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Munck Af Rosenschöld M, Johannesson P, Nikitidis A, Tyrchan C, Chang HF, Rönn R, Chapman D, Ullah V, Nikitidis G, Glader P, Käck H, Bonn B, Wågberg F, Björkstrand E, Andersson U, Swedin L, Rohman M, Andreasson T, Bergström EL, Jiang F, Zhou XH, Lundqvist AJ, Malmberg A, Ek M, Gordon E, Pettersen A, Ripa L, Davis AM. Discovery of the Oral Leukotriene C4 Synthase Inhibitor (1 S,2 S)-2-({5-[(5-Chloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl}carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid (AZD9898) as a New Treatment for Asthma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7769-7787. [PMID: 31415176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay of asthma treatment, up to 50% of asthmatics remain uncontrolled. Many studies show that the cysteinyl leukotriene cascade remains highly activated in some asthmatics, even those on high-dose inhaled or oral corticosteroids. Hence, inhibition of the leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) enzyme could provide a new and differentiated core treatment for patients with a highly activated cysteinyl leukotriene cascade. Starting from a screening hit (3), a program to discover oral inhibitors of LTC4S led to (1S,2S)-2-({5-[(5-chloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl}carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (AZD9898) (36), a picomolar LTC4S inhibitor (IC50 = 0.28 nM) with high lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE = 8.5), which displays nanomolar potency in cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cell, IC50,free = 6.2 nM) and good in vivo pharmacodynamics in a calcium ionophore-stimulated rat model after oral dosing (in vivo, IC50,free = 34 nM). Compound 36 mitigates the GABA binding, hepatic toxicity signal, and in vivo toxicology findings of an early lead compound 7 with a human dose predicted to be 30 mg once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Rönn
- Orexo AB , Virdings allé 32A , SE-75450 Uppsala , Sweden
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Abstract
Preclinical research remains an important tool for discovery and validation of novel therapeutics for gastrointestinal disorders. While in vitro assays can be used to verify receptor-ligand interactions and test for structural activity of new compounds, only whole-animal studies can demonstrate drug efficacy within the gastrointestinal system. Most major gastrointestinal disorders have been modeled in animals; however the translational relevance of each model is not equal. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a critical evaluation of common animal models that are being used to develop pharmaceuticals for gastrointestinal disorders. For brevity, the models are presented for upper gastrointestinal disorders involving the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal disorders that focus on the colon. Particular emphasis is used to explain the face and construct validity of each model, and the limitations of each model, including data interpretation, are highlighted. This chapter does not evaluate models that rely on surgical or other non-pharmacological interventions for treatment.
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Gotfried J, Kataria R, Schey R. Review: The Role of Cannabinoids on Esophageal Function-What We Know Thus Far. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:252-258. [PMID: 29098187 PMCID: PMC5665514 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) primarily consists of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), endogenous ligands, and enzymes for endocannabinoid biosynthesis and inactivation. Although the presence of CBRs, both CB1 and CB2, as well as a third receptor (G-protein receptor 55 [GPR55]), has been established in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, few studies have focused on the role of cannabinoids on esophageal function. To date, studies have shown their effect on GI motility, inflammation and immunity, intestinal and gastric acid secretion, nociception and emesis pathways, and appetite control. Given the varying and sometimes limited efficacy of current medical therapies for diseases of the esophagus, further understanding and investigation into the interplay of the ECS on esophageal health and disease may present new therapeutic modalities that may help advance current treatment options. In this brief review, the current understanding of the ECS role in various esophageal functions and disorders is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gotfried
- Department of Gastroenterology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rahul Kataria
- Department of Gastroenterology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ron Schey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Song H, Liu X, Wang C, Qiao J, Chu W, Sun Z. Cu(TFA)2
-Catalyzed Picolinamido-Directed C(sp2
)−H Cyanation of Naphthalenes by Using Benzoyl Cyanide as a Cyano Source. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Song
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion; College of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Xiaochong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion; College of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion; College of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion; College of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Chu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion; College of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Zhizhong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion; College of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin 150080 P. R. China
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Zhang YY, Liu H, Summerfield SG, Luscombe CN, Sahi J. Integrating in Silico and in Vitro Approaches To Predict Drug Accessibility to the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1540-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Platform Technology and Science China, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Houfu Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Platform Technology and Science China, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Scott G. Summerfield
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, U.K
| | - Christopher N. Luscombe
- Computational
and Structural Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jasminder Sahi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Platform Technology and Science China, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Shanghai, China
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Ai Y, Hu Y, Kang F, Lai Y, Jia Y, Huang Z, Peng S, Ji H, Tian J, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Olean-28,13β-lactams as Potential Antiprostate Cancer Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4506-20. [PMID: 25992974 DOI: 10.1021/jm5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Lactam is an important structural motif in a large number of biologically active natural products and synthetic small pharmaceutical molecules. However, there is currently no effective approach to construct γ-lactam ring directly from natural rigid polycyclic amides. Herein, we report a facile methodology for synthesis of a new group of olean-28,13β-lactams (10a-j) from their corresponding amides, promoted by an easily available reagent 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), through an intramolecular dehydrogenative C-N coupling reaction via a radical ion mechanism. Biological evaluation indicated that the most active lactam 10h displayed potent antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells but 13.84- to 16.92-fold less inhibitory activity on noncancer cells in vitro. In addition, 10h significantly inhibited the growth of implanted prostate cancer in vivo. Furthermore, 10h induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and down-regulated the AKT/mTOR signaling in DU-145 cells. Finally, 10h was more stable in rat plasma and human liver microsomes than CDDO-Me and had little hERG channel inhibitory activity. Collectively, 10h may be a potential antiprostate cancer agent for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ai
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Kang
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Jia
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Sixun Peng
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hui Ji
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jide Tian
- §Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yihua Zhang
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Hopkins AL, Keserü GM, Leeson PD, Rees DC, Reynolds CH. The role of ligand efficiency metrics in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:105-21. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prediction of Drug Exposure in the Brain from the Chemical Structure. DRUG DELIVERY TO THE BRAIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9105-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Moreno-Sanz G, Duranti A, Melzig L, Fiorelli C, Ruda GF, Colombano G, Mestichelli P, Sanchini S, Tontini A, Mor M, Bandiera T, Scarpelli R, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of O-biphenyl-3-yl carbamates as peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5917-30. [PMID: 23822179 DOI: 10.1021/jm4007017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB937 (3, cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-6-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester) is extruded from the brain and spinal cord by the Abcg2 efflux transporter. Despite its inability to enter the central nervous system (CNS), 3 exerts profound antinociceptive effects in mice and rats, which result from the inhibition of FAAH in peripheral tissues and the consequent enhancement of anandamide signaling at CB1 cannabinoid receptors localized on sensory nerve endings. In the present study, we examined the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the biphenyl region of compound 3, focusing on the carbamoyl and hydroxyl groups in the distal and proximal phenyl rings. Our SAR studies generated a new series of peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitors and identified compound 35 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-5-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester) as the most potent brain-impermeant FAAH inhibitor disclosed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Sanz
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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