outlines relevant synthetic strategies employed for pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. It also extensively reveals significant biological properties along with SAR studies. To the best of our understanding current review is the first attempt made towards the compilation of significant advances made on pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines reported since 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Girish A Hampannavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Neeta Thapliyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Venkata Narayana Palakollu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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17
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Zhao M, Ren H, Chang J, Zhang D, Yang Y, He Y, Qi C, Zhang H. Design and synthesis of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives bearing nitrogen mustard moiety and evaluation of their antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:183-96. [PMID: 27162123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives bearing nitrogen mustard moiety were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against five human cancer cell lines (A549, SH-SY5Y, HepG2, MCF-7 and DU145) in vitro. Among these compounds, 13b exhibited potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of the five tumor cells and was able to inhibit cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and induce cell apoptosis. In HepG2 HCC xenograft compound 13b was selected for evaluating the antitumor activity in vivo which exhibited significant cancer growth inhibition with low host toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Hongyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Diqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yating Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Experimental Chemistry Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Chuanmin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Huabei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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18
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Bassoude I, Tber Z, Essassi EM, Guillaumet G, Berteina-Raboin S. A one-pot process for the microwave-assisted synthesis of 7-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23417d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 7-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines using a one-pot, two-step process via Pd-catalyzed direct CH-arylation followed by a saponification–decarboxylation reaction is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Bassoude
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| | - Zahira Tber
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique URAC 21
- Université Mohammed V-Agdal
- Faculté des Sciences
- 10100 Rabat
- Morocco
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| | - Sabine Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
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19
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Fiore M, Forli S, Manetti F. Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2, MK2): Medicinal Chemistry Efforts To Lead Small Molecule Inhibitors to Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2015; 59:3609-34. [PMID: 26502061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The p38/MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is involved in a series of pathological conditions (inflammation diseases and metastasis) and in the resistance mechanism to antitumor agents. None of the p38 inhibitors entered advanced clinical trials because of their unwanted systemic side effects. For this reason, MK2 was identified as an alternative target to block the pathway but avoiding the side effects of p38 inhibition. However, ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors suffered from low solubility, poor cell permeability, and scarce kinase selectivity. Fortunately, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of MK2 have been already discovered that allowed circumventing the selectivity issue. These compounds showed the additional advantage to be effective at lower concentrations in comparison to the ATP-competitive inhibitors. Therefore, although the significant difficulties encountered during the development of these inhibitors, MK2 is still considered as an attractive target to treat inflammation and related diseases to prevent tumor metastasis and to increase tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fiore
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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20
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Aggarwal R, Singh G, Kaushik P, Kaushik D, Paliwal D, Kumar A. Molecular docking design and one-pot expeditious synthesis of novel 2,5-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines as anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:326-33. [PMID: 26160113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2,5-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines were designed as COX-2 inhibitors by molecular docking studies and their synthesis was accomplished via an expeditious one-pot reaction. Structures of the compounds were established by NMR ((1)H-(13)C), IR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. All the eleven compounds have been screened for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on rats by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Correlation studies of calculated moldock score and observed percentage inhibition have also been carried out which concluded that the synthesized 2,5-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines act as potent anti-inflammatory agents up to the 4th hour of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Gulshan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Pawan Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Dhirender Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Deepika Paliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
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21
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Li T, Wang W, Zhao JH, Zhou X, Li YM, Chen H. Pseudolaric acid B inhibits T-cell mediated immune response in vivo via p38MAPK signal cascades and PPARγ activation. Life Sci 2014; 121:88-96. [PMID: 25497712 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pseudolaric acid B (PAB) has been prescribed for its potent immunomodulatory effect. However, the detail of mechanism remains to be demonstrated. The purpose of this study is to further clarify the mechanism of PAB on T-cell mediated immune response in vivo. MAIN METHODS Investigations were carried to ascertain the pharmacological effect of PAB in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) mouse model of T-cell mediated immune response. Histological assessment was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays were employed to evaluate the expression profile of PAB. Western blot was performed to detect p38MAPK signal cascades, including p38MAPK, ATF-2, MK2, and HSP27. Finally, TNF-α level was analyzed by ELISA, and Jurkat T cells were treated with PAB to determine its role on PPARγ activation using a reporter gene assay. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that PAB (5, 10, and 20mg/kg) could lead to a marked improvement for ear swelling and inflammatory infiltrate in DTH mice dose-dependently. According to the associated biological pathways from microarray analysis, PAB resulted in the restoration of abnormal immune-related gene expression linked to MAPK and PPAR signaling pathways. Moreover, PAB inhibited the activation of p38MAPK, ATF-2, MK2, and HSP27 significantly, as well as the production of TNF-α, which was reversed by GW9662, a specific antagonist for PPARγ. In addition, treatment with PAB also increased the transcriptional activity of PPARγ in a dose-dependent manner. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide us with novel insights into pharmacological action of PAB as a potential immunomodulator for the treatment of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ji-hong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China; Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China; Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yu-ming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental Hazard, Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, PR China.
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22
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Regioselective synthesis of 1- and 4-substituted 7-oxopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Cumming JG, Debreczeni JÉ, Edfeldt F, Evertsson E, Harrison M, Holdgate GA, James MJ, Lamont SG, Oldham K, Sullivan JE, Wells SL. Discovery and characterization of MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 prevention of activation inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 58:278-93. [PMID: 25255283 DOI: 10.1021/jm501038s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally distinct series of novel, MAPK-activated kinase-2 prevention of activation inhibitors have been discovered by high throughput screening. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed substructural features that influence the selective inhibition of the activation by p38α of the downstream kinase MK2 in preference to an alternative substrate, MSK1. Enzyme kinetics, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 2D protein NMR, and X-ray crystallography were used to determine the binding mode and the molecular mechanism of action. The compounds bind competitively to the ATP binding site of p38α but unexpectedly with higher affinity in the p38α-MK2 complex compared with p38α alone. This observation is hypothesized to be the origin of the substrate selectivity. The two lead series identified are suitable for further investigation for their potential to treat chronic inflammatory diseases with improved tolerability over previously studied p38α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Cumming
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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24
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Li M, Zhao BX. Progress of the synthesis of condensed pyrazole derivatives (from 2010 to mid-2013). Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:311-40. [PMID: 25104650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Condensed pyrazole derivatives are important heterocyclic compounds due to their excellent biological activities and have been widely applied in pharmaceutical and agromedical fields. In recent years, numerous condensed pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized and advanced to clinic studies with various biological activities. In this review, we summarized the reported synthesis methods of condensed pyrazole derivatives from 2010 until now. All compounds are divided into three parts according to the rings connected to pyrazole-ring, i.e. [5, 5], [5,F 6], and [5, 7]-condensed pyrazole derivatives. The biological activities and applications in pharmaceutical fields are briefly introduced to offer an orientation for the design and synthesis of condensed pyrazole derivatives with good biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Bao-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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25
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Tian Y, Du D, Rai D, Wang L, Liu H, Zhan P, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Liu X. Fused heterocyclic compounds bearing bridgehead nitrogen as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs. Part 1: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5,7-disubstituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2052-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Fujino A, Fukushima K, Kubota T, Matsumoto Y, Takimoto-Kamimura M. Structure of the β-form of human MK2 in complex with the non-selective kinase inhibitor TEI-L03090. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1344-8. [PMID: 24316826 PMCID: PMC3855716 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2 or MAPKAP-K2), a serine/threonine kinase from the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway, plays an important role in the production of TNF-α and other cytokines. In a previous report, it was shown that MK2 in complex with the selective inhibitor TEI-I01800 adopts an α-helical glycine-rich loop that is induced by the stable nonplanar conformer of TEI-I01800. To understand the mechanism of the structural change, the structure of MK2 bound to TEI-L03090, which lacks the key substituent found in TEI-I01800, was determined. MK2-TEI-L03090 has a β-sheet glycine-rich loop in common with other kinases, as predicted. This result suggests that a small compound can induce a drastic conformational change in the target protein structure and can be used to design potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Fujino
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kei Fukushima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kubota
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsumoto
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Takimoto-Kamimura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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27
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Fujino A, Fukushima K, Kubota T, Kosugi T, Takimoto-Kamimura M. Crystal structure of human cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complex with MK2 inhibitor TEI-I01800: insight into the selectivity. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:905-9. [PMID: 24121337 PMCID: PMC3795553 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513020736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2 or MAPKAP-K2) is a Ser/Thr kinase from the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway and plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. The crystal structure of the MK2-TEI-I01800 complex has been reported; its Gly-rich loop was found to form an α-helix, not a β-sheet as has been observed for other Ser/Thr kinases. TEI-I01800 is 177-fold selective against MK2 compared with CDK2; in order to understand the inhibitory mechanism of TEI-I01800, the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) complex structure with TEI-I01800 was determined at 2.0 Å resolution. Interestingly, the Gly-rich loop of CDK2 formed a β-sheet that was different from that of MK2. In MK2, TEI-I01800 changed the secondary structure of the Gly-rich loop from a β-sheet to an α-helix by collision between Leu70 and a p-ethoxyphenyl group at the 7-position and bound to MK2. However, for CDK2, TEI-I01800 bound to CDK2 without this structural change and lost the interaction with the substituent at the 7-position. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the reason for the selectivity of TEI-I01800 is the favourable conformation of TEI-I01800 itself, making it suitable for binding to the α-form MK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Fujino
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kei Fukushima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kubota
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kosugi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Takimoto-Kamimura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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28
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Pourbasheer E, Bazl R, Amanlou M. Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies on the MAPKAP-K2 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Parallel synthesis of 7-heteroaryl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides. Mol Divers 2013; 17:731-43. [PMID: 23975596 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and practical four-step protocol for the parallel synthesis of 7-heteroaryl-pyrazolo[1,5-[Formula: see text]]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides was developed. The synthesis starts with transformation of commercially available 2-acetylpyridine and acetylpyrazine with [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal into the corresponding [Formula: see text]-3-(dimethylamino)-1-(heteroaryl)prop-2-en-1-ones followed by cyclisation with methyl 5-amino-1[Formula: see text]-pyrazole-4-carboxylate to give methyl 7-heteroarylpyrazolo[1,5-[Formula: see text]]pyrimidine-3-carboxylates. Hydrolysis of the ester group and subsequent amidation of the so formed carboxylic acids with 12 primary and secondary aliphatic amines furnished a library of 24 title compounds in good overall yields and purity.
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30
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31
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Moens U, Kostenko S, Sveinbjørnsson B. The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKAPKs) in Inflammation. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:101-33. [PMID: 24705157 PMCID: PMC3899974 DOI: 10.3390/genes4020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are implicated in several cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cell survival, cell motility, metabolism, stress response and inflammation. MAPK pathways transmit and convert a plethora of extracellular signals by three consecutive phosphorylation events involving a MAPK kinase kinase, a MAPK kinase, and a MAPK. In turn MAPKs phosphorylate substrates, including other protein kinases referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). Eleven mammalian MAPKAPKs have been identified: ribosomal-S6-kinases (RSK1-4), mitogen- and stress-activated kinases (MSK1-2), MAPK-interacting kinases (MNK1-2), MAPKAPK-2 (MK2), MAPKAPK-3 (MK3), and MAPKAPK-5 (MK5). The role of these MAPKAPKs in inflammation will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sergiy Kostenko
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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