1
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Khudina OG, Grishchenko MV, Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Rudakova EV, Lushchekina SV, Shchegolkov EV, Borisevich SS, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI, Charushin VN. Conjugates of amiridine and thiouracil derivatives as effective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase with the potential to block β-amyloid aggregation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300447. [PMID: 38072670 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
New amiridine-thiouracil conjugates with different substituents in the pyrimidine fragment (R = CH3 , CF2 Н, CF3 , (CF2 )2 H) and different spacer lengths (n = 1-3) were synthesized. The conjugates rather weakly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and exhibit high inhibitory activity (IC50 up to 0.752 ± 0.021 µM) and selectivity to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which increases with spacer elongation; the lead compounds are 11c, 12c, and 13c. The conjugates are mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases and practically do not inhibit the structurally related off-target enzyme carboxylesterase. The results of molecular docking to AChE and BChE are consistent with the experiment on enzyme inhibition and explain the structure-activity relationships, including the rather low anti-AChE activity and the high anti-BChE activity of long-chain conjugates. The lead compounds displace propidium from the AChE peripheral anion site (PAS) at the level of the reference compound donepezil, which agrees with the mixed-type mechanism of AChE inhibition and the main mode of binding of conjugates in the active site of AChE due to the interaction of the pyrimidine moiety with the PAS. This indicates the ability of the studied conjugates to block AChE-induced aggregation of β-amyloid, thereby exerting a disease-modifying effect. According to computer calculations, all synthesized conjugates have an ADME profile acceptable for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G Khudina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maria V Grishchenko
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Galina F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Natalia P Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Elena V Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Shchegolkov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sophia S Borisevich
- Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yanina V Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Victor I Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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2
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Wang G, Du J, Ma J, Liu P, Xing S, Xia J, Dong S, Li Z. Discovery of Novel Tryptanthrin Derivatives with Benzenesulfonamide Substituents as Multi-Target-Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1468. [PMID: 37895939 PMCID: PMC10610214 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach, two series of tryptanthrin derivatives with benzenesulfonamide substituents were evaluated as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro biological assays indicated most of the derivatives had good cholinesterase inhibitory activity and neuroprotective properties. Among them, the target compound 4h was considered as a mixed reversible dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.04 μM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, IC50 = 6.11 ± 0.15 μM). And it could also potentially prevent the generation of amyloid plaques by inhibiting self-induced Aβ aggregation (63.16 ± 2.33%). Molecular docking studies were used to explore the interactions of AChE, BuChE, and Aβ. Furthermore, possessing significant anti-neuroinflammatory potency (NO, IL-1β, TNF-α; IC50 = 0.62 ± 0.07 μM, 1.78 ± 0.21 μM, 1.31 ± 0.28 μM, respectively) reduced ROS production, and chelated biometals were also found in compound 4h. Further studies showed that 4h had proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and suitable in vitro metabolic stability. In in vivo study, 4h effectively ameliorated the learning and memory impairment of the scopolamine-induced AD mice model. These findings suggested that 4h may be a promising compound for further development as a multifunctional agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
- Anhui BioX-Vision Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiyu Du
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
| | - Jie Ma
- Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Peipei Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
- Anhui BioX-Vision Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230032, China
| | - Siqi Xing
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
| | - Jucheng Xia
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
| | - Shuanghong Dong
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
| | - Zeng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (G.W.); (J.D.); (P.L.); (S.X.); (J.X.); (S.D.)
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3
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Vidal-Albalat A, Kindahl T, Rajeshwari R, Lindgren C, Forsgren N, Kitur S, Tengo LS, Ekström F, Kamau L, Linusson A. Structure-Activity Relationships Reveal Beneficial Selectivity Profiles of Inhibitors Targeting Acetylcholinesterase of Disease-Transmitting Mosquitoes. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6333-6353. [PMID: 37094110 PMCID: PMC10184127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance jeopardizes the prevention of infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever by vector control of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Effective new insecticidal compounds with minimal adverse effects on humans and the environment are therefore urgently needed. Here, we explore noncovalent inhibitors of the well-validated insecticidal target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) based on a 4-thiazolidinone scaffold. The 4-thiazolidinones inhibit AChE1 from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti at low micromolar concentrations. Their selectivity depends primarily on the substitution pattern of the phenyl ring; halogen substituents have complex effects. The compounds also feature a pendant aliphatic amine that was important for activity; little variation of this group is tolerated. Molecular docking studies suggested that the tight selectivity profiles of these compounds are due to competition between two binding sites. Three 4-thiazolidinones tested for in vivo insecticidal activity had similar effects on disease-transmitting mosquitoes despite a 10-fold difference in their in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Kindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stanley Kitur
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura Sela Tengo
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Sahin Z, Biltekin SN, Yurttaş L, Berk B, Küçükkılınç TT, Demirayak Ş. Novel benzofurane carbonyl analogs of donepezil as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Liu W, Jiang J, Lin Y, You Q, Wang L. Insight into Thermodynamic and Kinetic Profiles in Small-Molecule Optimization. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10809-10847. [PMID: 35969687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and structure-property relationships (SPRs) have been considered the most important factors during the drug optimization process. For medicinal chemists, improvements in the potencies and druglike properties of small molecules are regarded as their major goals. Among them, the binding affinity and selectivity of small molecules on their targets are the most important indicators. In recent years, there has been growing interest in using thermodynamic and kinetic profiles to analyze ligand-receptor interactions, which could provide not only binding affinities but also detailed binding parameters for small-molecule optimization. In this perspective, we are trying to provide an insight into thermodynamic and kinetic profiles in small-molecule optimization. Through a highlight of strategies on the small-molecule optimization with specific cases, we aim to put forward the importance of structure-thermodynamic relationships (STRs) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKRs), which could provide more guidance to find safe and effective small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingsheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yating Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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6
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Toxicological Evaluation and In Silico Identification of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in a Commercial Polyherbal Formulation (KWAPF01). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4388941. [PMID: 35873645 PMCID: PMC9307333 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4388941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the toxicological implications of a commercial polyherbal formulation, KWAPF01. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomized into six groups of four animals per group. The animals in Group 1 were administered placebo and designated as control, while the rats in Groups 2 to 6 were administered 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg/kg bodyweight single oral dose of KWAPF01, respectively, and subsequently monitored for gross morphological and behavioural changes for 72 h. Piloerection, reduced motility, and tremor were observed in experimental groups, and the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was 2225.94 mg/kg bodyweight. The 11 compounds identified through HPLC analysis of the extract were docked against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the docking scores ranged from −5.3 to −10.8 kcal/mol, with catechol (−5.3 kcal/mol) and berberine (−10.8 kcal/mol) having the highest and lowest binding energies, respectively. Judging by the results, it could be inferred that some of the constituents of KWAPF01 have a direct impact on the nervous system and this is possibly elicited via the cholinergic system as it contains a nicotinic acetylcholine receptors agonist and potential inhibitors of AChE. Therefore, the use of KWAPF01 needs to be cautiously guided.
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7
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Novales NA, Schwans JP. Comparing the effects of organic cosolvents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Li X, Peters BBC, Tan M, He L, Yang J, Andersson PG, ZHOU TAIGANG. Mono‐N‐Alkylation of Sulfonamides with Alcohols Catalyzed by Iridium N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Phosphine Complexes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhen Li
- SWPU: Southwest Petroleum University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Bram B. C. Peters
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet Department of Organic Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - Min Tan
- SWPU: Southwest Petroleum University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Lei He
- SWPU: Southwest Petroleum University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jianping Yang
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet Department of Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet Department of Organic Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - TAIGANG ZHOU
- Southwest Petroleum University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xindu Rd. 8 610500 Chengdu CHINA
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9
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Zueva IV, Lushchekina SV, Pottie IR, Darvesh S, Masson P. 1-(3- Tert-Butylphenyl)-2,2,2-Trifluoroethanone as a Potent Transition-State Analogue Slow-Binding Inhibitor of Human Acetylcholinesterase: Kinetic, MD and QM/MM Studies. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121608. [PMID: 33260981 PMCID: PMC7760592 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic studies and molecular modeling of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by a fluorinated acetophenone derivative, 1-(3-tert-butylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (TFK), were performed. Fast reversible inhibition of AChE by TFK is of competitive type with Ki = 5.15 nM. However, steady state of inhibition is reached slowly. Kinetic analysis showed that TFK is a slow-binding inhibitor (SBI) of type B with Ki* = 0.53 nM. Reversible binding of TFK provides a long residence time, τ = 20 min, on AChE. After binding, TFK acylates the active serine, forming an hemiketal. Then, disruption of hemiketal (deacylation) is slow. AChE recovers full activity in approximately 40 min. Molecular docking and MD simulations depicted the different steps. It was shown that TFK binds first to the peripheral anionic site. Then, subsequent slow induced-fit step enlarged the gorge, allowing tight adjustment into the catalytic active site. Modeling of interactions between TFK and AChE active site by QM/MM showed that the “isomerization” step of enzyme-inhibitor complex leads to a complex similar to substrate tetrahedral intermediate, a so-called “transition state analog”, followed by a labile covalent intermediate. SBIs of AChE show prolonged pharmacological efficacy. Thus, this fluoroalkylketone intended for neuroimaging, could be of interest in palliative therapy of Alzheimer’s disease and protection of central AChE against organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin str. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ian R. Pottie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada; (I.R.P.); (S.D.)
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada; (I.R.P.); (S.D.)
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Geriatric Medicine) & Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 480002 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Mathew B, Parambi DGT, Sivasankarapillai VS, Uddin MS, Suresh J, Mathew GE, Joy M, Marathakam A, Gupta SV. Perspective Design of Chalcones for the Management of CNS Disorders: A Mini-Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:432-445. [PMID: 31187716 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190610111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of chalcone-based compounds for CNS disorders has been explored by many research groups. Chalcones are being considered as a potent organic scaffold with widespread applications in the field of drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. The planar or semi-planar geometry of chalcones with various functionalities impinged on the terminal aromatic systems renders the molecule its bio-activity including anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antileishmanial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive properties, etc. Moreover, cutting-edge research has been executed in the domain of Central Nervous System (CNS) based scheme, further, their identification and classifications also remain of high interest in the field of medicinal chemistry but the specific reviews are limited. Hence, the present review highlights the significance of chalcones toward their CNS activities (up to 2019), which include anti-depressant activity, anxiolytic activity, activity with GABA receptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibitions, activity as adenosine receptor antagonists anti-Alzheimer's agents, β-amyloid plaques imaging agents, monoamine oxidase inhibition. To our knowledge, this is the first review exclusively for CNS activity profile of chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jerad Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai 600004, India
| | | | - Monu Joy
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, M.G. University, Kottayam 686560, India
| | - Akash Marathakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National College of Pharmacy, Calicut 673602, Kerala, India
| | - Sheeba Varghese Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
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11
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Andersson CD, Mishra BK, Forsgren N, Ekström F, Linusson A. Physical Mechanisms Governing Substituent Effects on Arene-Arene Interactions in a Protein Milieu. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6529-6539. [PMID: 32610016 PMCID: PMC7467712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arene-arene interactions play important roles in protein-ligand complex formation. Here, we investigate the characteristics of arene-arene interactions between small organic molecules and aromatic amino acids in protein interiors. The study is based on X-ray crystallographic data and quantum mechanical calculations using the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and selected inhibitory ligands as a model system. It is shown that the arene substituents of the inhibitors dictate the strength of the interaction and the geometry of the resulting complexes. Importantly, the calculated interaction energies correlate well with the measured inhibitor potency. Non-hydrogen substituents strengthened all interaction types in the protein milieu, in keeping with results for benzene dimer model systems. The interaction energies were dispersion-dominated, but substituents that induced local dipole moments increased the electrostatic contribution and thus yielded more strongly bound complexes. These findings provide fundamental insights into the physical mechanisms governing arene-arene interactions in the protein milieu and thus into molecular recognition between proteins and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- International
Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560003, India
| | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN
Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research
Agency, SE-90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN
Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research
Agency, SE-90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Srivastava P, Tripathi PN, Sharma P, Shrivastava SK. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel N-(4-phenoxybenzyl)aniline derivatives targeting acetylcholinesterase, β-amyloid aggregation and oxidative stress to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3650-3662. [PMID: 31288978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel hybrids N-(4-phenoxybenzyl)aniline were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their potential AChE inhibitory activity along with antioxidant potential. The inhibitory potential (IC50) of synthesized analogs was evaluated against human cholinesterases (hAChE and hBChE) using Ellman's method. Among all the tested compounds, 42 with trimethoxybenzene substituent showed maximum hAChE inhibition with the competitive type of enzyme inhibition (IC50 = 1.32 µM; Ki = 0.879 µM). Further, parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA-BBB) showed favorable BBB permeability by most of the synthesized compounds. Meanwhile, compound 42 also inhibited AChE-induced Aβ aggregation (39.5-66.9%) in thioflavin T assay. The in vivo behavioral studies showed dose-dependent improvement in learning and memory by compound 42. The ex vivo studies also affirmed the significant AChE inhibition and antioxidant potential of compound 42 in brain homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005 India
| | - Prabhash Nath Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005 India
| | - Piyoosh Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005 India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005 India.
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13
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Kuzu B, Tan M, Taslimi P, Gülçin İ, Taşpınar M, Menges N. Mono- or di-substituted imidazole derivatives for inhibition of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine esterases. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Docking Studies of Chalcone and Flavone Analogs as Antioxidants and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several oxidative processes are related to a wide range of human chronic and degenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, which also has been related to cholinergic processes. Therefore, search for new or improved antioxidant molecules with acetylcholinesterase activity is essential to offer alternative chemotherapeutic agents to support current drug therapies. A series of chalcone (2a–2k) and flavone (3a–3k) analogs were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, and antioxidant agents using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2-2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•), and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Compounds more active were 3j and 2k in DPPH with EC50 of 1 × 10−8 and 5.4 × 10−3 μg/mL, respectively; 2g and 3i in ABTS (1.14 × 10−2 and 1.9 × 10−3 μg/mL); 2e, 2f, 3f, 2j, and 3j exceeded the α-tocopherol control in the β-carotene assay (98–99% of antioxidant activity). At acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, flavones were more active than chalcones; the best results were compounds 2d and 3d (IC50 21.5 and 26.8 µg/mL, respectively), suggesting that the presence of the nitro group enhances the inhibitory activity. The docking of these two structures were made to understand their interactions with the AChE receptor. Although further in vivo testing must be performed, our results represent an important step towards the identification of improved antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Mphahlele MJ, Agbo EN, Gildenhuys S. Synthesis and Evaluation of the 4-Substituted 2-Hydroxy-5-Iodochalcones and Their 7-Substituted 6-Iodoflavonol Derivatives for Inhibitory Effect on Cholinesterases and β-Secretase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124112. [PMID: 30567381 PMCID: PMC6321475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl-3-hydroxy-6-iodo-4H-chromen-4-ones substituted at the 7-position with a halogen atom (X = F, Cl and Br) or methoxy group and their corresponding 4-substituted 2-hydroxy-5-iodochalcone precursors were evaluated in vitro for inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and β-secretase (BACE1) activities. Although moderate inhibitory effect was observed for the chalcones against AChE, derivatives 2h, 2j and 2n exhibited significant inhibitory effect against BChE and BACE-1. The 2-aryl-7-fluoro-8-iodoflavonols 3b and 3c, on the other hand, exhibited increased activity and selectivity against AChE and reduced effect on BACE-1. The flavonols 3h, 3i, 3k, 3l and 3p exhibited moderate inhibitory effect against AChE, but significant inhibition against BChE. Compounds 2j and 3l exhibited non-competitive mode of inhibition against BACE-1. Molecular docking predicted strong interactions with the protein residues in the active site of BACE-1 implying these compounds bind with the substrate. Similarly docking studies predicted interaction of the most active compounds with both CAS and PAS of either AChE or BChE with mixed type of enzyme inhibition confirmed by kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malose J Mphahlele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel N Agbo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
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16
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Parambi DGT, Aljoufi F, Murugaiyah V, Mathew GE, Dev S, Lakshminarayanan B, Hendawy OM, Mathew B. Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Selected Halogenated Thiophene Chalcones. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2018; 19:67-71. [PMID: 30451121 DOI: 10.2174/1871524918666181119114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-acting human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO-B) and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors are more effective than the classic one-drug one-target therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The ChE inhibitory ability of some halogenated thiophene chalcone-based molecules known to be selective hMAO-B inhibitors was evaluated. RESULTS Based on the IC50 values, the selected compounds were found to moderately inhibit ChE, with IC50 values in the range of 14-70 µM. Among the synthesised molecules, T8 and T6 showed the most potent inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE, respectively. CONCLUSION Taken together, the data revealed that T8 could be further optimized to enhance its AChE inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf-2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhrya Aljoufi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al- Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf-2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Githa E Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad 678004, Kerala, India
| | - Sanal Dev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna 679325, Kerala, India
| | - Balasubramanain Lakshminarayanan
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad-678557, Kerala, India
| | - Omnia M Hendawy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al- Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf-2014, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Bani Sweif, Egypt
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad-678557, Kerala, India
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17
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Multi-targetable chalcone analogs to treat deadly Alzheimer’s disease: Current view and upcoming advice. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Allgardsson A, David Andersson C, Akfur C, Worek F, Linusson A, Ekström F. An Unusual Dimeric Inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase: Cooperative Binding of Crystal Violet. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091433. [PMID: 28867801 PMCID: PMC6151500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential enzyme that terminates cholinergic transmission by a rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. AChE is an important target for treatment of various cholinergic deficiencies, including Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis. In a previous high throughput screening campaign, we identified the dye crystal violet (CV) as an inhibitor of AChE. Herein, we show that CV displays a significant cooperativity for binding to AChE, and the molecular basis for this observation has been investigated by X-ray crystallography. Two monomers of CV bind to residues at the entrance of the active site gorge of the enzyme. Notably, the two CV molecules have extensive intermolecular contacts with each other and with AChE. Computational analyses show that the observed CV dimer is not stable in solution, suggesting the sequential binding of two monomers. Guided by the structural analysis, we designed a set of single site substitutions, and investigated their effect on the binding of CV. Only moderate effects on the binding and the cooperativity were observed, suggesting a robustness in the interaction between CV and AChE. Taken together, we propose that the dimeric cooperative binding is due to a rare combination of chemical and structural properties of both CV and the AChE molecule itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz Worek
- Department of Toxicological Enzymology, Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Liu Y, Yan B, Winkler DA, Fu J, Zhang A. Competitive Inhibition Mechanism of Acetylcholinesterase without Catalytic Active Site Interaction: Study on Functionalized C 60 Nanoparticles via in Vitro and in Silico Assays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18626-18638. [PMID: 28492309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity regulation by chemical agents or, potentially, nanomaterials is important for both toxicology and pharmacology. Competitive inhibition via direct catalytic active sites (CAS) binding or noncompetitive inhibition through interference with substrate and product entering and exiting has been recognized previously as an AChE-inhibition mechanism for bespoke nanomaterials. The competitive inhibition by peripheral anionic site (PAS) interaction without CAS binding remains unexplored. Here, we proposed and verified the occurrence of a presumed competitive inhibition of AChE without CAS binding for hydrophobically functionalized C60 nanoparticles (NPs) by employing both experimental and computational methods. The kinetic inhibition analysis distinguished six competitive inhibitors, probably targeting the PAS, from the pristine and hydrophilically modified C60 NPs. A simple quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship (QNAR) model relating the pocket accessible length of substituent to inhibition capacity was then established to reveal how the geometry of the surface group decides the NP difference in AChE inhibition. Molecular docking identified the PAS as the potential binding site interacting with the NPs via a T-shaped plug-in mode. Specifically, the fullerene core covered the enzyme gorge as a lid through π-π stacking with Tyr72 and Trp286 in the PAS, while the hydrophobic ligands on the fullerene surface inserted into the AChE active site to provide further stability for the complexes. The modeling predicted that inhibition would be severely compromised by Tyr72 and Trp286 deletions, and the subsequent site-directed mutagenesis experiments proved this prediction. Our results demonstrate AChE competitive inhibition of NPs without CAS participation to gain further understanding of both the neurotoxicity and the curative effect of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - David A Winkler
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton 3168, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Parkville 3052, Australia
- Latrobe Institute for Molecular Science , Bundoora, 3046, Australia
- School of Chemical and Physical Science, Flinders University , Bedford Park 5042, Australia
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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Ismaili L, Refouvelet B, Benchekroun M, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Gemma S, Campiani G, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Esteban G, Unzeta M, Nikolic K, Butini S, Marco-Contelles J. Multitarget compounds bearing tacrine- and donepezil-like structural and functional motifs for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:4-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Knutsson S, Kindahl T, Engdahl C, Nikjoo D, Forsgren N, Kitur S, Ekström F, Kamau L, Linusson A. N-Aryl-N'-ethyleneaminothioureas effectively inhibit acetylcholinesterase 1 from disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:415-427. [PMID: 28433681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vector control of disease-transmitting mosquitoes by insecticides has a central role in reducing the number of parasitic- and viral infection cases. The currently used insecticides are efficient, but safety concerns and the development of insecticide-resistant mosquito strains warrant the search for alternative compound classes for vector control. Here, we have designed and synthesized thiourea-based compounds as non-covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE1) from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae (An. gambiae) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), as well as a naturally occurring resistant-conferring mutant. The N-aryl-N'-ethyleneaminothioureas proved to be inhibitors of AChE1; the most efficient one showed submicromolar potency. Importantly, the inhibitors exhibited selectivity over the human AChE (hAChE), which is desirable for new insecticides. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the thioureas revealed that small changes in the chemical structure had a large effect on inhibition capacity. The thioureas showed to have different SAR when inhibiting AChE1 and hAChE, respectively, enabling an investigation of structure-selectivity relationships. Furthermore, insecticidal activity was demonstrated using adult and larvae An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Knutsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Kindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dariush Nikjoo
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-906 21, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stanley Kitur
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-906 21, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Engdahl C, Knutsson S, Ekström F, Linusson A. Discovery of Selective Inhibitors Targeting Acetylcholinesterase 1 from Disease-Transmitting Mosquitoes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9409-9421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Engdahl
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofie Knutsson
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and
Security, SE-906 21 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Evaluating Fmoc-amino acids as selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2755-2763. [PMID: 27522651 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases are involved in neuronal signal transduction, and perturbation of function has been implicated in diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. For the two major classes of cholinesterases, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), previous studies reported BChE activity is elevated in patients with Alzheimer's disease, while AChE levels remain the same or decrease. Thus, the development of potent and specific inhibitors of BChE have received much attention as a potential therapeutic in the alleviation of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated amino acid analogs as selective inhibitors of BChE. Amino acid analogs bearing a 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group were tested, as the Fmoc group has structural resemblance to previously described inhibitors. We identified leucine, lysine, and tryptophan analogs bearing the Fmoc group as selective inhibitors of BChE. The Fmoc group contributed to inhibition, as analogs bearing a carboxybenzyl group showed ~tenfold higher values for the inhibition constant (K I value). Inclusion of a t-butoxycarbonyl on the side chain of Fmoc tryptophan led to an eightfold lower K I value compared to Fmoc tryptophan alone suggesting that modifications of the amino acid side chains may be designed to create inhibitors with higher affinity. Our results identify Fmoc-amino acids as a scaffold upon which to design BChE-specific inhibitors and provide the foundation for further experimental and computational studies to dissect the interactions that contribute to inhibitor binding.
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24
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Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling of 2'-Hydroxychalcones as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070955. [PMID: 27455222 PMCID: PMC6273369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2′-hydroxy- and 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcones was synthesised and evaluated as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The majority of the compounds were found to show some activity, with the most active compounds having IC50 values of 40–85 µM. Higher activities were generally observed for compounds with methoxy substituents in the A ring and halogen substituents in the B ring. Kinetic studies on the most active compounds showed that they act as mixed-type inhibitors, in agreement with the results of molecular modelling studies, which suggested that they interact with residues in the peripheral anionic site and the gorge region of AChE.
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25
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Berg L, Mishra BK, Andersson CD, Ekström F, Linusson A. The Nature of Activated Non-classical Hydrogen Bonds: A Case Study on Acetylcholinesterase-Ligand Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:2672-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Berg
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; 901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | | | | | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defense and Security; Swedish Defense Research Agency; 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; 901 87 Umeå Sweden
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26
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Katz FS, Pecic S, Tran TH, Trakht I, Schneider L, Zhu Z, Ton-That L, Luzac M, Zlatanic V, Damera S, Macdonald J, Landry DW, Tong L, Stojanovic MN. Discovery of New Classes of Compounds that Reactivate Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Organophosphates. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2205-2215. [PMID: 26350723 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that has been covalently inhibited by organophosphate compounds (OPCs), such as nerve agents and pesticides, has traditionally been reactivated by using nucleophilic oximes. There is, however, a clearly recognized need for new classes of compounds with the ability to reactivate inhibited AChE with improved in vivo efficacy. Here we describe our discovery of new functional groups--Mannich phenols and general bases--that are capable of reactivating OPC--inhibited AChE more efficiently than standard oximes and we describe the cooperative mechanism by which these functionalities are delivered to the active site. These discoveries, supported by preliminary in vivo results and crystallographic data, significantly broaden the available approaches for reactivation of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine S Katz
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Timothy H Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 (USA)
| | - Ilya Trakht
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Zhengxiang Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Long Ton-That
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Michal Luzac
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Viktor Zlatanic
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Shivani Damera
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA).,Genecology Research Centre, Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 (Australia)
| | - Donald W Landry
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 (USA)
| | - Milan N Stojanovic
- Department of Medicine/Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (USA).,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th street, New York, NY 10032 (USA)
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Pan W, Daily M, Baker NA. Numerical calculation of protein-ligand binding rates through solution of the Smoluchowski equation using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2015; 8:7. [PMID: 25995835 PMCID: PMC4438506 DOI: 10.1186/s13628-015-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The calculation of diffusion-controlled ligand binding rates is important for understanding enzyme mechanisms as well as designing enzyme inhibitors. Methods We demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of a Lagrangian particle-based method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), to study diffusion in biomolecular systems by numerically solving the time-dependent Smoluchowski equation for continuum diffusion. Unlike previous studies, a reactive Robin boundary condition (BC), rather than the absolute absorbing (Dirichlet) BC, is considered on the reactive boundaries. This new BC treatment allows for the analysis of enzymes with “imperfect” reaction rates. Results The numerical method is first verified in simple systems and then applied to the calculation of ligand binding to a mouse acetylcholinesterase (mAChE) monomer. Rates for inhibitor binding to mAChE are calculated at various ionic strengths and compared with experiment and other numerical methods. We find that imposition of the Robin BC improves agreement between calculated and experimental reaction rates. Conclusions Although this initial application focuses on a single monomer system, our new method provides a framework to explore broader applications of SPH in larger-scale biomolecular complexes by taking advantage of its Lagrangian particle-based nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Pan
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MSID K7-90, 99352, Richland, PO Box 999 WA USA
| | - Michael Daily
- Chemical Physics and Analysis Division, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MSID K1-83, 99352, Richland, PO Box 999 WA USA
| | - Nathan A Baker
- Computational and Statistical Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MSID K7-20, 99352, Richland, PO Box 999 WA USA
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28
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Andersson CD, Hillgren JM, Lindgren C, Qian W, Akfur C, Berg L, Ekström F, Linusson A. Benefits of statistical molecular design, covariance analysis, and reference models in QSAR: a case study on acetylcholinesterase. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:199-215. [PMID: 25351962 PMCID: PMC4330465 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientific disciplines such as medicinal- and environmental chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology deal with the questions related to the effects small organic compounds exhort on biological targets and the compounds' physicochemical properties responsible for these effects. A common strategy in this endeavor is to establish structure-activity relationships (SARs). The aim of this work was to illustrate benefits of performing a statistical molecular design (SMD) and proper statistical analysis of the molecules' properties before SAR and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. Our SMD followed by synthesis yielded a set of inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that had very few inherent dependencies between the substructures in the molecules. If such dependencies exist, they cause severe errors in SAR interpretation and predictions by QSAR-models, and leave a set of molecules less suitable for future decision-making. In our study, SAR- and QSAR models could show which molecular sub-structures and physicochemical features that were advantageous for the AChE inhibition. Finally, the QSAR model was used for the prediction of the inhibition of AChE by an external prediction set of molecules. The accuracy of these predictions was asserted by statistical significance tests and by comparisons to simple but relevant reference models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Mikael Hillgren
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology - Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Weixing Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christine Akfur
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, 90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lotta Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, 90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Temeyer KB, Tong F, Totrov MM, Tuckow AP, Chen QH, Carlier PR, Pérez de León AA, Bloomquist JR. Acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli): construction, expression and biochemical properties of the G119S orthologous mutant. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:577. [PMID: 25491113 PMCID: PMC4268798 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomus papatasi vectors zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Previous expression of recombinant P. papatasi acetylcholinesterase (PpAChE1) revealed 85% amino acid sequence identity to mosquito AChE and identified synthetic carbamates that effectively inhibited PpAChE1 with improved specificity for arthropod AChEs compared to mammalian AChEs. We hypothesized that the G119S mutation causing high level resistance to organophosphate insecticides in mosquitoes may occur in PpAChE1 and may reduce sensitivity to inhibition. We report construction, expression, and biochemical properties of rPpAChE1 containing the G119S orthologous mutation. Methods Targeted mutagenesis introduced the G119S orthologous substitution in PpAChE1 cDNA. Recombinant PpAChE1 enzymes containing or lacking the G119S mutation were expressed in the baculoviral system. Biochemical assays were conducted to determine altered catalytic properties and inhibitor sensitivity resulting from the G119S substitution. A molecular homology model was constructed to examine the modeled structural interference with docking of inhibitors of different classes. Genetic tests were conducted to determine if the G119S orthologous codon existed in polymorphic form in a laboratory colony of P. papatasi. Results Recombinant PpAChE1 containing the G119S substitution exhibited altered biochemical properties, and reduced inhibition by compounds that bind to the acylation site on the enzyme (with the exception of eserine). Less resistance was directed against bivalent or peripheral site inhibitors, in good agreement with modeled inhibitor docking. Eserine appeared to be a special case capable of inhibition in the absence of covalent binding at the acylation site. Genetic tests did not detect the G119S mutation in a laboratory colony of P. papatasi but did reveal that the G119S codon existed in polymorphic form (GGA + GGC). Conclusions The finding of G119S codon polymorphism in a laboratory colony of P. papatasi suggests that a single nucleotide transversion (GGC → AGC) may readily occur, causing rapid development of resistance to organophosphate and phenyl-substituted carbamate insecticides under strong selection. Careful management of pesticide use in IPM programs is important to prevent or mitigate development and fixation of the G119S mutation in susceptible pest populations. Availability of recombinant AChEs enables identification of novel inhibitory ligands with improved efficacy and specificity for AChEs of arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Temeyer
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Fan Tong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610-00009, USA.
| | - Maxim M Totrov
- Molsoft LLC, 3366 North Torrey Pines Court, Suite 300, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Alexander P Tuckow
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Qiao-hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, 480 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0001, USA.
| | - Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, 480 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0001, USA.
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610-00009, USA.
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Meena P, Manral A, Saini V, Tiwari M. Protective effects of a piperazine derivative [N-{4-[4-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-phenyl} carbamic acid ethyl ester] against aluminium-induced neurotoxicity: insights from in silico and in vivo studies. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:314-27. [PMID: 25403519 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis associated with Alzheimer's disease has spurred the development of numerous structural classes of compounds with different pharmacological profiles aimed at increasing central cholinergic neurotransmission. In the present study, six synthetic piperazine derivatives D1-D6 were screened for their efficacy as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) through in silico and in vitro studies. Compound D2 was found to be a potential AChEI with adequate pharmacokinetic properties, as supported by in silico study. Further, in vivo studies were designed to examine the protective effect of piperazine derivative D2 (3 and 5 mg/kg for 6 weeks) in ameliorating the alterations induced by aluminium chloride (AlCl(3)) on behavioural and neurochemical indices. Behavioural tests (Morris water maze and elevated plus maze) revealed significant alterations in the short-term memory and anxiety levels in rats treated with AlCl(3), which was further improved after D2 treatment. Further, D2 treatment attenuated the neurotoxic effects of AlCl(3) as shown by the improvement in rats performance in Water maze test and in lowering AChE activity. Besides preventing lipid peroxidation and protein damage, changes in the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, GR and GSH) associated with AlCl3 administration were also restored upon treatment with D2. Thus, our results support the neuroprotective potential of compound D2, thus validating its use in alleviating toxic effects of aluminium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Meena
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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Liu HR, Liu XJ, Fan HQ, Tang JJ, Gao XH, Liu WK. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of chalcone derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6124-33. [PMID: 25260958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of chalcone derivatives (4a-8d) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The logP values of the compounds were shown to range from 1.49 to 2.19, which suggested that they were possible to pass blood brain barriers in vivo. The most promising compound 4a (IC50: 4.68 μmol/L) was 2-fold more potent than Rivastigmine against AChE (IC50: 10.54 μmol/L) and showed a high selectivity for AChE over BuChE (ratio: 4.35). Enzyme kinetic study suggested that the inhibition mechanism of compound 4a was a mixed-type inhibition. Meanwhile, the result of molecular docking showed its potent inhibition of AChE and high selectivity for AChE over BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-ran Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xian-jun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hao-qun Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing-jing Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-hui Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Hu'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Changsha 410208, China
| | - Wu-Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Darras FH, Wehle S, Huang G, Sotriffer CA, Decker M. Amine substitution of quinazolinones leads to selective nanomolar AChE inhibitors with ‘inverted’ binding mode. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4867-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridines as a new family of potent peripheral-to-midgorge-site inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase: Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and mechanistic studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 73:141-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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