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Olbromski M, Mrozowska M, Piotrowska A, Kmiecik A, Smolarz B, Romanowicz H, Blasiak P, Maciejczyk A, Wojnar A, Dziegiel P. Prognostic significance of alpha-2-macrglobulin and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 in various cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:3036-3058. [PMID: 39005669 PMCID: PMC11236788 DOI: 10.62347/vujv9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 10 million fatalities occurred in 2023. Breast cancer (BC) ranked first among malignancies with 2.26 million cases, lung cancer (LC) second with 2.21 million cases, and colon and rectum cancers (CC, CRC) third with 1.93 million cases. These results highlight the importance of investigating novel cancer prognoses and anti-cancer markers. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of alpha-2 macroglobulin and its receptor, LRP1, on the outcomes of breast, lung, and colorectal malignancies. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze the expression patterns of A2M and LRP1 in 545 cases of invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) and 51 cases of mastopathies/fibrocystic breast disease (FBD); 256 cases of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) and 45 cases of non-malignant lung tissue (NMLT); and 108 cases of CRC and 25 cases of non-malignant colorectal tissue (NMCT). A2M and LRP1 expression levels were also investigated in breast (MCF-7, BT-474, SK-BR-3, T47D, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-231/BO2), lung (NCI-H1703, NCI-H522, and A549), and colon (LS 180, Caco-2, HT-29, and LoVo) cancer cell lines. Based on our findings, A2M and LRP1 exhibited various expression patterns in the examined malignancies, which were related to one another. Additionally, the stroma of lung and colorectal cancer has increased levels of A2M/LRP1 areas, which explains the significance of the stroma in the development and maintenance of tumor homeostasis. A2M expression was shown to be downregulated in all types of malignancies under study and was positively linked with an increase in cell line aggressiveness. Although more invasive cells had higher levels of A2M expression, an IHC analysis showed the opposite results. This might be because exogenous alpha-2-macroglobulin is present, which has an inhibitory effect on several cancerous enzymes and receptor-dependent signaling pathways. Additionally, siRNA-induced suppression of the transcripts for A2M and LRPP1 revealed their connection, which provides fresh information on the function of the LRP1 receptor in A2M recurrence in cancer. Further studies on different forms of cancer may corroborate the fact that both A2M and LRP1 have high potential as innovative therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olbromski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University Chalubinskiego 6A, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Mrozowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University Chalubinskiego 6A, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University Chalubinskiego 6A, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kmiecik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University Chalubinskiego 6A, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Smolarz
- Department of Pathology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Hanna Romanowicz
- Department of Pathology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Blasiak
- Department and Clinic of Thoracic Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University Grabiszynska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Center of Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Maciejczyk
- Lower Silesian Center of Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojnar
- Department of Pathology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University Chalubinskiego 6A, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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Grams RJ, Santos WL, Scorei IR, Abad-García A, Rosenblum CA, Bita A, Cerecetto H, Viñas C, Soriano-Ursúa MA. The Rise of Boron-Containing Compounds: Advancements in Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, and Emerging Pharmacology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2441-2511. [PMID: 38382032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Boron-containing compounds (BCC) have emerged as important pharmacophores. To date, five BCC drugs (including boronic acids and boroles) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer, infections, and atopic dermatitis, while some natural BCC are included in dietary supplements. Boron's Lewis acidity facilitates a mechanism of action via formation of reversible covalent bonds within the active site of target proteins. Boron has also been employed in the development of fluorophores, such as BODIPY for imaging, and in carboranes that are potential neutron capture therapy agents as well as novel agents in diagnostics and therapy. The utility of natural and synthetic BCC has become multifaceted, and the breadth of their applications continues to expand. This review covers the many uses and targets of boron in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Antonio Abad-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carol Ann Rosenblum
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrei Bita
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Srinivasan S, Kryza T, Batra J, Clements J. Remodelling of the tumour microenvironment by the kallikrein-related peptidases. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:223-238. [PMID: 35102281 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are critical regulators of the tumour microenvironment. KLKs are proteolytic enzymes regulating multiple functions of bioactive molecules including hormones and growth factors, membrane receptors and the extracellular matrix architecture involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Perturbations of the proteolytic cascade generated by these peptidases, and their downstream signalling actions, underlie tumour emergence or blockade of tumour growth. Recent studies have also revealed their role in tumour immune suppression and resistance to cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the KLK family and its context-dependent nature in cancer, and discuss the different therapeutic strategies available to potentially target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Anamthathmakula P, Winuthayanon W. Mechanism of semen liquefaction and its potential for a novel non-hormonal contraception†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:411-426. [PMID: 32529252 PMCID: PMC7523691 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen liquefaction is a proteolytic process where a gel-like ejaculated semen becomes watery due to the enzymatic activity of prostate-derived serine proteases in the female reproductive tract. The liquefaction process is crucial for the sperm to gain their motility and successful transport to the fertilization site in Fallopian tubes (or oviducts in animals). Hyperviscous semen or failure in liquefaction is one of the causes of male infertility. Therefore, the biochemical inhibition of serine proteases in the female reproductive tract after ejaculation is a prime target for novel contraceptive development. Herein, we will discuss protein components in the ejaculates responsible for semen liquefaction and any developments of contraceptive methods in the past that involve the liquefaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Anamthathmakula
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Wipawee Winuthayanon
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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5
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Moradi A, Srinivasan S, Clements J, Batra J. Beyond the biomarker role: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:333-346. [PMID: 31659564 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is the accepted biomarker of tumor recurrence. PSA levels in serum correlate with disease progression, though its diagnostic accuracy is questionable. As a result, significant progress has been made in developing modified PSA tests such as PSA velocity, PSA density, 4Kscore, PSA glycoprofiling, Prostate Health Index, and the STHLM3 test. PSA, a serine protease, is secreted from the epithelial cells of the prostate. PSA has been suggested as a molecular target for prostate cancer therapy due to the fact that it is not only active in prostate tissue but also has a pivotal role on prostate cancer signaling pathways including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune response, and tumor microenvironment regulation. Here, we summarize the current standing of PSA in prostate cancer progression as well as its utility in prostate cancer therapeutic approaches with an emphasis on the role of PSA in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Moradi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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6
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Huang B, Liu XP, Chen JS, Mao CJ, Niu HL, Jin BK. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the prostate-specific antigen by using a CdS/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:155. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Wang YL, Liu S, Yu ZJ, Lei Y, Huang MY, Yan YH, Ma Q, Zheng Y, Deng H, Sun Y, Wu C, Yu Y, Chen Q, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li GB. Structure-Based Development of (1-(3′-Mercaptopropanamido)methyl)boronic Acid Derived Broad-Spectrum, Dual-Action Inhibitors of Metallo- and Serine-β-lactamases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7160-7184. [PMID: 31269398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Meng-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu-Hang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
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8
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Xie SC, Gillett DL, Spillman NJ, Tsu C, Luth MR, Ottilie S, Duffy S, Gould AE, Hales P, Seager BA, Charron CL, Bruzzese F, Yang X, Zhao X, Huang SC, Hutton CA, Burrows JN, Winzeler EA, Avery VM, Dick LR, Tilley L. Target Validation and Identification of Novel Boronate Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Proteasome. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10053-10066. [PMID: 30373366 PMCID: PMC6257627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Plasmodium proteasome
represents a potential
antimalarial drug target for compounds with activity against multiple
life cycle stages. We screened a library of human proteasome inhibitors
(peptidyl boronic acids) and compared activities against purified P. falciparum and human 20S proteasomes. We chose four hits
that potently inhibit parasite growth and show a range of selectivities
for inhibition of the growth of P. falciparum compared
with human cell lines. P. falciparum was selected
for resistance in vitro to the clinically used
proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, and whole genome sequencing was
applied to identify mutations in the proteasome β5 subunit.
Active site profiling revealed inhibitor features that enable retention
of potent activity against the bortezomib-resistant line. Substrate
profiling reveals P. falciparum 20S proteasome active
site preferences that will inform attempts to design more selective
inhibitors. This work provides a starting point for the identification
of antimalarial drug leads that selectively target the P.
falciparum proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - David L Gillett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Natalie J Spillman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Christopher Tsu
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Madeline R Luth
- Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics Division , UC San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics Division , UC San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Brisbane , QLD 4111 , Australia
| | - Alexandra E Gould
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Paul Hales
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Benjamin A Seager
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Carlie L Charron
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Frank Bruzzese
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Xiansi Zhao
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Shih-Chung Huang
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Craig A Hutton
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics Division , UC San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Brisbane , QLD 4111 , Australia
| | - Lawrence R Dick
- Oncology Clinical R&D , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
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Loessner D, Goettig P, Preis S, Felber J, Bronger H, Clements JA, Dorn J, Magdolen V. Kallikrein-related peptidases represent attractive therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:745-763. [PMID: 30114962 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1512587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant levels of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK1-15) have been linked to cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In ovarian cancer, the KLK proteolytic network has a crucial role in the tissue and tumor microenvironment. Publically available ovarian cancer genome and expression data from multiple patient cohorts show an upregulation of most KLKs. Areas covered: Here, we review the expression levels of all 15 members of this family in normal and ovarian cancer tissues, categorizing them into highly and moderately or weakly expressed KLKs, and their association with patient prognosis and survival. We summarize their tumor-biological functions determined in cell-based assays and xenograft models, further highlighting their suitability as cancer biomarkers and attractive candidates for drug development. Finally, we discuss some different pharmaceutical approaches, including peptide-based and small molecule inhibitors, cyclic peptides, depsipeptides, engineered natural inhibitors, antibodies, RNA/DNA-based aptamers, prodrugs, miRNA and siRNA. Expert opinion: In light of the results from clinical and tumor-biological studies, together with the available pharmaceutical tools, we suggest KLK4, KLK5, KLK6 and possibly KLK7 as preferred targets for inhibition in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Loessner
- a Barts Cancer Institute , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK.,b Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Peter Goettig
- c Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Sarah Preis
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Johanna Felber
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Holger Bronger
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Judith A Clements
- b Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.,e Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland , Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Julia Dorn
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
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10
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Kostova MB, Nathaniel Brennen W, Lopez D, Anthony L, Wang H, Platz E, Denmeade SR. PSA-alpha-2-macroglobulin complex is enzymatically active in the serum of patients with advanced prostate cancer and can degrade circulating peptide hormones. Prostate 2018; 78:819-829. [PMID: 29659051 PMCID: PMC8147660 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cells produce high levels of the serine protease Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). PSA is enzymatically active in the tumor microenvironment but is presumed to be enzymatically inactive in the blood due to complex formation with serum protease inhibitors α-1-antichymotrypsin and α-2-macroglobulin (A2M). PSA-A2M complexes cannot be measured by standard ELISA assays and are also rapidly cleared from the circulation. Thus the exact magnitude of PSA production by prostate cancer cells is not easily measured. The PSA complexed to A2M is unable to cleave proteins but maintains the ability to cleave small peptide substrates. Thus, in advanced prostate cancer, sufficient PSA-A2M may be in circulation to effect total A2M levels, levels of cytokines bound to A2M and hydrolyze small circulating peptide hormones. METHODS Total A2M levels in men with advanced prostate cancer and PSA levels above 1000 ng/mL were measured by ELISA and compared to controls. Additional ELISA assays were used to measure levels of IL-6 and TGF-beta which can bind to A2M. The ability of PSA-A2M complexes to hydrolyze protein and peptide substrates was analyzed ± PSA inhibitor. Enzymatic activity of PSA-A2M in serum of men with high PSA levels was also assayed. RESULTS Serum A2M levels are inversely correlated with PSA levels in men with advanced prostate cancer. Il-6 Levels are significantly elevated in men with PSA >1000 ng/mL compared to controls with PSA <0.1 ng/mL. PSA-A2M complex in serum of men with PSA levels >1000 ng/mL can hydrolyze small fluorescently labeled peptide substrates but not large proteins that are PSA substrates. PSA can hydrolyze small peptide hormones like PTHrP and osteocalcin. PSA complexed to A2M retains the ability to degrade PTHrP. CONCLUSIONS In advanced prostate cancer with PSA levels >1000 ng/mL, sufficient PSA-A2M is present in circulation to produce enzymatic activity against circulating small peptide hormones. Sufficient PSA is produced in advanced prostate cancer to alter total A2M levels, which can potentially alter levels of a variety of growth factors such as IL-6, TGF-beta, basic FGF, and PDGF. Alterations in levels of these cytokines and proteolytic degradation of small peptide hormones may have profound effect on host-cancer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B. Kostova
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - David Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Lizamma Anthony
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Shiro T, Schuhmacher A, Jackl MK, Bode JW. Facile synthesis of α-aminoboronic acids from amines and potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) via trifluoroborate-iminiums (TIMs). Chem Sci 2018; 9:5191-5196. [PMID: 29997873 PMCID: PMC6000978 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the facile formation of trifluoroborate-iminiums (TIMs) from potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and the transformation of TIMs to α-aminotrifluoroborates by reduction or Grignard additions. Conditions for the hydrolysis of α-aminotrifluoroborates to α-aminoboronic acids, which are important biologically active compounds, were established. This new methodology allows access to sterically demanding α-aminoboronic acids that are not easily prepared with currently available methods. This work also introduces TIMs, that can be easily prepared and handled, as a new category of functional groups that serve as precursors to valuable organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Shiro
- Laboratorium fur Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland 8093 . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch
| | - Anne Schuhmacher
- Laboratorium fur Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland 8093 . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch
| | - Moritz K Jackl
- Laboratorium fur Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland 8093 . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium fur Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland 8093 . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch
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12
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Yang F, Zhu M, Zhang J, Zhou H. Synthesis of biologically active boron-containing compounds. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 9:201-211. [PMID: 30108914 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Boron-containing compounds which possess unique and attractive properties have received increasing attention from the pharmaceutical industry and academia recently. They have shown interesting and useful biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this review, the synthetic strategies for various boron-containing compounds, including peptidyl boronic acids, benzoxaboroles, benzoxaborines, benzodiazaborines, amine carboxyboranes, and amine cyanoboranes are summarized. Representative structures of each structural class and recently developed biologically active boron-containing compounds are used as examples in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Pharmacy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200240 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 21 34206721
| | - Mingyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Pharmacy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200240 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 21 34206721
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Pharmacy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200240 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 21 34206721
| | - Huchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Pharmacy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200240 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 21 34206721
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13
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Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) as emerging therapeutic targets: focus on prostate cancer and skin pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:801-18. [PMID: 26941073 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1147560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue kallikrein and the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 homologous secreted serine proteases with trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like activities, which participate in a broad spectrum of physiological procedures. Deregulated expression and/or activation of the majority of the family members have been reported in several human diseases, thereby making KLKs ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we summarize the role of KLKs in normal human physiology and pathology, focusing on prostate cancer and skin diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advances in the development of KLK-based therapies. A great number of diverse engineered KLKs inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity and immunogenicity have been synthesized by redesigning examples that are endogenous and naturally occurring. Moreover, encouraging results have been documented using KLKs-based vaccines and immunotherapies, as well as KLKs-mediated activation of pro-drugs. Finally, KLKs-targeting aptamers and KLKs-based imaging tools represent novel approaches towards the exploitation of KLKs' therapeutic value. EXPERT OPINION The central/critical roles of KLK family in several human pathologies highlight KLKs as attractive molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Avgeris
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Abstract
This review describes available methods for the preparation of α-aminoboronic acids in their racemic or in their enantiopure form. Both, highly stereoselective syntheses and asymmetric procedures leading to the stereocontrolled generation of α-aminoboronic acid derivatives are included. The preparation of acyclic, carbocyclic and azacyclic α-aminoboronic acid derivatives is covered. Within each section, the different synthetic approaches have been classified according to the key bond which is formed to complete the α-aminoboronic acid skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Andrés
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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15
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The kallikrein-related peptidase family: Dysregulation and functions during cancer progression. Biochimie 2015; 122:283-99. [PMID: 26343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012. Despite the progress made in cancer therapies, neoplastic diseases are still a major therapeutic challenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumour heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our medical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration of the association between KLK3/PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels and prostate cancer progression. In addition, a constantly increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the functional involvement of KLKs in cancer-related processes. These peptidases are now considered key players in the regulation of cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, chemo-resistance, and importantly, in mediating interactions between cancer cells and other cell populations found in the tumour microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression. These functional roles of KLKs in a cancer context further highlight their potential in designing new anti-cancer approaches. In this review, we comprehensively review the biochemical features of KLKs, their functional roles in carcinogenesis, followed by the latest developments and the successful utility of KLK-based therapeutics in counteracting cancer progression.
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Wang T, Wu Y, Kuan SL, Dumele O, Lamla M, Ng DYW, Arzt M, Thomas J, Mueller JO, Barner-Kowollik C, Weil T. A disulfide intercalator toolbox for the site-directed modification of polypeptides. Chemistry 2014; 21:228-38. [PMID: 25359430 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A disulfide intercalator toolbox was developed for site-specific attachment of a broad variety of functional groups to proteins or peptides under mild, physiological conditions. The peptide hormone somatostatin (SST) served as model compound for intercalation into the available disulfide functionalization schemes starting from the intercalator or the reactive SST precursor before or after bioconjugation. A tetrazole-SST derivative was obtained that undergoes photoinduced cycloaddition in mammalian cells, which was monitored by live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm (Germany), Fax: (+49) 731-5022883
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17
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Pellegrino S, Contini A, Gelmi ML, Lo Presti L, Soave R, Erba E. Asymmetric Modular Synthesis of a Semirigid Dipeptide Mimetic by Cascade Cycloaddition/Ring Rearrangement and Borohydride Reduction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3094-102. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pellegrino
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISFARM-Sez. Chimica
Generale e Organica “A.Marchesini”, via Venzian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISFARM-Sez. Chimica
Generale e Organica “A.Marchesini”, via Venzian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Gelmi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISFARM-Sez. Chimica
Generale e Organica “A.Marchesini”, via Venzian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CNR- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Soave
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CNR- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Erba
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISFARM-Sez. Chimica
Generale e Organica “A.Marchesini”, via Venzian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Mavridis K, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Targeting kallikrein-related peptidases in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:365-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.880693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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