1
|
Gillard RM, Zhang J, Steel R, Wang J, Strull JL, Cai B, Chakraborty N, Boger DL. Aryl Annulation: A Powerful Simplifying Retrosynthetic Disconnection. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:118-133. [PMID: 38144170 PMCID: PMC10745204 DOI: 10.1055/a-1959-2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Retrosynthetic deconstruction of a core aromatic ring is an especially simplifying retrosynthetic step, reducing the complexity of the precursor synthetic target. Moreover, when implemented to provide a penultimate intermediate, it enables late-stage divergent aryl introductions, permitting deep-seated core aryl modifications ordinarily accessible only by independent synthesis. Herein, we highlight the use of a ketone carbonyl group as the functionality to direct such late-stage divergent aryl introductions onto a penultimate intermediate with a projected application in the total synthesis of vinblastine and its presently inaccessible analogs containing indole replacements. Although the studies highlight this presently unconventional strategy with an especially challenging target in mind, the increase in molecular complexity (intricacy) established by the synthetic implementation of the powerful retrosynthetic disconnection, the use of a ketone as the precursor enabling functionality, and with adoption of either conventional or new wave (hetero)aromatic annulations combine to define a general and powerful strategy suited for wide-spread implementation with near limitless scope in target diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Gillard
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Richard Steel
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jessica L. Strull
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nilanjana Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sofi FA, Tabassum N. Natural product inspired leads in the discovery of anticancer agents: an update. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8605-8628. [PMID: 36255181 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2134212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have emerged as major leads for the discovery and development of new anti-cancer drugs. The plant-derived anti-cancer drugs account for approximately 60% and the quest for new anti-cancer agents is in progress. Anti-cancer leads have been isolated from plants, animals, marine organisms, and microorganisms from time immemorial. The process of semisynthetic modifications of the parent lead has led to the generation of new anti-cancer agents with improved therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects. The various chemo-informatics tools, bioinformatics, high-throughput screening, and combinatorial synthesis are able to deliver the new natural product lead molecules. Plant-derived anticancer agents in either late preclinical development or early clinical trials include taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, topotecan, irinotecan, etoposide, paclitaxel, and docetaxel. Similarly, anti-cancer agents from microbial sources include dactinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin C, and doxorubicin. In this review, we highlighted the importance of natural products leads in the discovery and development of novel anti-cancer agents. The semisynthetic modifications of the parent lead to the new anti-cancer agent are also presented. Further, the leads in the preclinical settings with the potential to become effective anticancer agents are also reviewed.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firdoos Ahmad Sofi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trudel V, Brien C, Tan J, Yudin AK. Towards depeptidized aminoboronic acid derivatives through the use of borylated iminium ions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5033-5036. [PMID: 35377379 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we use α-boryl iminium intermediates to access progressively depeptidized branched β-aminoboronic acids that are functionalized with biologically relevant heterocycles. We investigate the interaction of these novel compounds with carbohydrates under physiological conditions and demonstrate their potential as synthetic building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Trudel
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chelsey Brien
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Joanne Tan
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Paladugu SR, Gillard RM, Sarkar A, Boger DL. Tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium Hexachloroantimonate-Mediated Intermolecular C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Free Radical Coupling of Vindoline with β-Ketoesters and Related Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:495-502. [PMID: 34963278 PMCID: PMC8758398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A powerful tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate (BAHA) mediated regioselective intermolecular coupling reaction of vindoline with a wide range of substrates that include β-ketoesters, β-diketones, β-ketoaldehydes, β-ketonitriles, β-ketolactones, β-ketolactams, β-cyanoesters, and malononitriles is detailed. The BAHA-promoted intermolecular sp3/sp2 coupling, representing a special class of selective C-H functionalization reactions with direct carbon-carbon bond formation, proceeds with generation of a quaternary center bound to the aryl C15 center of vindoline capable of accommodating of the vinblastine C16' methyl ester and functionalized for subsequent divergent heterocycle introduction. A comprehensive examination of the reaction scope, optimization of subtle reaction parameters, and key insights into the reaction mechanism are described. Contrary to what might be prevailing expectations, studies suggest the plausible mechanism entails initial single-electron oxidation of the substrate enolate, not vindoline, and subsequent regiospecific addition of the resulting electrophilic radical to vindoline. As such and beyond the new arylation reaction with vindoline, the studies define a host of new, previously unrecognized, applications of BAHA and related triarylaminium radical cations that arises from their ability to generate stabilized electrophilic radicals from β-ketoesters and related substrates under nonreducing and metal-free conditions. Those exemplified herein include mediating stabilized enolate free radical arylation, dimerization, allylation, alkene addition, and α-oxidation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel M. Gillard
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
An efficient studies on C-2 cyanomethylation of the indole synthesis: The electronic and spectroscopic characterization (FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis), antioxidant activity, and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Li G, Lou M, Qi X. A brief overview of classical natural product drug synthesis and bioactivity. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript briefly overviewed the total synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of eight classical natural products, which emphasizes the important role of total synthesis in natural product-based drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), 7 Science Park Road ZGC Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mingliang Lou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), 7 Science Park Road ZGC Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), 7 Science Park Road ZGC Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong X, Zhang Y, Dang L, Chen W, Zhang H. Research Progress in Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids Vindoline and Vindorosine. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
8
|
Boon BA, Yu YY, Boger DL. Total synthesis of (-)-4-desacetoxy-1-oxovindoline: Single atom exchange of an embedded core heteroatom in vindoline. Tetrahedron 2021; 87:132117. [PMID: 33994597 PMCID: PMC8117404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of (-)-4-desacetoxy-1-oxovindoline is disclosed, bearing a single heteroatom exchange in the core structure of the natural product 4-desacetoxyvindoline. Central to the synthesis is powerful oxadiazole intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition cascade that formed four C-C bonds, created three new rings, and established five contiguous stereocenters about the new formed central 6-membered ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron A. Boon
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yi-Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mayer S, Keglevich P, Keglevich A, Hazai L. New Anticancer Vinca Alkaloids in the Last Decade - A Mini-Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210216123256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and pharmacology of the important Vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine
and vincristine used in anticancer therapy are still investigated widely. Several new
derivatives, e.g., vinflunine, vinorelbine, and vindesine, have been synthesized and become
successful medicines in anti-cancer therapy. In 2012, we published a paper that reviewed the
Vinca derivatives. Nevertheless, the interest in the preparation of new modified structures is
not decreasing either in recent years. In this review, the vinblastine-type molecules with several
substituents, e.g., amide, nitrile, hydrazide, substituted side chains, etc. in different positions
of catharanthine and/or vindoline cores are presented. An important part of the review is
the derivatization of the monomer alkaloid vindoline, which possesses no antitumor effect.
Additionally, new hybrid molecules of these alkaloids are also discussed in this mini-review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Mayer
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, H-1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4,Hungary
| | - Péter Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, H-1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4,Hungary
| | - András Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, H-1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4,Hungary
| | - László Hazai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, H-1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4,Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu B, Zhu L, Xia J, Huang S, Huang X. Gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of enynamides: Regio- and stereoselective approach to tetracyclic spiroindolines. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
11
|
Zheng L, Tao K, Guo W. Recent Developments in Photo‐Catalyzed/Promoted Synthesis of Indoles and Their Functionalization: Reactions and Mechanisms. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang J, Shukla V, Boger DL. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Heterocyclic Azadienes, 1-Aza-1,3-Butadienes, Cyclopropenone Ketals, and Related Systems. A Retrospective. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9397-9445. [PMID: 31062977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the investigation and applications of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is provided that have been conducted in our laboratory over a period that now spans more than 35 years. The work, which continues to provide solutions to complex synthetic challenges, is presented in the context of more than 70 natural product total syntheses in which the reactions served as a key strategic step in the approach. The studies include the development and use of the cycloaddition reactions of heterocyclic azadienes (1,2,4,5-tetrazines; 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,3-triazines; 1,2-diazines; and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 1-aza-1,3-butadienes, α-pyrones, and cyclopropenone ketals. Their applications illustrate the power of the methodology, often provided concise and nonobvious total syntheses of the targeted natural products, typically were extended to the synthesis of analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes in more comprehensive studies to explore or optimize their biological properties, and highlight a wealth of opportunities not yet tapped.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saya JM, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Total Synthesis of
Aspidosperma
and
Strychnos
Alkaloids through Indole Dearomatization. Chemistry 2019; 25:8916-8935. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordy M. Saya
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & SystemsVrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & SystemsVrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & SystemsVrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Radakovic A, Boger DL. Ultra-potent vinblastine analogues improve on-target activity of the parent microtubulin-targeting compound. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1370-1374. [PMID: 30952593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent efforts, several C20' urea vinblastine analogues were discovered that displayed remarkable potency against vinblastine-sensitive tumor cell lines (IC50 50-75 pM), being roughly 100-fold more potent than vinblastine, and that exhibited decreased susceptibility to Pgp efflux-derived resistance in a vinblastine-resistant cell line. Their extraordinary activity indicate that it is not likely or even possible that their cellular functional activity is derived from stoichiometric occupancy of the intracellular tubulin binding sites. Rather, their potency indicates sub-stoichiometric or even catalytic occupancy of candidate binding sites may be sufficient to disrupt tubulin dynamics or microtubule assembly during mitosis. We detail efforts to delineate the underlying behavior responsible for the increased potency and show that the ultra-potent extended C20' ureas retain the mechanistic behavior of vinblastine, display enhanced affinity for tubulin and on-target activity approximately 100-fold both in vitro and in HeLa cells, but do not show evidence of catalytic disassembly of microtubulin. We also use the analogues to show that, in live interphase cells, the effects of the vinblastine class of drugs do not display a catastrophic effect on the microtubule skeleton, but rather a subtler insult to its dynamicity, acting as sub-stoichiometric drugs that inhibit normal microtubulin maturation and dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Radakovic
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu H, Wang SR, Song X, Zhao L, Wang L, Tang Y. Selectivity Switch in a Rhodium(II) Carbene Triggered Cyclopentannulation: Divergent Access to Three Polycyclic Indolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4345-4349. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Kui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Sunewang R. Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Liu‐Peng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Lijia Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Wang SR, Song X, Zhao L, Wang L, Tang Y. Selectivity Switch in a Rhodium(II) Carbene Triggered Cyclopentannulation: Divergent Access to Three Polycyclic Indolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Kui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Sunewang R. Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Liu‐Peng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Lijia Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martino E, Casamassima G, Castiglione S, Cellupica E, Pantalone S, Papagni F, Rui M, Siciliano AM, Collina S. Vinca alkaloids and analogues as anti-cancer agents: Looking back, peering ahead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2816-2826. [PMID: 30122223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer still represents a "nightmare" worldwide, causing annually millions of victims. Several antiproliferative molecules are currently used as drugs market and offer a pharmaceutical opportunity for attenuating and treating tumor manifestations. In this context, natural sources have a relevant role, since they provide the 60% of currently-used anticancer agents. Among the numerous natural products, acting via different mechanisms of action, microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) have a high therapeutic potential, since they disrupt the abnormal cancer cell growth, interfering with the continuous mitotic division. Vinca alkaloids (VAs) are the earliest developed MTAs and approved for clinical use (Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine, Vindesine, and Vinflunine) as agents in the treatment of hematological and lymphatic neoplasms. Here, we review the state-of-art of VAs, discussing their mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties and highlighting their therapeutic relevance and toxicological profile. Additionally, we briefly disclosed the technological approaches faced so far to ameliorate the pharmacological properties, as well as to avoid the drug resistance. Lastly, we introduced the recent advances in the discovery of new derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Martino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Casamassima
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia Castiglione
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Cellupica
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Pantalone
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Papagni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Rui
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Marika Siciliano
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zeeli S, Weill T, Finkin-Groner E, Bejar C, Melamed M, Furman S, Zhenin M, Nudelman A, Weinstock M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Derivatives of Indoline as Highly Potent Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4004-4019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shani Zeeli
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tehilla Weill
- Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Efrat Finkin-Groner
- Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Corina Bejar
- Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Michal Melamed
- Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Svetlana Furman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael Zhenin
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Abraham Nudelman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Marta Weinstock
- Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin M, Zhu L, Xia J, Yu Y, Chen J, Mao Z, Huang X. Gold-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Tryptamine Derived Enynamides: A Stereoselective Approach to Tetracyclic Spiroindolines. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou Fujian 350007 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou Fujian 350007 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
High expression of class III β-tubulin has no impact on functional cancer cell growth inhibition of a series of key vinblastine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:863-865. [PMID: 29439899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical association studies have implicated high expression of class III β-tubulin as a predictive factor for lower response rates and reduced overall survival in patients receiving tubulin binding drugs, most notably the taxanes. Because of the implications, we examined a series of key vinblastine analogs that emerged from our studies in functional cell growth inhibition assays for their sensitivity to high expression of class III β-tubulin (human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 vs taxol-resistant A549-T24). Unlike taxol, vinblastine and a set of key analogs 3-10 did not exhibit any loss in sensitivity toward A549-T24. The results suggest that vinblastine and related analogs are not likely prone to resistance derived from high expression of class III β-tubulin unlike the taxanes. Most significant are the results with 4-6, a subset of 20' amide vinblastine analogs. They match or exceed the potency of vinblastine and they display more potent activity against taxol-resistant A549-T24 than even wild type A549 cells (1.2-2-fold), complementing our prior observations that they also display no sensitivity to overexpression of Pgp (HCT116/VM46 vs HCT116) and are not subject to resistance derived from Pgp efflux.
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiao K, Zhang D, Zhang K, Yuan X, Zheng MW, Guo TF, Fang Z, Wan L, Guo K. Iron(ii)-catalyzed C-2 cyanomethylation of indoles and pyrroles via direct oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling with acetonitrile derivatives. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient approach for the C(sp2)–H/C(sp3)–H oxidative coupling of indoles and pyrroles with acetonitrile derivatives was reported by using the Fe(ii) complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Wei Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Tian-Fo Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lukesh JC, Carney DW, Dong H, Cross RM, Shukla V, Duncan KK, Yang S, Brody DM, Brütsch MM, Radakovic A, Boger DL. Vinblastine 20' Amides: Synthetic Analogues That Maintain or Improve Potency and Simultaneously Overcome Pgp-Derived Efflux and Resistance. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7591-7604. [PMID: 28857558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 180 vinblastine 20' amides were prepared in three steps from commercially available starting materials, systematically exploring a typically inaccessible site in the molecule enlisting a powerful functionalization strategy. Clear structure-activity relationships and a structural model were developed in the studies which provided many such 20' amides that exhibit substantial and some even remarkable enhancements in potency, many that exhibit further improvements in activity against a Pgp overexpressing resistant cancer cell line, and an important subset of the vinblastine analogues that display little or no differential in activity against a matched pair of vinblastine sensitive and resistant (Pgp overexpressing) cell lines. The improvements in potency directly correlated with target tubulin binding affinity, and the reduction in differential functional activity against the sensitive and Pgp overexpressing resistant cell lines was found to correlate directly with an impact on Pgp-derived efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Huijun Dong
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel M Brody
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Manuela M Brütsch
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Aleksandar Radakovic
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Allemann O, Cross RM, Brütsch MM, Radakovic A, Boger DL. Key analogs of a uniquely potent synthetic vinblastine that contain modifications of the C20' ethyl substituent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3055-3059. [PMID: 28551101 PMCID: PMC5538265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A key series of vinblastine analogs 7-13, which contain modifications to the C20' ethyl group, was prepared with use of two distinct synthetic approaches that provide modifications of the C20' side chain containing linear and cyclized alkyl groups or added functionalized substituents. Their examination revealed the unique nature of the improved properties of the synthetic vinblastine 6, offers insights into the origins of its increased tubulin binding affinity and 10-fold improved cell growth inhibition potency, and served to probe a small hydrophobic pocket anchoring the binding of vinblastine with tubulin. Especially noteworthy were the trends observed with substitution of the terminal carbon of the ethyl group that, with the exception of 9 (R=F vs H, equipotent), led to remarkably substantial reductions in activity (>10-fold): R=F (equipotent with H)>N3, CN (10-fold)>Me (50-fold)>Et (100-fold)>OH (inactive). This is in sharp contrast to the maintained (7) or enhanced activity (6) observed with its incorporation into a cyclic C20'/C15'-fused six-membered ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Allemann
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - R Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Manuela M Brütsch
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Aleksandar Radakovic
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Alpers D, Gallhof M, Witt J, Hoffmann F, Brasholz M. Photoredox‐induzierte stereoselektive desaromatisierende radikalische (4+2)‐Cyclisierungs/1,4‐Additions‐Kaskade zur Synthese hoch funktionalisierter Hexahydro‐1
H
‐carbazole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alpers
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Malte Gallhof
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Julian Witt
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Malte Brasholz
- Fachbereich Chemie – Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alpers D, Gallhof M, Witt J, Hoffmann F, Brasholz M. A Photoredox‐Induced Stereoselective Dearomative Radical (4+2)‐Cyclization/1,4‐Addition Cascade for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Hexahydro‐1
H
‐carbazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1402-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alpers
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Malte Gallhof
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Julian Witt
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Malte Brasholz
- Department of Chemistry—Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bebbington MWP. Natural product analogues: towards a blueprint for analogue-focused synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5059-5109. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A review of approaches to natural product analogues leads to the suggestion of new methods for the generation of biologically active natural product-like scaffolds.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang S, Sankar K, Skepper CK, Barker TJ, Lukesh JC, Brody DM, Brütsch MM, Boger DL. Total synthesis of a key series of vinblastines modified at C4 that define the importance and surprising trends in activity. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1560-1569. [PMID: 28194270 PMCID: PMC5302862 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanded scope of a powerful oxadiazole cycloaddition cascade was used for the total synthesis of 17 synthetic vinblastines systematically modified at C4. Their evaluation defined a surprisingly significant impact and provided an unrecognized role of the C4 substituent on activity.
The total synthesis and evaluation of a key systematic series of vinblastines that incorporate the first deep-seated changes to the substituent at C4 are detailed. The synthetic approach features an expanded and redefined scope of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade in which electronically mismatched electron-deficient trisubstituted alkenes and unactivated trisubstituted alkenes were found to productively initiate the cycloaddition cascade with tethered electron-deficient 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Such cycloaddition cascades were used to directly introduce altered C4 substituents, providing the basis for concise total syntheses of a series of C4 modified vindolines and their subsequent single-step incorporation into the corresponding synthetic vinblastines in routes as short as 8–12 steps. Evaluation of the synthetic vinblastines revealed a surprisingly large impact and role of the C4 substituent on activity even though it was previously not thought to intimately interact with the biological target tubulin. Only the introduction of a C4 methyl ester, a constitutional isomer of vinblastine in which the carbonyl carbon and ester oxygen of the C4 acetate are transposed, provided a synthetic vinblastine that matched the potency of the natural product. In contrast, even introduction of a C4 acetamide or N-methyl carboxamide, which incorporate single heavy atom exchanges (amide NH for ester oxygen) in vinblastine or the C4 methyl ester, provided compounds that were ≥10-fold less active than vinblastine. Other C4 acetate replacements, including a C4 amine, carboxylic acid, hydroxymethyl or acetoxymethyl group, led to even greater reductions in potency. Even replacement of the C4 acetoxy group or its equally active C4 methyl ester with an ethyl or isopropyl ester led to 10-fold or more reductions in activity. These remarkable trends in activity, which correlate with relative tubulin binding affinities, retrospectively may be ascribed to the role the substituent serves as a H-bond acceptor for α-tubulin Lys336 and Asn329 side chains at a site less tolerant of a H-bond donor, placing the methyl group of the C4 acetate or C4 methyl ester in a spatially restricted and well-defined hydrophobic half pocket created by a surrounding well-ordered loop. This remarkable impact of the C4 substituent, its stringency, and even the magnitude of its effect are extraordinary, and indicate that its presence was selected in Nature to enhance the effects of vinblastine and related natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Kuppusamy Sankar
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Colin K Skepper
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Timothy J Barker
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Daniel M Brody
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Manuela M Brütsch
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yan M, Lo JC, Edwards JT, Baran PS. Radicals: Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12692-12714. [PMID: 27631602 PMCID: PMC5054485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective illustrates the defining characteristics of free radical chemistry, beginning with its rich and storied history. Studies from our laboratory are discussed along with recent developments emanating from others in this burgeoning area. The practicality and chemoselectivity of radical reactions enable rapid access to molecules of relevance to drug discovery, agrochemistry, material science, and other disciplines. Thus, these reactive intermediates possess inherent translational potential, as they can be widely used to expedite scientific endeavors for the betterment of humankind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julian C. Lo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacob T. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Crossley SWM, Obradors C, Martinez RM, Shenvi RA. Mn-, Fe-, and Co-Catalyzed Radical Hydrofunctionalizations of Olefins. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8912-9000. [PMID: 27461578 PMCID: PMC5872827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor-mimetic aerobic oxidation has conceptually merged with catalysis of syngas reactions to form a wide range of Markovnikov-selective olefin radical hydrofunctionalizations. We cover the development of the field and review contributions to reaction invention, mechanism, and application to complex molecule synthesis. We also provide a mechanistic framework for understanding this compendium of radical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W M Crossley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carla Obradors
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ruben M Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Allemann O, Brutsch M, Lukesh JC, Brody DM, Boger DL. Synthesis of a Potent Vinblastine: Rationally Designed Added Benign Complexity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8376-9. [PMID: 27356080 PMCID: PMC4945418 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products, including vinblastine, have not been easily subjected to simplifications in their structures by synthetic means or modifications by late-stage semisynthetic derivatization in ways that enhance their biological potency. Herein, we detail a synthetic vinblastine that incorporates added benign complexity (ABC), which improves activity 10-fold, and is now accessible as a result of advances in the total synthesis of the natural product. The compound incorporates designed added molecular complexity but no new functional groups and maintains all existing structural and conformational features of the natural product. It constitutes a member of an analogue class presently inaccessible by semisynthetic derivatization of the natural product, by its late-stage functionalization, or by biosynthetic means. Rather, it was accessed by synthetic means, using an appropriately modified powerful penultimate single-step vindoline-catharanthine coupling strategy that proceeds with a higher diastereoselectivity than found for the natural product itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Allemann
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Manuela Brutsch
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John C. Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel M. Brody
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang YB, Zhan LQ, Li GQ, Wang F, Wang Y, Li YL, Ye WC, Wang GC. Dimeric Matrine-Type Alkaloids from the Roots of Sophora flavescens and Their Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activities. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6273-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Qin Zhan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute
of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang M, Zi J, Zhu J, Chen S, Wang P, Song L, Yu R. Artemisinic Acid Serves as a Novel ORCA3 Inducer to Enhance Biosynthesis of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus Cambial Meristematic Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of artemisinic acid (AA) on improving the production of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) of Catharanthus roseus cambial meristematic cells (CMCs), feeding AA to C. roseus CMCs caused 2.35-fold and 2.51-fold increases in the production of vindoline and catharanthine, respectively, compared with those of the untreated CMCs. qRT-PCR experiments showed that AA resulted in a 1.36-8.52 fold increase in the transcript levels of several related genes, including octadecanoid-derivative responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain protein 3 (ORCA3), tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), strictosidine synthase (STR) and desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase (D4H). However, no effect was observed on the concentration of either jasmonic acid (JA), or the octadecanoid-pathway inhibitors block TIA accumulation caused by AA. The results indicated that AA might serve as a novel ORCA3 inducer to manipulate biosynthesis of TIAs in C. roseus CMCs via an unknown mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sears JE, Boger DL. Tandem Intramolecular Diels-Alder/1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Cascade of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles: Initial Scope and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:241-51. [PMID: 26813287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the development and initial studies on the scope of a powerful tandem intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is detailed and provides the foundation for its subsequent use in organic synthesis. Implemented with substrates in which both the initiating dienophile and subsequent dipolarophile are tethered to the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, the studies expanded the scope of oxadiazoles that participate in the reaction cascade, permitted the use of differentiated dienophiles and dipolarophiles, extended their use to unsymmetrical dienophiles and dipolarophiles, provided exclusive control of the cycloaddition regioselectivities, and imposed exquisite control on the cycloaddition stereochemistry. As key reactivity and stereochemical features of the reactions were being defined, the cascade cycloaddition reaction was implemented in the total synthesis of a series of alkaloids including (-)-vindoline, (-)-vindorosine, the closely related natural products (+)-4-desacetoxyvindoline and (+)-4-desacetoxyvindorosine, natural minovine, (+)-N-methylaspidospermidine, (+)-spegazzinine, (-)-aspidospermine, and a number of key analogues. Most recently, it was used in the divergent total syntheses of (+)-fendleridine, (-)-kopsinine, (-)-kopsifoline D, and (-)-deoxoapodine, in which four different strategic bonds in four different classes of the hexacyclic alkaloids were formed from a common cascade cycloaddition intermediate. A large number of vindoline analogues were prepared by variations on the cascade cycloaddition reaction for single step incorporation into analogues of vinblastine. These structural changes to vindoline permitted both systematic alterations to the peripheral substituents as well as deep-seated changes to the core structure and embedded functionality of vinblastine not previously accessible. Although explored initially for accessing vindoline and vinblastine, the use of the cycloaddition cascade in the total synthesis of an impressive range of additional natural products illustrate the power of the methodology. Alternative tethering strategies for the cascade cycloaddition reaction, combined intramolecular and intermolecular variants of either the initiating Diels-Alder reaction or the subsequent carbonyl ylide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, an expanded examination of the tethered dipolarophile scope, and applications to additional natural product classes represent attractive areas for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Sears
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
White LV, Banwell MG. Conversion of the Enzymatically Derived (1S,2S)-3-Bromocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol into Enantiomerically Pure Compounds Embodying the Pentacyclic Framework of Vindoline. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1617-26. [PMID: 26788805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatically derived and enantiomerically pure (1S,2S)-3-bromocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol (7) has been elaborated over 17 steps into compounds 8 and 32, each of which embodies the pentacyclic framework and much of the functionality associated with the alkaloid vindoline (3). This work sets the stage for effecting the conversion of the related metabolite (1S,6R)-5-ethyl-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid (4) into compound 3, the latter being a biogenetic precursor to the clinically significant anticancer agents vinblastine and vincristine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo V White
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alehashem MS, Lim CG, Thomas NF. The radical cation mediated cleavage of catharanthine leading to the vinblastine type alkaloids: implications for total synthesis and drug design. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of the Boger and Kutney mechanistic interpretations for the FeCl3 promoted oxidative coupling of vindoline and catharanthine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuan-Gee Lim
- Environmental and Bioprocess Technology Centre
- SIRIM Berhad
- 40000 Shah Alam
- Malaysia
| | - Noel F. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ilkei V, Bana P, Tóth F, Palló A, Holczbauer T, Czugler M, Sánta Z, Dékány M, Szigetvári Á, Hazai L, Szántay C, Szántay C, Kalaus G. A simple synthesis of bannucine and 5′-epibannucine from (−)-vindoline. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Sears JE, Barker TJ, Boger DL. Total Synthesis of (-)-Vindoline and (+)-4-epi-Vindoline Based on a 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Tandem Intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] Cycloaddition Cascade Initiated by an Allene Dienophile. Org Lett 2015; 17:5460-3. [PMID: 26457536 PMCID: PMC4636949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is reported that an allene dienophile can initiate a tandem intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, that the intermediate cross-conjugated 1,3-dipole (a carbonyl ylide) can participate in an ensuing [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition in a remarkably effective manner, and that the reaction can be implemented to provide the core pentacyclic ring system of vindoline. Its discovery improves a previous total synthesis of (-)-vindoline and was used in a total synthesis of (+)-4-epi-vindoline and (+)-4-epi-vinblastine that additionally enlists an alternative series of late-stage transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Sears
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Timothy J. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Abstract
The total synthesis of (-)-kopsinine and its unnatural enantiomer is detailed, enlisting a late-stage SmI2-mediated transannular free radical conjugate addition reaction for construction of the core bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring system with strategic C21-C2 bond formation. Key to the approach is assemblage of the underlying skeleton by an intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition cascade of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole that provided the precursor C21 functionalized pentacyclic ring system 1 in a single step in which the C3 methyl ester found in the natural product served as a key 1,3,4-oxadiazole substituent, activating it for participation in the initiating Diels-Alder reaction and stabilizing the intermediate 1,3-dipole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sears JE, Boger DL. Total synthesis of vinblastine, related natural products, and key analogues and development of inspired methodology suitable for the systematic study of their structure-function properties. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:653-62. [PMID: 25586069 PMCID: PMC4363169 DOI: 10.1021/ar500400w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active natural products composed of fascinatingly complex structures are often regarded as not amenable to traditional systematic structure-function studies enlisted in medicinal chemistry for the optimization of their properties beyond what might be accomplished by semisynthetic modification. Herein, we summarize our recent studies on the Vinca alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, often considered as prototypical members of such natural products, that not only inspired the development of powerful new synthetic methodology designed to expedite their total synthesis but have subsequently led to the discovery of several distinct classes of new, more potent, and previously inaccessible analogues. With use of the newly developed methodology and in addition to ongoing efforts to systematically define the importance of each embedded structural feature of vinblastine, two classes of analogues already have been discovered that enhance the potency of the natural products >10-fold. In one instance, remarkable progress has also been made on the refractory problem of reducing Pgp transport responsible for clinical resistance with a series of derivatives made accessible only using the newly developed synthetic methodology. Unlike the removal of vinblastine structural features or substituents, which typically has a detrimental impact, the additions of new structural features have been found that can enhance target tubulin binding affinity and functional activity while simultaneously disrupting Pgp binding, transport, and functional resistance. Already analogues are in hand that are deserving of full preclinical development, and it is a tribute to the advances in organic synthesis that they are readily accessible even on a natural product of a complexity once thought refractory to such an approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Sears
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
G. Banwell M, V. White L, C. Willis A. ABC → ABCE/D Based Approaches to the Pentacyclic Ring System of the Vinca Alkaloids Using Intramolecular Hetero-[2+2]cycloaddition and Gold(I)-Catalyzed 6-endo-dig Cyclisation Protocols. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Fang T, Tan Q, Ding Z, Liu B, Xu B. Pd-catalyzed oxidative annulation of hydrazides with isocyanides: synthesis of 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:2342-5. [PMID: 24725151 DOI: 10.1021/ol5006449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed oxidative annulation reaction was developed through sequential isocyanide insertions into N-H and O-H bonds of hydrazides, which provides an efficient access to valuable 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee K, Boger DL. Total syntheses of (-)-kopsifoline D and (-)-deoxoapodine: divergent total synthesis via late-stage key strategic bond formation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3312-7. [PMID: 24499015 PMCID: PMC3985950 DOI: 10.1021/ja500548e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Divergent total syntheses of (-)-kopsifoline D and (-)-deoxoapodine are detailed from a common pentacyclic intermediate 15, enlisting the late-stage formation of two different key strategic bonds (C21-C3 and C21-O-C6) unique to their hexacyclic ring systems that are complementary to its prior use in the total syntheses of kopsinine (C21-C2 bond formation) and (+)-fendleridine (C21-O-C19 bond formation). The combined efforts represent the total syntheses of members of four classes of natural products from a common intermediate functionalized for late-stage formation of four different key strategic bonds uniquely embedded in each natural product core structure. Key to the first reported total synthesis of a kopsifoline that is detailed herein was the development of a transannular enamide alkylation for late-stage formation of the C21-C3 bond with direct introduction of the reactive indolenine C2 oxidation state from a penultimate C21 functionalized Aspidosperma-like pentacyclic intermediate. Central to the assemblage of the underlying Apidosperma skeleton is a powerful intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole that provided the functionalized pentacyclic ring system 15 in a single step in which the C3 methyl ester found in the natural products served as a key 1,3,4-oxadiazole substituent, activating it for participation in the initiating Diels-Alder reaction and stabilizing the intermediate 1,3-dipole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Riley AP, Day VW, Navarro HA, Prisinzano TE. Palladium-catalyzed transformations of salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum. Org Lett 2013; 15:5936-9. [PMID: 24246026 DOI: 10.1021/ol4027528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transformations that selectively modify the furan ring present in a variety of naturals products would be useful in the synthesis of biological probes but remain largely underexplored. The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, isolated from Salvia divinorum, is an example of a furan-containing natural product. Following selective bromination of salvinorin A, Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira couplings were accomplished in moderate to good yields without hydrolyzing the labile C-2 acetate or altering the stereochemistry of the epimerizable centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Riley
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7572, United States , and Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Campbell EL, Skepper CK, Sankar K, Duncan KK, Boger DL. Transannular Diels-Alder/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles: total synthesis of a unique set of vinblastine analogues. Org Lett 2013; 15:5306-9. [PMID: 24087969 DOI: 10.1021/ol402549n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A powerful tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles initiated by a transannular [4 + 2] cycloaddition is detailed. An impressive four rings, four carbon-carbon bonds, and six stereocenters are set on each site of the newly formed central six-membered ring in a cascade thermal reaction that proceeds at temperatures as low as 80 °C. The resulting cycloadducts provide the basis for the synthesis of unique analogues of vinblastine containing metabolically benign deep-seated cyclic modifications at the C3/C4 centers of the vindoline-derived subunit of the natural product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Barker TJ, Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Potent Vinblastine C20' Ureas Displaying Additionally Improved Activity Against a Vinblastine-Resistant Cancer Cell Line. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4. [PMID: 24223237 DOI: 10.1021/ml400281w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of disubstituted C20'-urea derivatives of vinblastine were prepared from 20'-aminovinblastine that was made accessible through a unique Fe(III)/NaBH4- mediated alkene functionalization reaction of anhydrovinblastine. Three analogs were examined across a panel of 15 human tumor cell lines, displaying remarkably potent cell growth inhibition activity (avg. IC50 = 200-300 pM), being 10-200-fold more potent than vinblastine (avg. IC50 = 6.1 nM). Significantly, the analogs also display further improved activity against the vinblastine-resistant HCT116/VM46 cell line that bears the clinically relevant overexpression of Pgp, exhibiting IC50 values on par with that of vinblastine against the sensitive HCT116 cell line, 100-200-fold greater than the activity of vinblastine against the resistant HCT116/VM46 cell line, and display a reduced 10-20-fold activity differential between the matched sensitive and resistant cell lines (vs 100-fold for vinblastine).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Barker
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katharine K. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Reddy MVR, Mallireddigari MR, Pallela VR, Cosenza SC, Billa VK, Akula B, Subbaiah DRCV, Bharathi EV, Padgaonkar A, Lv H, Gallo JM, Reddy EP. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of (E)-N-aryl-2-arylethenesulfonamide analogues as potent and orally bioavailable microtubule-targeted anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5562-86. [PMID: 23750455 DOI: 10.1021/jm400575x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel (E)-N-aryl-2-arylethenesulfonamides (6) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity. Some of the compounds in this series showed potent cytotoxicity against a wide spectrum of cancer cell-lines (IC50 values ranging from 5 to 10 nM) including all drug resistant cell-lines. Nude mice xenograft assays with compound (E)-N-(3-amino-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2',4',6'-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenesulfonamide (6t) showed dramatic reduction in tumor size, indicating their in vivo potential as anticancer agents. A preliminary drug development study with compound 6t is predicted to have increased blood-brain barrier permeability relative to many clinically used antimitotic agents. Mechanistic studies indicate that 6t and some other analogues disrupted microtubule formation, formation of mitotic spindles, and arrest of cells in mitotic phase. Compound 6t inhibited purified tubulin polymerization in vitro and in vivo and circumvented drug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein. Compound 6t specifically competed with colchicine binding to tubulin and with similar avidity as podophylltoxin, indicating its binding site on tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029-6514, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Turner TC, Shibayama K, Boger DL. Hypervalent iodine(III)-promoted intermolecular C-C coupling of vindoline with β-ketoesters and related substrates. Org Lett 2013; 15:1100-3. [PMID: 23421318 PMCID: PMC3607625 DOI: 10.1021/ol400135n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective intermolecular coupling reaction of vindoline with a wide range of substrates including β-ketoesters, β-diketones, β-ketoaldehydes, β-ketonitriles, malononitriles, and β-cyanoesters provides an opportunity for the synthesis of vinblastine analogues containing deep-seated changes in the upper velbanamine subunit. The transition-metal-free hypervalent iodine(III)-promoted intermolecular sp(3)/sp(2) coupling, representing a special class of selective C-H activation with direct carbon-carbon bond formation, proceeds with generation of a quaternary center capable of incorporation of the vinblastine C16' methyl ester and functionalized for subsequent divergent heterocycle introduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis C. Turner
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Kotaro Shibayama
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The use of a powerful intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of an 1,3,4-oxadiazole in the divergent total synthesis of kopsinine (1), featuring an additional unique SmI(2)-promoted transannular cyclization reaction for formation of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane central to its hexacyclic ring system, is detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|