1
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Black EM, Samels SB, Xu W, Barson JR, Bass CE, Kortagere S, España RA. Hypocretin / Orexin Receptor 1 Knockdown in GABA or Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area Differentially Impact Mesolimbic Dopamine and Motivation for Cocaine. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 7:100104. [PMID: 37854172 PMCID: PMC10583964 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The hypocretins/orexins (HCRT) have been demonstrated to influence motivation for cocaine through actions on dopamine (DA) transmission. Pharmacological or genetic disruption of the hypocretin receptor 1 (Hcrtr1) reduces cocaine self-administration, blocks reinstatement of cocaine seeking, and decreases conditioned place preference for cocaine. These effects are likely mediated through actions in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and resulting alterations in DA transmission. For example, HCRT drives VTA DA neuron activity and enhances the effects of cocaine on DA transmission, while disrupting Hcrtr1 attenuates DA responses to cocaine. These findings have led to the perspective that HCRT exerts its effects through Hcrtr1 actions in VTA DA neurons. However, this assumption is complicated by the observation that Hcrtr1 are present on both DA and GABA neurons in the VTA and HCRT drives the activity of both neuronal populations. To address this issue, we selectively knocked down Hcrtr1 on either DA or GABA neurons in the VTA and examined alterations in DA transmission and cocaine self-administration in female and male rats. We found that Hcrtr1 knockdown in DA neurons decreased DA responses to cocaine, increased days to acquire cocaine self-administration, and reduced motivation for cocaine. Although, Hcrtr1 knockdown in GABA neurons enhanced DA responses to cocaine, this manipulation did not affect cocaine self-administration. These observations indicate that while Hcrtr1 on DA versus GABA neurons exert opposing effects on DA transmission, only Hcrtr1 on DA neurons affected acquisition or motivation for cocaine - suggesting a complex interplay between DA transmission and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Black
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Shanna B. Samels
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Jessica R. Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Caroline E. Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Rodrigo A. España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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2
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Bonifazi A, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Saab E, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Quaglia W. Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1607-1667. [PMID: 37036052 DOI: 10.1002/med.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Elizabeth Saab
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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3
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Kelam LM, Wani MA, Dhaked DK. An update on ATP synthase inhibitors: A unique target for drug development in M. tuberculosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:87-104. [PMID: 37105260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase is a key protein in the oxidative phosphorylation process, as it aids in the effective production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) in all life's of kingdoms. ATP synthases have distinctive properties that contribute to efficient ATP synthesis. The ATP synthase of mycobacterium is of special relevance since it has been identified as a target for potential anti-TB molecules, especially Bedaquiline (BDQ). Better knowledge of how mycobacterial ATP synthase functions and its peculiar characteristics will aid in our understanding of bacterial energy metabolism adaptations. Furthermore, identifying and understanding the important distinctions between human ATP synthase and bacterial ATP synthase may provide insight into the design and development of inhibitors that target specific ATP synthase. In recent years, many potential candidates targeting the ATP synthase of mycobacterium have been developed. In this review, we discuss the druggable targets of the Electron transport chain (ETC) and recently identified potent inhibitors (including clinical molecules) from 2015 to 2022 of diverse classes that target ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mounika Kelam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Devendra K Dhaked
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
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4
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Peng P, Zheng Z, Yu J, Gao X, Yang J, Zhao C, Zhang F. Practical Process for synthesizing R-Tetrahydropapaverine─A Key Intermediate of Cisatracurium Besylate (Nimbex). Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhibo Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuezhi Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiangtao Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chuanmeng Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
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5
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Darwish KM, Abdelwaly A, Atta AM, Helal MA. Discovery of tetrahydro-β-carboline- and indole-based derivatives as promising phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Porwal A, Yadav YC, Pathak K, Yadav R. An Update on Assessment, Therapeutic Management, and Patents on Insomnia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6068952. [PMID: 34708126 PMCID: PMC8545506 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6068952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insomnia is an ordinary situation related to noticeable disability in function and quality of life, mental and actual sickness, and mishappenings. It represents more than 5.5 million appointments to family doctors every year. Nonetheless, the ratio of insomniacs who are treated keeps on being low, demonstrating the requirement for proceeding with advancement and dispersal of effective treatments. Accordingly, it becomes significant to provide a compelling treatment for clinical practice. It indicates a need for the determination of various critical viewpoints for the evaluation of insomnia along with various accessible alternatives for treatment. These alternatives incorporate both nonpharmacological therapy, specifically cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, and a number of pharmacological treatments like orexin antagonists, "z-drugs," benzodiazepines, selective histamine H1 antagonists, nonselective antihistamines, melatonin receptor agonists, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Besides in individuals whose insomnia is due to restless leg syndrome, depression/mood disorder, or/and circadian disturbance, there is insignificant proof favouring the effectiveness of different prescriptions for the treatment of insomnia though they are widely used. Other pharmacological agents producing sedation should be prescribed with care for insomnia therapy because of greater risk of next-day sleepiness along with known adverse effects and toxicities. This review is also aimed at providing an update on various patents on dosage forms containing drugs for insomnia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Porwal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Chand Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakant Yadav
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial investigation of new piperidinyl tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Ansari A, Gorde AB, Ramapanicker R. Asymmetric synthesis of six tetrahydroisoquinoline natural products through α-amination of an aldehyde. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Safrygin A, Dar'in D, Bakulina O, Krasavin M. Synthesis of spirocyclic tetrahydroisoquinolines (spiroTHIQs) via the Castagnoli-Cushman reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Lu GL, Tong AST, Conole D, Sutherland HS, Choi PJ, Franzblau SG, Upton AM, Lotlikar MU, Cooper CB, Denny WA, Palmer BD. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships for tetrahydroisoquinoline-based inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115784. [PMID: 33007562 PMCID: PMC7721589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5,8-disubstituted tetrahydroisoquinolines were shown to be effective inhibitors of M. tb in culture and modest inhibitors of M. tb ATP synthase. There was a broad general trend of improved potency with higher lipophilicity. Large substituents (e.g., Bn) at the tetrahydroquinoline 5-position were well-tolerated, while N-methylpiperazine was the preferred 8-substituent. Structure-activity relationships for 7-linked side chains showed that the nature of the 7-linking group was important; –CO– and –COCH2– linkers were less effective than –CH2– or –CONH– ones. This suggests that the positioning of a terminal aromatic ring is important for target binding. Selected compounds showed much faster rates of microsomal clearance than did the clinical ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline, and modest inhibition of mycobacterial ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Lu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Amy S T Tong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Conole
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hamish S Sutherland
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Choi
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Anna M Upton
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall St, NY 10005, USA
| | | | | | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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11
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Hudson AM, Lockard GM, Namjoshi OA, Wilson JW, Kindt KS, Blough BE, Coffin AB. Berbamine Analogs Exhibit Differential Protective Effects From Aminoglycoside-Induced Hair Cell Death. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:234. [PMID: 32848624 PMCID: PMC7403526 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is the third most common chronic health condition in the United States and largely results from damage to sensory hair cells. Major causes of hair cell damage include aging, noise exposure, and medications such as aminoglycoside antibiotics. Due to their potent antibacterial properties and low cost, aminoglycosides are often used for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections, surpassing expensive antibiotics with fewer harmful side effects. However, their use is coupled with permanent hearing loss in over 20% of patients requiring these life-sustaining antibiotics. There are currently no FDA-approved drugs that prevent hearing loss from aminoglycosides. A previous study by our group identified the plant alkaloid berbamine as a strong protectant of zebrafish lateral line hair cells from aminoglycoside damage. This effect is likely due to a block of the mechanotransduction channel, thereby reducing aminoglycoside entry into hair cells. The present study builds on this previous work, investigating 16 synthetic berbamine analogs to determine the core structure underlying their protective mechanisms. We demonstrate that nearly all of these berbamine analogs robustly protect lateral line hair cells from ototoxic damage, with ED50 values nearing 20 nM for the most potent analogs. Of the 16 analogs tested, nine strongly protected hair cells from both neomycin and gentamicin damage, while one conferred strong protection only from gentamicin. These data are consistent with prior research demonstrating that different aminoglycosides activate somewhat distinct mechanisms of damage. Regardless of the mechanism, protection required the entire berbamine scaffold. Phenolic alkylation or acylation with lipophilic groups appeared to improve protection compared to berbamine, implying that these structures may be responsible for mitigating damage. While the majority of analogs confer protection by blocking aminoglycoside uptake, 18% of our analogs also confer protection via an uptake-independent mechanism; these analogs exhibited protection when delivered after aminoglycoside removal. Based on our studies, berbamine analogs represent a promising tool to further understand the pathology of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss and can serve as lead compounds to develop otoprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M Hudson
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Gavin M Lockard
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Ojas A Namjoshi
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Joseph W Wilson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Katie S Kindt
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruce E Blough
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Allison B Coffin
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States.,College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
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12
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Watanabe H, Fukui K, Shimizu Y, Idoko Y, Nakamoto Y, Togashi K, Saji H, Ono M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of F-18 labeled tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives targeting orexin 1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1620-1623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Kiss L, Ouchakour L, Ábrahámi RA, Nonn M. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Functionalized Azaheterocycles from Carbocycles through Oxidative Ring Opening/Reductive Ring Closing Protocols. CHEM REC 2019; 20:120-141. [PMID: 31250972 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing organic scaffolds are of significant interest in medicinal chemistry. The incorporation of fluorine into biomolecules can lead to remarkable changes in their physical, chemical, and biological properties. There are already many drugs on the market, which contain at least one fluorine atom. Saturated functionalized azaheterocycles as bioactive substances have gained increasing attention in pharmaceutical chemistry. Due to the high biorelevance of organofluorine molecules and the importance of N-heterocyclic compounds, selective stereocontrolled procedures to the access of new fluorine-containing saturated N-heterocycles are considered to be a hot research topic. This account summarizes the synthesis of functionalized and fluorine-containing saturated azaheterocycles starting from functionalized cycloalkenes and based on oxidative ring cleavage of diol intermediates followed by ring expansion with reductive amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hungary
| | - Lamiaa Ouchakour
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hungary
| | - Renáta A Ábrahámi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Melinda Nonn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hungary
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14
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Perrey DA, Zhang Y. Therapeutics development for addiction: Orexin-1 receptor antagonists. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145922. [PMID: 30148984 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system includes the neuropeptides orexin A and B and the cognate receptors of orexin-1 (OX1) and -2 (OX2) and has been indicated in a number of important physiological processes. It is generally accepted that the OX1 receptor is mainly involved in motivation and reward and the OX2 receptor in the modulation of sleep/wake cycle and energy homeostasis. A variety of OX1 selective antagonists (1-SORAs) have been disclosed in the literature and some of them have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for addiction treatment. In this review we summarize all OX1 antagonists reported thus far based on their core structure. Several dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and OX2 selective antagonist (2-SORAs) have also been recently evaluated in reward and addiction models. While DORAs may seem pharmacologically advantageous for alcohol addiction given the recent findings on the OX2 receptor in reward and alcohol consumption, 1-SORAs are the better options for other drugs of addiction such as cocaine due to the absence of the sedative effects inherently associated with dual antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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15
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Hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in cocaine-associated behavior: Therapeutic potential and novel mechanistic insights. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145894. [PMID: 30071195 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the hypocretin/orexin system has been identified as a critical modulator of behavior. Through interactions with dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area, this system is poised to regulate motivation for drug rewards by impacting dopamine neurotransmission in target structures including the nucleus accumbens. Across numerous experiments, we and others have identified a critical influence of hypocretin receptor 1 in mediating the behavioral and physiological effects of cocaine which positions this receptor as a potential target for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Here we discuss evidence for hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in driving cocaine-associated behavior and how hypocretin receptor 1 in the ventral tegmental area are critical for supporting dopamine neuron activity and dopamine neurotransmission. We then present new data supporting the novel hypothesis that in addition to exerting acute actions on dopamine systems, pharmacological hypocretin manipulations also produce lasting adaptations to dopamine terminals that impact sensitivity to cocaine, and ultimately, future behavior.
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16
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Perrey DA, Decker AM, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonists with Improved Solubility and CNS Permeability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:587-602. [PMID: 29129052 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides playing important roles in many functions including the motivation of addictive behaviors. Blockade of the orexin-1 receptor has been suggested as a potential strategy for the treatment of drug addiction. We have previously reported OX1 receptor antagonists based on the tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold with excellent OX1 potency and selectivity; however, these compounds had high lipophilicity (clogP > 5) and low to moderate solubility. In an effort to improve their properties, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues where the 7-position substituents known to favor OX1 potency and selectivity were retained, and groups of different nature were introduced at the 1-position where substitution was generally tolerated as demonstrated in previous studies. Compound 44 with lower lipophilicity (clogP = 3.07) displayed excellent OX1 potency ( Ke = 5.7 nM) and selectivity (>1,760-fold over OX2) in calcium mobilization assays. In preliminary ADME studies, 44 showed excellent kinetic solubility (>200 μM), good CNS permeability ( Papp = 14.7 × 10-6 cm/sec in MDCK assay), and low drug efflux (efflux ratio = 3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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17
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Nguyen T, Decker AM, Langston TL, Mathews KM, Siemian JN, Li JX, Harris DL, Runyon SP, Zhang Y. Discovery of Novel Proline-Based Neuropeptide FF Receptor Antagonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2290-2308. [PMID: 28737888 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system has been implicated in a number of physiological processes including modulating the pharmacological activity of opioid analgesics and several other classes of drugs of abuse. In this study, we report the discovery of a novel proline scaffold with antagonistic activity at the NPFF receptors through a high throughput screening campaign using a functional calcium mobilization assay. Focused structure-activity relationship studies on the initial hit 1 have resulted in several analogs with calcium mobilization potencies in the submicromolar range and modest selectivity for the NPFF1 receptor. Affinities and potencies of these compounds were confirmed in radioligand binding and functional cAMP assays. Two compounds, 16 and 33, had good solubility and blood-brain barrier permeability that fall within the range of CNS permeant candidates without the liability of being a P-glycoprotein substrate. Finally, both compounds reversed fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia in rats when administered intraperitoneally. Together, these results point to the potential of these proline analogs as promising NPFF receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Langston
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kelly M. Mathews
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Justin N. Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Danni L. Harris
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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18
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Levy KA, Brodnik ZD, Shaw JK, Perrey DA, Zhang Y, España RA. Hypocretin receptor 1 blockade produces bimodal modulation of cocaine-associated mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2761-2776. [PMID: 28667509 PMCID: PMC5709206 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocaine addiction is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by pathological motivation to obtain cocaine and behavioral and neurochemical hypersensitivity to cocaine-associated cues. These features of cocaine addiction are thought to be driven by aberrant phasic dopamine signaling. We previously demonstrated that blockade of the hypocretin receptor 1 (HCRTr1) attenuates cocaine self-administration and reduces cocaine-induced enhancement of dopamine signaling. Despite this evidence, the effects of HCRTr1 blockade on endogenous phasic dopamine release are unknown. OBJECTIVE In the current studies, we assessed whether blockade of HCRTr1 alters spontaneous and cue-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core of freely moving rats. METHODS We first validated the behavioral and neurochemical effects of the novel, highly selective, HCRTr1 antagonist RTIOX-276 using cocaine self-administration and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in anesthetized rats. We then used FSCV in freely moving rats to examine whether RTIOX-276 impacts spontaneous and cue-evoked dopamine release. Finally, we used ex vivo slice FSCV to determine whether the effects of RTIOX-276 on dopamine signaling involve dopamine terminal adaptations. RESULTS Doses of RTIOX-276 that attenuate the motivation for cocaine reduce spontaneous dopamine transient amplitude and cue-evoked dopamine release. Further, these doses attenuated cocaine-induced dopamine uptake inhibition at the level of dopamine terminals. CONCLUSION Our results provide support for the standing hypothesis that HCRTr1 blockade suppresses endogenous phasic dopamine signals, likely via actions at dopamine cell bodies. These results also elucidate a second process through which HCRTr1 blockade attenuates the effects of cocaine by reducing cocaine sensitivity at dopamine terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- KA Levy
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, U.S.A
| | - ZD Brodnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, U.S.A
| | - JK Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, U.S.A
| | - DA Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Y Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - RA España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, U.S.A
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Nagase H, Yamamoto N, Yata M, Ohrui S, Okada T, Saitoh T, Kutsumura N, Nagumo Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Ishikawa Y, Ogawa Y, Hirayama S, Kuroda D, Watanabe Y, Gouda H, Yanagisawa M. Design and Synthesis of Potent and Highly Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonists with a Morphinan Skeleton and Their Pharmacologies. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1018-1040. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagase
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yata
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ohrui
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okada
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hirayama
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- School
of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yurie Watanabe
- School
of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gouda
- School
of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) is one of the 'privileged scaffolds', commonly found in nature. Initially, this class of compounds was known for its neurotoxicity. Later on, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline was proved as an endogeneous Parkinsonism-preventing agent in mammals. The fused THIQs have been studied for their role as anticancer antibiotics. The US FDA approval of the trabectedin for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas, is a milestone in the anticancer drug discovery. Areas covered: This review covers the patents on various therapeutic activities of the THIQ derivatives in the years between 2010 and 2015. Patents were collected using a thorough search of Espacenet and WIPO databases. The therapeutic areas covered include cancer, malaria, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, metabolic disorders, and so on. This also includes several patents on specific THIQs of clinical importance. Expert opinion: A large number of the THIQ derivatives have been synthesised for various therapeutic activities, with noticeable success in the area of drug discovery for cancer and CNS. They may also prove to be promising candidates for various infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV-infection, HSV-infection, leishmaniasis, etc. They can also be developed as novel class of drugs for various therapeutic activities with unique mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Pal Singh
- a Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Punjab , India
| | - Purvi Shah
- a Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Punjab , India
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21
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Benmekhbi L, Louafi F, Roisnel T, Hurvois JP. Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids and Related Compounds through the Alkylation of Anodically Prepared α-Amino Nitriles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6721-39. [PMID: 27410716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino nitrile 2a was conveniently prepared in two individual steps from chiral hexafluorophosphate salt isoquinolinium (-)-8b including anodic cyanation as an efficient means to activate the sp(3) C1-H bond of the THIQ nucleus. The lithiation of 2a was carried out in THF at -80 °C in the presence of LDA to produce a stable α-amino carbanion which was condensed on a large variety of alkyl halides. The resulting quaternary α-amino nitriles were subjected to a stereoselective reductive decyanation in ethanol in the presence of NaBH4 as the hydride donor to yield N-Boc-1-alkyl-THIQs (+)-10a-g in up to 97:3 er's after removal of the chiral auxiliary group. Examination of the ORTEP view of THIQ (+)-1f revealed that the newly created stereogenic center had an absolute S configuration. Likewise, (-)-xylopinine was synthesized in four workup steps in an overall 63% yield from α-amino nitrile (+)-2b. In this process, crystallization of an enantioenriched mixture (90:10) of (-)-norlaudanosine with 1 equiv of (-)-N-acetyl-l-leucine afforded the leucinate salt (+)-13 (99:1 dr). Similarly, (+)-salsolidine was displaced from its (-)-DBTA salt (-)-12 in 99:1 er, which was determined by proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy in the presence of thiophosphinic acid (+)-14 as the chiral solvating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Benmekhbi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Constantine 1 , route de Ain El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Fadila Louafi
- Unité de Recherche CHEMS, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Constantine 1 , route de Ain El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Centre de Diffractométrie X, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , Bat. 10 B, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hurvois
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , 2 Avenue Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
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22
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Recent trends in orexin research—2010 to 2015. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2875-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Perrey DA, Decker AM, Li JX, Gilmour BP, Thomas BF, Harris DL, Runyon SP, Zhang Y. The importance of the 6- and 7-positions of tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective antagonists for the orexin 1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26216017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective antagonism of the orexin 1 (OX1) receptor has been proposed as a potential mechanism for treatment of drug addiction. We have previously reported studies on the structure-activity relationships of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based antagonists. In this report, we elucidated the respective role of the 6- and 7-substitutions by preparation of a series of either 6-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (with no 7-substituents) or vice versa. We found that 7-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines showed potent antagonism of OX1, indicating that the 7-position is important for OX1 antagonism (10 c, Ke = 23.7 nM). While the 6-substituted analogs were generally inactive, several 6-amino compounds bearing ester groups showed reasonable potency (26 a, Ke = 427 nM). Further, we show evidence that suggests several compounds initially displaying insurmountable antagonism at the OX1 receptor are competitive antagonists with slow dissociation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Brian P Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Danni L Harris
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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24
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Ruiz-Olalla A, Würdemann MA, Wanner MJ, Ingemann S, van Maarseveen JH, Hiemstra H. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Pictet–Spengler Approach to Biologically Relevant 1-Benzyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5125-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Olalla
- Van ‘t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A. Würdemann
- Van ‘t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Wanner
- Van ‘t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steen Ingemann
- Van ‘t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Van ‘t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Hiemstra
- Van ‘t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Perrey DA, German NA, Decker AM, Thorn D, Li JX, Gilmour BP, Thomas BF, Harris DL, Runyon SP, Zhang Y. Effect of 1-substitution on tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective antagonists for the orexin-1 receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:599-614. [PMID: 25643283 DOI: 10.1021/cn500330v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective blockade of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1) has been suggested as a potential approach to drug addiction therapy because of its role in modulating the brain's reward system. We have recently reported a series of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based OX1 selective antagonists. Aimed at elucidating structure-activity relationship requirements in other regions of the molecule and further enhancing OX1 potency and selectivity, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues bearing a variety of substituents at the 1-position of the tetrahydroisoquinoline. The results show that an optimally substituted benzyl group is required for activity at the OX1 receptor. Several compounds with improved potency and/or selectivity have been identified. When combined with structural modifications that were previously found to improve selectivity, we have identified compound 73 (RTIOX-251) with an apparent dissociation constant (Ke) of 16.1 nM at the OX1 receptor and >620-fold selectivity over the OX2 receptor. In vivo, compound 73 was shown to block the development of locomotor sensitization to cocaine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nadezhda A. German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Thorn
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Danni L. Harris
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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26
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Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Nenajdenko VG, Muzalevskiy VM, Shastin AV. Polyfluorinated ethanes as versatile fluorinated C2-building blocks for organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2015; 115:973-1050. [PMID: 25594605 DOI: 10.1021/cr500465n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
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28
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German N, Decker AM, Gilmour BP, Gay EA, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Diarylureas as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor: structure-activity relationship studies on 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{3-[6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}urea (PSNCBAM-1). J Med Chem 2014; 57:7758-69. [PMID: 25162172 PMCID: PMC4175001 DOI: 10.1021/jm501042u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of allosteric modulators of the CB1 receptor including PSNCBAM-1 (4) has generated significant interest in CB1 receptor allosteric modulation. Here in the first SAR study on 4, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogs focusing on modifications at two positions. Pharmacological evaluation in calcium mobilization and binding assays revealed the importance of alkyl substitution at the 2-aminopyridine moiety and electron deficient aromatic groups at the 4-chlorophenyl position for activity at the CB1 receptor, resulting in several analogs with comparable potency to 4. These compounds increased the specific binding of [(3)H]CP55,940, in agreement with previous reports. Importantly, 4 and two analogs dose-dependently reduced the Emax of the agonist curve in the CB1 calcium mobilization assays, confirming their negative allosteric modulator characteristics. Given the side effects associated with CB1 receptor orthosteric antagonists, negative allosteric modulators provide an alternative approach to modulate the pharmacologically important CB1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Elaine A. Gay
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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29
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Yasgar A, Simeonov A. Current approaches for the discovery of drugs that deter substance and drug abuse. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1319-31. [PMID: 25251069 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.956721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much has been presented and debated on the topic of drug abuse and its multidimensional nature, including the role of society and its customs and laws, economical factors, and the magnitude and nature of the burden. Given the complex nature of the receptors and pathways implicated in regulation of the cognitive and behavioral processes associated with addiction, a large number of molecular targets have been interrogated during recent years to discover starting points for development of small-molecule interventions. AREAS COVERED This review describes recent developments in the field of early drug discovery for drug abuse interventions with an emphasis on the advances published during the 2012 - 2014 period. EXPERT OPINION Technologically, the processes/platforms utilized in drug abuse drug discovery are nearly identical to those used in the other disease areas. A key complicating factor in drug abuse research is the enormous biological complexity surrounding the brain processes involved and the associated difficulty in finding 'good' targets and achieving exquisite selectivity of treatment agents. While tremendous progress has been made during recent years to use the power of high-throughput technologies to discover proof-of-principle molecules for many new targets, next-generation models will be especially important in this field. Examples include: seeking advantageous drug-drug combinations, the use of automated whole-animal behavioral screening systems, advancing our understanding of the role of epigenetics in drug addiction and the employment of organoid-level 3D test platforms (also referred to as tissue-chip or organs-on-chip).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yasgar
- National Institutes of Health, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA +1 301 217 5721 ; +1 301 217 5736 ;
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30
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Effects of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist RO5263397 on abuse-related effects of cocaine in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2309-16. [PMID: 24743376 PMCID: PMC4138753 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal knockout studies suggest that trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) 1 is involved in behavioral effects of psychostimulants such as cocaine. Recently, several highly selective TAAR 1 agonists have been discovered. However, little is known of the impact of TAAR 1 agonists on abuse-related effects of cocaine. Here, we report the effects of a TAAR 1 agonist RO5263397 on several abuse-related behavioral effects of cocaine in rats. RO5263397 was evaluated for its effects on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference (CPP), cue- and cocaine prime-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, and cocaine self-administration using behavioral economic analysis. RO5263397 reduced the expression of cocaine behavioral sensitization, cue- and cocaine prime-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, and expression but not development of cocaine CPP. Behavioral economic analysis showed that RO5263397 increased the elasticity of the cocaine demand curve, but did not change cocaine consumption at minimal prices. Taken together, this is the first systematic assessment of a TAAR 1 agonist on a range of behavioral effects of cocaine, showing that RO5263397 was efficacious in reducing cocaine-mediated behaviors. Collectively, these data uncover essential neuromodulatory roles of TAAR 1 on cocaine abuse, and suggest that TAAR 1 may represent a novel drug target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder which presents a significant global health burden and unmet medical need. The orexin/hypocretin system is an attractive potential therapeutic target as demonstrated by the successful clinical trials of antagonist medications like Suvorexant for insomnia. It is composed of two neuropeptides, orexin-A and orexin-B and two excitatory and promiscuous G-protein coupled receptors, OX1 and OX2. Orexins are known to have a variety of functions, most notably in regulating arousal, appetite and reward. The orexins have been shown to have a role in mediating the effects of several drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, morphine and alcohol via projections to key brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. However, it has not yet been demonstrated whether the dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) under development for insomnia are ideal drugs for the treatment of addiction. The question of whether to use a DORA or single orexin receptor antagonist (SORA) for the treatment of addiction is a key question that will need to be answered in order to maximize the clinical utility of orexin receptor antagonists. This review will examine the role of the orexin/hypocretin system in addiction, orexin-based pharmacotherapies under development and factors affecting the selection of one or both orexin receptors as drug targets for the treatment of addiction.
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32
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Perrey DA, Gilmour BP, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Toward the Development of Bivalent Ligand Probes of Cannabinoid CB1 and Orexin OX1 Receptor Heterodimers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:634-8. [PMID: 24944734 DOI: 10.1021/ml4004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 and orexin OX1 receptors have been suggested to form heterodimers and oligomers. Aimed at studying these complexes, a series of bivalent CB1 and OX1 ligands combining SR141716 and ACT-078573 pharmacophores were designed, synthesized, and tested for activity against CB1 and OX1 individually and in cell lines that coexpress both receptors. Compound 20 showed a robust enhancement in potency at both receptors when coexpressed as compared to individually expressed, suggesting possible interaction with CB1-OX1 dimers. Bivalent ligands targeting CB1-OX1 receptor dimers could be potentially useful as a tool for further exploring the roles of such heterodimers in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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