1
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Thomas JD, Yurkovetskiy AV, Yin M, Bodyak ND, Tang S, Protopopova M, Kelleher E, Jones B, Yang L, Custar D, Catcott KC, Demady DR, Collins SD, Xu L, Bu C, Qin L, Ter-Ovanesyan E, Damelin M, Toader D, Lowinger TB. Development of a Novel DNA Mono-alkylator Platform for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:541-551. [PMID: 38354416 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although microtubule inhibitors (MTI) remain a therapeutically valuable payload option for antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), some cancers do not respond to MTI-based ADCs. Efforts to fill this therapeutic gap have led to a recent expansion of the ADC payload "toolbox" to include payloads with novel mechanisms of action such as topoisomerase inhibition and DNA cross-linking. We present here the development of a novel DNA mono-alkylator ADC platform that exhibits sustained tumor growth suppression at single doses in MTI-resistant tumors and is well tolerated in the rat upon repeat dosing. A phosphoramidate prodrug of the payload enables low ADC aggregation even at drug-to-antibody ratios of 5:1 while still delivering a bystander-capable payload that is effective in multidrug resistant (MDR)-overexpressing cell lines. The platform was comparable in xenograft studies to the clinical benchmark DNA mono-alkylator ADC platform DGN459 but with a significantly better tolerability profile in rats. Thus, the activity and tolerability profile of this new platform make it a viable option for the development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mao Yin
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Shuyi Tang
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Brian Jones
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liping Yang
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Custar
- Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Damon R Demady
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ling Xu
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charlie Bu
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - LiuLiang Qin
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Marc Damelin
- Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dorin Toader
- Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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2
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Tiberghien AC, Vijayakrishnan B, Esfandiari A, Ahmed M, Pardo R, Bingham J, Adams L, Santos K, Kang GD, Pugh KM, Afif-Rider S, Vashisht K, Haque K, Tammali R, Rosfjord E, Savoca A, Hartley JA, Howard PW. Comparison of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Bis-imine versus Mono-imine: DNA Interstrand Cross-linking, Cytotoxicity, Antibody-Drug Conjugate Efficacy and Toxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:254-263. [PMID: 36722141 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) delivering pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) DNA cross-linkers are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, with encouraging results in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The first example of an ADC delivering a PBD DNA cross-linker (loncastuximab tesirine) has been recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. There has also been considerable interest in mono-alkylating PBD analogs. We conducted a head-to-head comparison of a conventional PBD bis-imine and a novel PBD mono-imine. Key Mitsunobu chemistry allowed clean and convenient access to the mono-imine class. Extensive DNA-binding studies revealed that the mono-imine mediated a type of DNA interaction that is described as "pseudo cross-linking," as well as alkylation. The PBD mono-imine ADC demonstrated robust antitumor activity in mice bearing human tumor xenografts at doses 3-fold higher than those that were efficacious for the PBD bis-imine ADC. A single-dose toxicology study in rats demonstrated that the MTD of the PBD mono-alkylator ADC was approximately 3-fold higher than that of the ADC bearing a bis-imine payload, suggesting a comparable therapeutic index for this molecule. However, although both ADCs caused myelosuppression, renal toxicity was observed only for the bis-imine, indicating possible differences in toxicologic profiles that could influence tolerability and therapeutic index. These data show that mono-amine PBDs have physicochemical and pharmacotoxicologic properties distinct from their cross-linking analogs and support their potential utility as a novel class of ADC payload.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arman Esfandiari
- Cancer Research UK, Drug DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahammad Ahmed
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raul Pardo
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Bingham
- Cancer Research UK, Drug DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Adams
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Santos
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn M Pugh
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shameen Afif-Rider
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kemal Haque
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Ravinder Tammali
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Adriana Savoca
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK, Drug DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Howard
- Tumor Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Joseph AM, Nahar K, Daw S, Hasan MM, Lo R, Le TBK, Rahman KM, Badrinarayanan A. Mechanistic insight into the repair of C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine monomer-mediated DNA damage. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1621-1633. [PMID: 36561066 PMCID: PMC9749960 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are naturally occurring DNA binding compounds that possess anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Chemical modifications of PBDs can result in improved DNA binding, sequence specificity and enhanced efficacy. More recently, synthetic PBD monomers have shown promise as payloads for antibody drug conjugates and anti-bacterial agents. The precise mechanism of action of these PBD monomers and their role in causing DNA damage remains to be elucidated. Here we characterized the damage-inducing potential of two C8-linked PBD bi-aryl monomers in Caulobacter crescentus and investigated the strategies employed by cells to repair the same. We show that these compounds cause DNA damage and efficiently kill bacteria, in a manner comparable to the extensively used DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin-C (MMC). However, in stark contrast to MMC which employs a mutagenic lesion tolerance pathway, we implicate essential functions for error-free mechanisms in repairing PBD monomer-mediated damage. We find that survival is severely compromised in cells lacking nucleotide excision repair and to a lesser extent, in cells with impaired recombination-based repair. Loss of nucleotide excision repair leads to significant increase in double-strand breaks, underscoring the critical role of this pathway in mediating repair of PBD-induced DNA lesions. Together, our study provides comprehensive insights into how mono-alkylating DNA-targeting therapeutic compounds like PBD monomers challenge cell growth, and identifies the specific mechanisms employed by the cell to counter the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Mary Joseph
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Bangalore India
| | - Kazi Nahar
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Saheli Daw
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Bangalore India
| | - Md Mahbub Hasan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Rebecca Lo
- John Innes Centre, Department of Molecular Microbiology Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Tung B K Le
- John Innes Centre, Department of Molecular Microbiology Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Anjana Badrinarayanan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Bangalore India
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4
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Covalent DNA Binding Is Essential for Gram-Negative Antibacterial Activity of Broad Spectrum Pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121770. [PMID: 36551427 PMCID: PMC9774941 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgent to find new antibiotic classes against multidrug-resistant bacteria as the rate of discovery of new classes of antibiotics has been very slow in the last 50 years. Recently, pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) with a C8-linked aliphatic-heterocycle have been identified as a new broad-spectrum antibiotic class with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The active imine moiety of the reported lead pyrrolobenzodiazepine compounds was replaced with amide to obtain the non-DNA binding and noncytotoxic dilactam analogues to understand the structure-activity relationship further and improve the safety potential of this class. The synthesised compounds were tested against panels of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including WHO priority pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the dilactam analogues ranged from 4 to 32 mg/L for MDR Gram-positive bacteria, compared to 0.03 to 2 mg/L for the corresponding imine analogues. At the same time, they were found to be inactive against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, with a MIC > 32 mg/L, compared to a MIC of 0.5 to 32 mg/L for imine analogues. A molecular modelling study suggests that the lack of imine functionality also affects the interaction of PBDs with DNA gyrase. This study suggests that the presence of N10-C11 imine moiety is crucial for the broad-spectrum activity of pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
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5
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Lai W, Zhao S, Lai Q, Zhou W, Wu M, Jiang X, Wang X, Peng Y, Wei X, Ouyang L, Gou L, Chen H, Wang Y, Yang J. Design, Synthesis, and Bioevaluation of a Novel Hybrid Molecular Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Anthracenecarboxyimide as a Payload for Antibody-Drug Conjugate. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11679-11702. [PMID: 35982539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of hybrid molecules combining pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) and anthracenecarboxyimide pharmacophores were designed, synthesized, and tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. The most potent compound from this series, 37b3, exhibited a subnanomolar level of cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 0.17-0.94 nM. 37b3 induced DNA damage and led to tumor cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We employed 37b3 as a payload to conjugate with trastuzumab to obtain the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) T-PBA. T-PBA maintained its mode of target and internalization ability of trastuzumab. We demonstrated that T-PBA could be degraded through the lysosomal pathway to release the payload 37b3 after internalization. T-PBA showed a powerful killing effect on Her2-positive cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, T-PBA significantly inhibited tumor growth in gastric and ovarian cancer xenograft mouse models without overt toxicity. Collectively, these studies suggest that T-PBA represents a promising new ADC that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Mengdan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yujia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Lantu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163 Tennessee, United States
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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6
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Baah S, Laws M, Rahman KM. Antibody-Drug Conjugates-A Tutorial Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2943. [PMID: 34063364 PMCID: PMC8156828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a family of targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. ADC development is a rapidly expanding field of research, with over 80 ADCs currently in clinical development and eleven ADCs (nine containing small-molecule payloads and two with biological toxins) approved for use by the FDA. Compared to traditional small-molecule approaches, ADCs offer enhanced targeting of cancer cells along with reduced toxic side effects, making them an attractive prospect in the field of oncology. To this end, this tutorial review aims to serve as a reference material for ADCs and give readers a comprehensive understanding of ADCs; it explores and explains each ADC component (monoclonal antibody, linker moiety and cytotoxic payload) individually, highlights several EMA- and FDA-approved ADCs by way of case studies and offers a brief future perspective on the field of ADC research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.B.); (M.L.)
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7
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Lewis T, Corcoran DB, Thurston DE, Giles PJ, Ashelford K, Walsby EJ, Fegan CD, Pepper AGS, Miraz Rahman K, Pepper C. Novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine benzofused hybrid molecules inhibit NF-κB activity and synergise with bortezomib and ibrutinib in hematological cancers. Haematologica 2021; 106:958-967. [PMID: 32381576 PMCID: PMC8018133 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.238584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma are incurable hematologic malignancies that are pathologically linked with aberrant nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In this study, we identified a group of novel C8-linked benzofused pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4]benzodiazepine monomeric hybrids capable of sequence-selective inhibition of NF-κB with low nanomolar LD50 values in CLL (n=46) and multiple myeloma cell lines (n=5). The lead compound, DC-1-192, significantly inhibited NF-κB DNA binding after just 4 h of exposure, demonstrating inhibitory effects on both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB subunits. In primary CLL cells, sensitivity to DC-1-192 was inversely correlated with RelA subunit expression (r2=0.2) and samples with BIRC3 or NOTCH1 mutations showed increased sensitivity (P=0.001). RNAsequencing and gene set enrichment analysis confirmed the over-representation of NF-κB regulated genes in the downregulated gene list. Furthermore, in vivo efficacy studies in NOD/SCID mice, using a systemic RPMI 8226 human multiple myeloma xenograft model, showed that DC- 1-192 significantly prolonged survival (P=0.017). In addition, DC1-192 showed synergy with bortezomib and ibrutinib; synergy with ibrutinib was enhanced when CLL cells were co-cultured on CD40L-expressing fibroblasts in order to mimic the cytoprotective lymph node microenvironment (P=0.01). Given that NF-κB plays a role in both bortezomib and ibrutinib resistance mechanisms, these data provide a strong rationale for the use of DC-1-192 in the treatment of NF-κB-driven cancers, particularly in the context of relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lewis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - David B Corcoran
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King College London, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King College London, UK
| | - Peter J Giles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kevin Ashelford
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisabeth J Walsby
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher D Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea G S Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Chris Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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8
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Sivaprakasam P, McDonald I, Iwuagwu C, Chowdari NS, Peese KM, Langley DR, Cheng H, Luzung MR, Schmidt MA, Zheng B, Tan Y, Cho P, Rakshit S, Lakshminarasimhan T, Guturi S, Kanagavel K, Kanusu U, Niyogi AG, Sidhar S, Vaidyanathan R, Eastgate MD, Kotapati S, Deshpande M, Pan C, Cardarelli PM, Xie C, Rao C, Holder P, Sarma G, Vite G, Gangwar S. DNA-Model-Based Design and Execution of Some Fused Benzodiazepine Hybrid Payloads for Antibody-Drug Conjugate Modality. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:404-412. [PMID: 33738068 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series with the tetrahydroisoquinoline-fused benzodiazepine (TBD) ring system combined with the surrogates of (1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)benzene ("MPB") payloads were designed and executed for conjugation with a monoclonal antibody for anticancer therapeutics. DNA models helped in rationally identifying modifications of the "MPB" binding component and guided structure-activity relationship generation. This hybrid series of payloads exhibited excellent in vitro activity when tested against a panel of various cancer cell lines. One of the payloads was appended with a lysosome-cleavable peptide linker and conjugated with an anti-mesothelin antibody via a site-specific conjugation method mediated by the enzyme bacterial transglutaminase (BTGase). Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) 50 demonstrated good plasma stability and lysosomal cleavage. A single intravenous dose of ADC 50 (5 or 10 nmol/kg) showed robust efficacy in an N87 gastric cancer xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ivar McDonald
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Christiana Iwuagwu
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Naidu S. Chowdari
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Kevin M. Peese
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David R. Langley
- Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Heng Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Michael R. Luzung
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael A. Schmidt
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bin Zheng
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Patricia Cho
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Souvik Rakshit
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Thirumalai Lakshminarasimhan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sivakrishna Guturi
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kishorekumar Kanagavel
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Umamaheswararao Kanusu
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ankita G. Niyogi
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Somprabha Sidhar
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Madhura Deshpande
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Chin Pan
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Pina M. Cardarelli
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O.
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Chetana Rao
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Patrick Holder
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Ganapathy Sarma
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Gregory Vite
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
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9
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Picconi P, Hind CK, Nahar KS, Jamshidi S, Di Maggio L, Saeed N, Evans B, Solomons J, Wand ME, Sutton JM, Rahman KM. New Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics Containing a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Ring with Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6941-6958. [PMID: 32515951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to find new antibiotic classes with activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens as the pipeline of antibiotics is essentially empty. Modified pyrrolobenzodiazepines with a C8-linked aliphatic heterocycle provide a new class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents with activity against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, including WHO priority pathogens. The structure-activity relationship established that the third ring was particularly important for Gram-negative activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the lead compounds ranged from 0.125 to 2 mg/L for MDR Gram-negative, excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and between 0.03 and 1 mg/L for MDR Gram-positive species. The lead compounds were rapidly bactericidal with >5 log reduction in viable count within 4 h for Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The lead compound inhibited DNA gyrase in gel-based assays, with an IC50 of 3.16 ± 1.36 mg/L. This study provides a new chemical scaffold for developing novel broad-spectrum antibiotics which can help replenish the pipeline of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Picconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Charlotte K Hind
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K
| | - Kazi S Nahar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Lucia Di Maggio
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Naima Saeed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Bonnie Evans
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K
| | - Jessica Solomons
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K
| | - Matthew E Wand
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K
| | - J Mark Sutton
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K
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10
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Ferguson L, Bhakta S, Fox KR, Wells G, Brucoli F. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel C8-Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) Adenosine Conjugate. A Study on the Role of the PBD Ring in the Biological Activity of PBD-Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 25:E1243. [PMID: 32164166 PMCID: PMC7179398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we sought to evaluate the contribution of the PBD unit to the biological activity of PBD-conjugates and, to this end, an adenosine nucleoside was attached to the PBD A-ring C8 position. A convergent approach was successfully adopted for the synthesis of a novel C8-linked pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,4)benzodiazepine(PBD)-adenosine(ADN) hybrid. The PBD and adenosine (ADN) moieties were synthesized separately and then linked through a pentynyl linker. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a PBD connected to a nucleoside. Surprisingly, the compound showed no cytotoxicity against murine cells and was inactive against Mycobacterium aurum and M. bovis strains and did not bind to guanine-containing DNA sequences, as shown by DNase I footprinting experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the PBD-ADN conjugate was poorly accommodated in the DNA minor groove of two DNA sequences containing the AGA-PBD binding motif, with the adenosine moiety of the ligand preventing the covalent binding of the PBD unit to the guanine amino group of the DNA duplex. These interesting findings shed further light on the ability of the substituents attached at the C8 position of PBDs to affect and modulate the biological and biophysical properties of PBD hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ferguson
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland PA1 2BE, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Keith R. Fox
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Geoff Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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11
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Arora N, Dhiman P, Kumar S, Singh G, Monga V. Recent advances in synthesis and medicinal chemistry of benzodiazepines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103668. [PMID: 32106040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) represent a diverse class of bicyclic heterocyclic molecules. In the last few years, benzodiazepines have emerged as potential therapeutic agents. As a result, several mild, efficient and high yielding protocols have been developed that offer access to various functionalized benzodiazepines (BZDs). They are known to possess a wide array of biological activities such as anxiolytic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antipsychotics, muscle relaxant, anti-tuberculosis, and antimicrobial activities. The fascinating spectrum of biological activities exhibited by BZDs in various fields has prompted the medicinal chemist to design and discover novel benzodiazepine-based analogs as potential therapeutic candidates with the desired biological profile. In this review, an attempt has been made by to summarize (1) Recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of benzodiazepines which enable their synthesis with desired substitution pattern; (2) Medicinal chemistry of BZDs as therapeutic candidates with promising biological profile including insight of mechanistic studies; (3) The correlation of biological data with the structure i.e. structure-activity relationship studies were also included to provide an insight into the rational design of more active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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12
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Picconi P, Jeeves R, Moon CW, Jamshidi S, Nahar KS, Laws M, Bacon J, Rahman KM. Noncytotoxic Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Ciprofloxacin Conjugate with Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20873-20881. [PMID: 31867477 PMCID: PMC6921268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antitubercular agents for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an urgent priority. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are a promising class of antibacterial agents that were initially discovered and isolated from a range of Streptomyces species. Recently, C8-linked PBD monomers have been shown to work by inhibiting DNA gyrase and have demonstrated activity against M. tuberculosis. However, both PBD monomers and dimers are toxic to eukaryotic cells, limiting their development as antibacterial agents. To eliminate the toxicity associated with PBDs and explore the effect of C8-modification with a known antibacterial agent with the same mechanism of action (i.e., ciprofloxacin, a gyrase inhibitor), we synthesized a C8-linked PBD-ciprofloxacin (PBD-CIP, 3) hybrid. The hybrid compound displayed minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.4 or 2.1 μg/mL against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, respectively. A molecular modeling study showed good interaction of compound 3 with wild-type M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase, suggesting gyrase inhibition as a possible mechanism of action. Compound 3 is a nontoxic combination hybrid that can be utilized as a new scaffold and further optimized to develop new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Picconi
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Rose Jeeves
- TB
Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K.
| | - Christopher William Moon
- TB
Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K.
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Kazi S. Nahar
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Mark Laws
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB
Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, U.K.
- E-mail: . Tel: +44 (0) 1980 612100 (J.B.)
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
- E-mail: . Tel: +44 (0) 207 848 1891 (K.M.R.)
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13
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Reid EE, Archer KE, Shizuka M, McShea MA, Maloney EK, Ab O, Lanieri L, Wilhelm A, Ponte JF, Yoder NC, Chari RVJ, Miller ML. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel, potent DNA alkylating agents and their antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2455-2458. [PMID: 31350125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) incorporating potent indolinobenzodiazepine (IGN) DNA alkylators as the cytotoxic payload are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The optimized design of these payloads consists of an unsymmetrical dimer possessing both an imine and an amine effectively eliminating DNA crosslinking and demonstrating improved tolerability in mice. Here we present an alternate approach to generating DNA alkylating ADCs by linking the IGN monomer with a biaryl system which has a high DNA binding affinity to potentially enhance tolerability. These BIA ADCs were found to be highly cytotoxic in vitro and demonstrated potent antitumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Reid
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Katie E Archer
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Manami Shizuka
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Molly A McShea
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Erin K Maloney
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Olga Ab
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Leanne Lanieri
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Alan Wilhelm
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Jose F Ponte
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Nicholas C Yoder
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Ravi V J Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Michael L Miller
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States.
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14
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Yaghoubi S, Karimi MH, Lotfinia M, Gharibi T, Mahi-Birjand M, Kavi E, Hosseini F, Sineh Sepehr K, Khatami M, Bagheri N, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M. Potential drugs used in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) architecture for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:31-64. [PMID: 31215038 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic small-molecule drugs have a major influence on the fate of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). An ideal cytotoxic agent should be highly potent, remain stable while linked to ADCs, kill the targeted tumor cell upon internalization and release from the ADCs, and maintain its activity in multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Lessons learned from successful and failed experiences in ADC development resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel highly potent small molecules. A better understanding of such small-molecule drugs is important for development of effective ADCs. The present review discusses requirements making a payload appropriate for antitumor ADCs and focuses on the main characteristics of commonly-used cytotoxic payloads that showed acceptable results in clinical trials. In addition, the present study represents emerging trends and recent advances of payloads used in ADCs currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | | | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Motahare Mahi-Birjand
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kavi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- NanoBioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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15
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Duerr C, Friess W. Antibody-drug conjugates- stability and formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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An Efficient Synthesis of Aryl-Substituted Pyrroles by the Suzuki⁻Miyaura Coupling Reaction of SEM-Protected Pyrroles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081594. [PMID: 31013677 PMCID: PMC6514742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient arylation of SEM-protected pyrroles by the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction has been developed. The reaction can be carried out under mild conditions to provide aryl-substituted pyrroles in moderate to excellent yields. The scope and limitations of the methodology were evaluated, and the reaction was tolerant of a wide range of functionalities. Compared to the reported methods, the protocol has some advantages, such as commercially available materials, no debrominated by-products being formed, and the amine-protecting group being stable under the reaction conditions. The synthetic utility of the product has also been demonstrated, with several common transformations of the aryl-substituted pyrrole product being conducted. This protocol will offer the opportunity to explore other metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions employing SEM-protected pyrroles.
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17
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Corcoran DB, Lewis T, Nahar KS, Jamshidi S, Fegan C, Pepper C, Thurston DE, Rahman KM. Effects of Systematic Shortening of Noncovalent C8 Side Chain on the Cytotoxicity and NF-κB Inhibitory Capacity of Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs). J Med Chem 2019; 62:2127-2139. [PMID: 30688457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The systematic shortening of the noncovalent element of a C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) conjugate (13) led to the synthesis of a 19-member library of C8-PBD monomers. The critical elements of 13, which were required to render the molecule cytotoxic, were elucidated by an annexin V assay. The effects of shortening the noncovalent element of the molecule on transcription factor inhibitory capacity were also explored through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based measurement of nuclear NF-κB upon exposure of JJN-3 cells to the synthesized molecules. Although shortening the noncovalent interactive element of 13 had a less than expected effect upon compound cytotoxicity due to reduced DNA interaction, the transcription factor inhibitory capacity of the molecule was notably altered. This study suggests that a relatively short noncovalent side chain at the C8 position of PBD is sufficient to confer cytotoxicity. The shortened PBD monomers provide a new ADC payload scaffold because of their potent cytotoxicity and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Corcoran
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Thomas Lewis
- School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF14 4XN , U.K
| | - Kazi S Nahar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | | | - Chris Pepper
- School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF14 4XN , U.K.,Brighton and Sussex Medical School , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9PX , U.K
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , U.K
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18
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Andriollo P, Hind CK, Picconi P, Nahar KS, Jamshidi S, Varsha A, Clifford M, Sutton JM, Rahman KM. C8-Linked Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Monomers with Inverted Building Blocks Show Selective Activity against Multidrug Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:158-174. [PMID: 29260545 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global concern. Development of novel antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens is an urgent priority. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are a promising class of antibacterial agents initially discovered and isolated from natural sources. Recently, C8-linked PBD biaryl conjugates have been shown to be active against some MDR Gram-positive strains. To explore the role of building block orientations on antibacterial activity and obtain structure activity relationship (SAR) information, four novel structures were synthesized in which the building blocks of previously reported compounds were inverted, and their antibacterial activity was studied. The compounds showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of 0.125-32 μg/mL against MDR Gram-positive strains with a bactericidal mode of action. The results showed that a single inversion of amide bonds reduces the activity while the double inversion restores the activity against MDR pathogens. All inverted compounds did not stabilize DNA and lacked eukaryotic toxicity. The compounds inhibit DNA gyrase in vitro, and the most potent compound was equally active against both wild-type and mutant DNA gyrase in a biochemical assay. The observed activity of the compounds against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains with equivalent gyrase mutations is consistent with gyrase inhibition being the mechanism of action in vivo, although this has not been definitively confirmed in whole cells. This conclusion is supported by a molecular modeling study showing interaction of the compounds with wild-type and mutant gyrases. This study provides important SAR information about this new class of antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Andriollo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Hind
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Picconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kazi S. Nahar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Amrit Varsha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Clifford
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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19
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Basher MA, Rahman KM, Jackson PJM, Thurston DE, Fox KR. Sequence-selective binding of C8-conjugated pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) to DNA. Biophys Chem 2017; 230:53-61. [PMID: 28941814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA footprinting and melting experiments have been used to examine the sequence-specific binding of C8-conjugates of pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and benzofused rings including benzothiophene and benzofuran, which are attached using pyrrole- or imidazole-containing linkers. The conjugates modulate the covalent attachment points of the PBDs, so that they bind best to guanines flanked by A/T-rich sequences on either the 5'- or 3'-side. The linker affects the binding, and pyrrole produces larger changes than imidazole. Melting studies with 14-mer oligonucleotide duplexes confirm covalent attachment of the conjugates, which show a different selectivity to anthramycin and reveal that more than one ligand molecule can bind to each duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Basher
- Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul J M Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Keith R Fox
- Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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20
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Sau S, Alsaab HO, Kashaw SK, Tatiparti K, Iyer AK. Advances in antibody-drug conjugates: A new era of targeted cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017. [PMID: 28627385 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a potent class of anticancer therapeutics, comprise a high-affinity antibody (Ab) and cytotoxic payload coupled via a suitable linker for selective tumor cell killing. In the initial phase of their development, two ADCs, Mylotarg®, and Adcetris® were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating hematological cancer, but the real breakthrough came with the discovery of the breast cancer-targeting ADC, Kadcyla®. With advances in bioengineering, linker chemistry, and potent cytotoxic payload, ADC technology has become a more powerful tool for targeted cancer therapy. In addition, ADCs with improved safety using humanized Abs with a unified 'drug:antibody ratio' (DAR) have been achieved. Concomitantly, there has been a significant increase in the number of clinical trials with anticancer ADCs with high translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Sau
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Katyayani Tatiparti
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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21
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Mantaj J, Jackson PJM, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. From Anthramycin to Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Containing Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:462-488. [PMID: 27862776 PMCID: PMC5215561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a family of sequence-selective DNA minor-groove binding agents that form a covalent aminal bond between their C11-position and the C2-NH2 groups of guanine bases. The first example of a PBD monomer, the natural product anthramycin, was discovered in the 1960s, and the best known PBD dimer, SJG-136 (also known as SG2000, NSC 694501 or BN2629), was synthesized in the 1990s and has recently completed Phase II clinical trials in patients with leukaemia and ovarian cancer. More recently, PBD dimer analogues are being attached to tumor-targeting antibodies to create antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a number of which are now in clinical trials, with many others in pre-clinical development. This Review maps the development from anthramycin to the first PBD dimers, and then to PBD-containing ADCs, and explores both structure-activity relationships (SARs) and the biology of PBDs, and the strategies for their use as payloads for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mantaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, and Femtogenix Ltd, Britannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
| | - Paul J. M. Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, and Femtogenix Ltd, Britannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
| | - Khondaker M. Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, and Femtogenix Ltd, Britannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
| | - David E. Thurston
- Professor of Drug Discovery, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineInstitute of Pharmaceutical ScienceBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
- Femtogenix LtdBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
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22
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Jackson PJ, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. The use of molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the DNA sequence-selectivity of G–A cross-linking PBD–duocarmycin dimers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Marangoci NL, Popovici L, Ursu EL, Danac R, Clima L, Cojocaru C, Coroaba A, Neamtu A, Mangalagiu I, Pinteala M, Rotaru A. Pyridyl-indolizine derivatives as DNA binders and pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mantaj J, Jackson PJM, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. Entwicklung Pyrrolobenzodiazepin(PBD)-haltiger Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugate (ADCs) ausgehend von Anthramycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mantaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; King's College London
- Femtogenix Ltd; London Großbritannien
| | - Paul J. M. Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; King's College London
- Femtogenix Ltd; London Großbritannien
| | - Khondaker M. Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; King's College London
- Femtogenix Ltd; London Großbritannien
| | - David E. Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB Großbritannien
- Femtogenix Ltd; Britannia House; London 7 Trinity Street SE1 1DB Großbritannien
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25
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Sastry KNV, Routhu SR, Datta SG, Nagesh N, Babu BN, Nanubolu JB, Kumar CG, Maurya RA, Kamal A. Synthesis, DNA binding affinity and anticancer activity of novel 4H-benzo[g][1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-c][1,4]oxazocines. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9294-9305. [PMID: 27714202 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new class of tricyclic heterocycles 4H-benzo[g][1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-c][1,4]oxazocines was synthesized through a Knoevenagel condensation/azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction cascade in one-pot operation. These eight membered ring containing heterocycles exhibited moderately high anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines; human cervix cancer cell line (HeLa), human prostate cancer cell line (DU145), human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (MDA-MB-231). Our results indicate that these compounds have a weak cytotoxic effect on normal human mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A). Cell cycle and apoptosis assay indicate that they inhibit the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis. Through the RED100 assay, it is evident that they have potential to inhibit pBR 322 plasmid DNA cleavage by BamH1. UV-visible, fluorescence titration and viscosity studies suggested that these compounds possess DNA binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Visweswara Sastry
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad-500037, India
| | - Sunitha Rani Routhu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India and Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, India
| | - Soma Gupta Datta
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India and Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad-500037, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Centre for X-Ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam-785006, India.
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad-500037, India
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26
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Brucoli F, Guzman JD, Basher MA, Evangelopoulos D, McMahon E, Munshi T, McHugh TD, Fox KR, Bhakta S. DNA sequence-selective C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine–heterocyclic polyamide conjugates show anti-tubercular-specific activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:843-849. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Mantaj J, Jackson PJM, Karu K, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. Covalent Bonding of Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) to Terminal Guanine Residues within Duplex and Hairpin DNA Fragments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152303. [PMID: 27055050 PMCID: PMC4824457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are covalent-binding DNA-interactive agents with growing importance as payloads in Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs). Until now, PBDs were thought to covalently bond to C2-NH2 groups of guanines in the DNA-minor groove across a three-base-pair recognition sequence. Using HPLC/MS methodology with designed hairpin and duplex oligonucleotides, we have now demonstrated that the PBD Dimer SJG-136 and the C8-conjugated PBD Monomer GWL-78 can covalently bond to a terminal guanine of DNA, with the PBD skeleton spanning only two base pairs. Control experiments with the non-C8-conjugated anthramycin along with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the C8-substituent of a PBD Monomer, or one-half of a PBD Dimer, may provide stability for the adduct. This observation highlights the importance of PBD C8-substituents, and also suggests that PBDs may bind to terminal guanines within stretches of DNA in cells, thus representing a potentially novel mechanism of action at the end of DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mantaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. M. Jackson
- Femtogenix Limited, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Kersti Karu
- UCL Chemistry Mass Spectrometry Facility, Christopher Ingold Building, Chemistry Department, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M. Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
- Femtogenix Limited, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DET); (KMR)
| | - David E. Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
- Femtogenix Limited, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DET); (KMR)
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28
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Third-generation antibody drug conjugates for cancer therapy – a balancing act. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:141-4. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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29
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Varvounis G. An Update on the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines. Molecules 2016; 21:154. [PMID: 26828475 PMCID: PMC6273195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines are tricyclic compounds that are considered “privileged structures” since they possess a wide range of biological activities. The first encounter with these molecules was the isolation of anthramycin from cultures of Streptomyces, followed by determination of the X-ray crystal structure of the molecule and a study of its interaction with DNA. This opened up an intensive synthetic and biological study of the pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines that has culminated in the development of the dimer SJG-136, at present in Phase II clinical trials. The synthetic efforts have brought to light some new synthetic methodology, while the contemporary work is focused on building trimeric pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines linked together by various heterocyclic and aliphatic chains. It is the broad spectrum of biological activities of pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepines that has maintained the interest of researchers to date whereas several derivatives of the even less studied pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepines were found to be potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The present review is an update on the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines since the last major review of 2011, while the overview of the synthesis of the other two tricyclic isomers is comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Varvounis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece.
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30
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Kaźmierska A, Gryl M, Stadnicka K, Sieroń L, Eilmes A, Nowak J, Matković M, Radić-Stojković M, Piantanida I, Eilmes J. Dicationic derivatives of dinaphthotetraaza[14]annulene: synthesis, crystal structures and the preliminary evaluation of their DNA binding properties. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Brucoli F, Guzman JD, Maitra A, James CH, Fox KR, Bhakta S. Synthesis, anti-mycobacterial activity and DNA sequence-selectivity of a library of biaryl-motifs containing polyamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3705-11. [PMID: 25921267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The alarming rise of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains, compel the development of new molecules with novel modes of action to control this world health emergency. Distamycin analogues containing N-terminal biaryl-motifs 2(1-5)(1-7) were synthesised using a solution-phase approach and evaluated for their anti-mycobacterial activity and DNA-sequence selectivity. Thiophene dimer motif-containing polyamide 2(2,6) exhibited 10-fold higher inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to distamycin and library member 2(5,7) showed high binding affinity for the 5'-ACATAT-3' sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brucoli
- School of Science and Sport, Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR), University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Juan D Guzman
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Colin H James
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Keith R Fox
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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32
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Wang HJ, Camara F, Haber JC, Mangette JE. Synthesis of benzo[6,7][1,4]diazepino[1,2-b]indazol-7(6H)-ones and benzo[f]pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-4-ones via CuI/l-proline catalyzed intramolecular N2-arylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Thurston DE, Vassoler H, Jackson PJM, James CH, Rahman KM. Effect of hairpin loop structure on reactivity, sequence preference and adduct orientation of a DNA-interactive pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) antitumour agent. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4031-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) monomer GWL-78 reacts faster with DNA hairpins containing a hexaethylene glycol (HEG) loop compared to hairpins containing a TTT loop due to the greater structural flexibility of the HEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Higia Vassoler
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
| | | | - Colin H. James
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
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34
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Jackson PJM, James CH, Jenkins TC, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. Computational studies support the role of the C7-sibirosamine sugar of the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) sibiromycin in transcription factor inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2432-40. [PMID: 25111266 DOI: 10.1021/cb5002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a group of sequence-selective, DNA minor-groove binding agents that covalently attach to guanine residues. Originally derived from Streptomyces species, a number of naturally occurring PBD monomers exist with varying A-Ring and C2-substituents. One such agent, sibiromycin, is unusual in having a glycosyl residue (sibirosamine) at its A-Ring C7-position. It is the most cytotoxic member of the naturally occurring PBD family and has the highest DNA-binding affinity. Recently, the analogue 9-deoxysibiromyin was produced biosynthetically by Yonemoto and co-workers.1 Differing only in the loss of the A-Ring C9-hydroxyl group, it was reported to have a significantly higher DNA-binding affinity than sibiromycin based on DNA thermal denaturation studies, although these data have since been retracted.2 As deletion of the C9-OH moiety, which points toward the DNA minor groove floor, might intuitively be expected to reduce DNA-binding affinity through the loss of hydrogen bonding, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations on the interaction of both molecules with DNA over a 10 ns time-course in explicit solvent. Our results suggest that the two molecules may differ in their sequence-selectivity and that 9-deoxysibiromycin should have a lower binding affinity for certain sequences of DNA compared to sibiromycin. Our molecular dynamics results indicate that the C7-sibirosamine sugar does not form hydrogen bonding interactions with groups in the DNA minor-groove wall as previously reported, but instead points orthogonally out from the minor groove where it may inhibit the approach of DNA control proteins such as transcription factors. This was confirmed through a docking study involving sibiromycin and the GAL4 transcription factor, and these results could explain the significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of sibiromycin compared to other PBD family members without bulky C7-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. M. Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Colin H. James
- The
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29−39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kindgom
| | - Terence C. Jenkins
- School
of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M. Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
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Hemming K, Chambers CS, Jamshaid F, O'Gorman PA. Intramolecular azide to alkene cycloadditions for the construction of pyrrolobenzodiazepines and azetidino-benzodiazepines. Molecules 2014; 19:16737-56. [PMID: 25329868 PMCID: PMC6271382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of proline- and azetidinone-substituted alkenes to 2-azidobenzoic and 2-azidobenzenesulfonic acid gives precursors that undergo intramolecular azide to alkene 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to give imine-, triazoline- or aziridine-containing pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), pyrrolo[1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines (PBTDs), and azetidino[1,4]benzodiazepines. The imines and aziridines are formed after loss of nitrogen from a triazoline cycloadduct. The PBDs are a potent class of antitumour antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hemming
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Christopher S Chambers
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Faisal Jamshaid
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Paul A O'Gorman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK
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36
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Rahman KM, Corcoran DB, Bui TTT, Jackson PJM, Thurston DE. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) do not bind to DNA G-quadruplexes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105021. [PMID: 25133504 PMCID: PMC4136862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4] benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a family of sequence-selective, minor-groove binding DNA-interactive agents that covalently attach to guanine residues. A recent publication in this journal (Raju et al, PloS One, 2012, 7, 4, e35920) reported that two PBD molecules were observed to bind with high affinity to the telomeric quadruplex of Tetrahymena glaucoma based on Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), Circular Dichroism, UV-Visible and Fluorescence spectroscopy data. This was a surprising result given the close 3-dimensional shape match between the structure of all PBD molecules and the minor groove of duplex DNA, and the completely different 3-dimensional structure of quadruplex DNA. Therefore, we evaluated the interaction of eight PBD molecules of diverse structure with a range of parallel, antiparallel and mixed DNA quadruplexes using DNA Thermal Denaturation, Circular Dichroism and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Those PBD molecules without large C8-substitutents had an insignificant affinity for the eight quadruplex types, although those with large π-system-containing C8-substituents (as with the compounds evaluated by Raju and co-workers) were found to interact to some extent. Our molecular dynamics simulations support the likelihood that molecules of this type, including those examined by Raju and co-workers, interact with quadruplex DNA through their C8-substituents rather than the PBD moiety itself. It is important for the literature to be clear on this matter, as the mechanism of action of these agents will be under close scrutiny in the near future due to the growing number of PBD-based agents entering the clinic as both single-agents and as components of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KMR); (DET)
| | - David B. Corcoran
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tam T. T. Bui
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. M. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Thurston
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KMR); (DET)
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37
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2-(4-(2-Chloroacetamido)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamido)ethyl Acetate. MOLBANK 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/m820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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38
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Brucoli F, Hawkins RM, James CH, Jackson PJM, Wells G, Jenkins TC, Ellis T, Kotecha M, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Howard PW, Thurston DE. An extended pyrrolobenzodiazepine-polyamide conjugate with selectivity for a DNA sequence containing the ICB2 transcription factor binding site. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6339-51. [PMID: 23889553 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The binding of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) to inverted CCAAT boxes (ICBs) within the promoter region of DNA topoisomerase IIα results in control of cell differentiation and cell cycle progression. Thus, NF-Y inhibitory small molecules could be employed to inhibit the replication of cancer cells. A library of pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) C8-conjugates consisting of one PBD unit attached to tri-heterocyclic polyamide fragments was designed and synthesized. The DNA-binding affinity and sequence selectivity of each compound were evaluated in DNA thermal denaturation and DNase I footprinting assays, and the ability to inhibit binding of NF-Y to ICB1 and ICB2 was studied using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). 3a was found to be a potent inhibitor of NF-Y binding, exhibiting a 10-fold selectivity for an ICB2 site compared to an ICB1-containing sequence, and showing low nanomolar cytotoxicity toward human tumor cell lines. Molecular modeling and computational studies have provided details of the covalent attachment process that leads to formation of the PBD-DNA adduct, and have allowed the preference of 3a for ICB2 to be rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brucoli
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, U.K
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