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Torchelsen FKVDS, Mazzeti AL, Mosqueira VCF. Drugs in preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of Chagas´s disease: the current status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:575-590. [PMID: 38686546 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2349289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease is spreading faster than expected in different countries, and little progress has been reported in the discovery of new drugs to combat Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans. Recent clinical trials have ended with small hope. The pathophysiology of this neglected disease and the genetic diversity of parasites are exceptionally complex. The only two drugs available to treat patients are far from being safe, and their efficacy in the chronic phase is still unsatisfactory. AREAS COVERED This review offers a comprehensive examination and critical review of data reported in the last 10 years, and it is focused on findings of clinical trials and data acquired in vivo in preclinical studies. EXPERT OPINION The in vivo investigations classically in mice and dog models are also challenging and time-consuming to attest cure for infection. Poorly standardized protocols, availability of diagnosis methods and disease progression markers, the use of different T. cruzi strains with variable benznidazole sensitivities, and animals in different acute and chronic phases of infection contribute to it. More synchronized efforts between research groups in this field are required to put in evidence new promising substances, drug combinations, repurposing strategies, and new pharmaceutical formulations to impact the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Karoline Vieira da Silva Torchelsen
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Lia Mazzeti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Academic Unit of Passos, University of Minas Gerais State, Passos, Brazil
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Emadi R, Bahrami Nekoo A, Molaverdi F, Khorsandi Z, Sheibani R, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Applications of palladium-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions in pharmaceutical compounds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18715-18733. [PMID: 37346956 PMCID: PMC10280806 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
C-N cross-coupling bond formation reactions have become valuable approaches to synthesizing anilines and their derivatives, known as important chemical compounds. Recent developments in this field have focused on versatile catalysts, simple operation methods, and green reaction conditions. This review article presents an overview of C-N cross-coupling reactions in pharmaceutical compound synthesis reports. Selected examples of N-arylation reactions of various nitrogen-based compounds and aryl halides are defined for preparing pharmaceutical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Emadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Bahrami Nekoo
- Nanoalvand Pharmaceutical Company, Department of Quality Control, Unit of Raw Materials Simindasht Alborz Iran
| | - Fatemeh Molaverdi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, Tehran University Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Khorsandi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 81746-73461 Iran
| | - Reza Sheibani
- Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus University St., Nahiyeh san'ati Mahshahr Khouzestan Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 81746-73461 Iran
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Gulin JEN, Bisio MMC, Rocco D, Altcheh J, Solana ME, García-Bournissen F. Miltefosine and Benznidazole Combination Improve Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855119. [PMID: 35865815 PMCID: PMC9294734 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing and combination therapy have been proposed as cost-effective strategies to improve Chagas disease treatment. Miltefosine (MLT), a synthetic alkylphospholipid initially developed for breast cancer and repositioned for leishmaniasis, is a promising candidate against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. This study evaluates the efficacy of MLT as a monodrug and combined with benznidazole (BZ) in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection with T. cruzi (VD strain, DTU TcVI). MLT exhibited in vitro activity on amastigotes and trypomastigotes with values of IC50 = 0.51 µM (0.48 µM; 0,55 µM) and LC50 = 31.17 µM (29.56 µM; 32.87 µM), respectively. Drug interaction was studied with the fixed-ration method. The sum of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs) resulted in ∑FIC= 0.45 for trypomastigotes and ∑FIC= 0.71 for amastigotes, suggesting in vitro synergistic and additive effects, respectively. No cytotoxic effects on host cells were observed. MLT efficacy was also evaluated in a murine model of acute infection alone or combined with BZ. Treatment was well tolerated with few adverse effects, and all treated animals displayed significantly lower mean peak parasitemia and mortality than infected non-treated controls (p<0.05). The in vivo studies showed that MLT led to a dose-dependent parasitostatic effect as monotherapy which could be improved by combining with BZ, preventing parasitemia rebound after a stringent immunosuppression protocol. These results support MLT activity in clinically relevant stages from T. cruzi, and it is the first report of positive interaction with BZ, providing further support for evaluating combined schemes using MLT and exploring synthetic alkylphospholipids as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Ernesto Nicolás Gulin
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)-Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Margarita María Catalina Bisio
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)-Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología (INP) ‘Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben’-Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) ‘Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán’, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rocco
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)-Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jaime Altcheh
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)-Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Elisa Solana
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo García-Bournissen
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)-Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Facundo García-Bournissen,
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Lim W, Verbon A, van de Sande W. Identifying novel drugs with new modes of action for neglected tropical fungal skin diseases (fungal skinNTDs) using an Open Source Drug discovery approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:641-659. [PMID: 35612364 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2080195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The three fungal skin neglected tropical diseases (NTD) mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis currently lack prioritization and support to establish drug discovery programs in search for novel treatment options. This has made the efforts to identify novel drugs for these skinNTDs fragmented. AREAS COVERED To help escalate the discovery of novel drugs to treat these fungal skinNTDs, the authors have prepared an overview of the compounds with activity against fungal skinNTDs by analyzing data from individual drug discovery studies including those performed on the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) open access boxes. EXPERT OPINION The authors were unable to identify studies in which causative agents of all three skinNTDs were included, indicating that an integrated approach is currently lacking. From the currently available data, the azoles and iodoquinol were the only compounds with activity against causative agents from the three different fungal skinNTDs. Fungal melanin inhibition enhanced the activity of antifungal agents. For mycetoma, the fenarimols, aminothiazoles and benzimidazole carbamates are currently being investigated in the MycetOS initiative. To come to a more integrated approach to identify drugs active against all three fungal skinNTDs, compounds made in the MycetOS initiative could also be explored for chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy van de Sande
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Duchowicz PR, Fioressi SE, Bacelo DE. QSAR predictions on antichagas fenarimols. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Fonseca KDS, Perin L, de Paiva NCN, da Silva BC, Duarte THC, Marques FDS, Costa GDP, Molina I, Correa-Oliveira R, Vieira PMDA, Carneiro CM. Benznidazole Treatment: Time- and Dose-Dependence Varies with the Trypanosoma cruzi Strain. Pathogens 2021; 10:729. [PMID: 34207764 PMCID: PMC8229751 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As the development of new drugs for Chagas disease is not a priority due to its neglected disease status, an option for increasing treatment adherence is to explore alternative treatment regimens, which may decrease the incidence of side effects. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of different therapeutic schemes with benznidazole (BNZ) on the acute and chronic phases of the disease, using mice infected with strains that have different BNZ susceptibilities. Our results show that the groups of animals infected by VL-10 strain, when treated in the chronic phase with a lower dose of BNZ for a longer period of time (40 mg/kg/day for 40 days) presented better treatment efficacy than with the standard protocol (100 mg/kg/day for 20 days) although the best result in the treatment of the animals infected by the VL-10 strain was with100 mg/kg/day for 40 days. In the acute infection by the Y and VL-10 strains of T. cruzi, the treatment with a standard dose, but with a longer time of treatment (100 mg/kg/day for 40 days) presented the best results. Given these data, our results indicate that for BNZ, the theory of dose and time proportionality does not apply to the phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia da Silva Fonseca
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
| | - Luísa Perin
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
| | - Nívia Carolina Nogueira de Paiva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
| | - Beatriz Cristiane da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
| | - Thays Helena Chaves Duarte
- Laboratory of Morphopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.D.); (F.d.S.M.)
| | - Flávia de Souza Marques
- Laboratory of Morphopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.D.); (F.d.S.M.)
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
| | - Israel Molina
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
- Laboratory of Morphopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.D.); (F.d.S.M.)
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil; (K.d.S.F.); (L.P.); (N.C.N.d.P.); (B.C.d.S.); (G.d.P.C.); (I.M.); (R.C.-O.); (P.M.d.A.V.)
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil
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J B, M BM, Chanda K. An Overview on the Therapeutics of Neglected Infectious Diseases-Leishmaniasis and Chagas Diseases. Front Chem 2021; 9:622286. [PMID: 33777895 PMCID: PMC7994601 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.622286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as termed by WHO include twenty different infectious diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Among these NTDs, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are reported to cause high mortality in humans and are further associated with the limitations of existing drugs like severe toxicity and drug resistance. The above hitches have rendered researchers to focus on developing alternatives and novel therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases. In the past decade, several target-based drugs have emerged, which focus on specific biochemical pathways of the causative parasites. For leishmaniasis, the targets such as nucleoside analogs, inhibitors targeting nucleoside phosphate kinases of the parasite’s purine salvage pathway, 20S proteasome of Leishmania, mitochondria, and the associated proteins are reviewed along with the chemical structures of potential drug candidates. Similarly, in case of therapeutics for Chagas disease, several target-based drug candidates targeting sterol biosynthetic pathway (C14-ademethylase), L-cysteine protease, heme peroxidation, mitochondria, farnesyl pyrophosphate, etc., which are vital and unique to the causative parasite are discussed. Moreover, the use of nano-based formulations towards the therapeutics of the above diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindha J
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Balamurali M M
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Janeczko A, Oklestkova J, Tarkowská D, Drygaś B. Naturally Occurring Ecdysteroids in Triticum aestivum L. and Evaluation of Fenarimol as a Potential Inhibitor of Their Biosynthesis in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2855. [PMID: 33799719 PMCID: PMC7999220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids (ECs) are steroid hormones originally found in the animal kingdom where they function as insect molting hormones. Interestingly, a relatively high number of these substances can also be formed in plant cells. Moreover, ECs have certain regulatory effects on plant physiology, but their role in plants still requires further study. One of the main aims of the present study was to verify a hypothesis that fenarimol, an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of ECs in the animal kingdom, also affects the content of endogenous ECs in plants using winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. as a model plant. The levels of endogenous ECs in winter wheat, including the estimation of their changes during a course of different temperature treatments, have been determined using a sensitive analytical method based on UHPLC-MS/MS. Under our experimental conditions, four substances of EC character were detected in the tissue of interest in amounts ranging from less than 1 to over 200 pg·g-1 FW: 20-hydroxyecdysone, polypodine B, turkesterone, and isovitexirone. Among them, turkesterone was observed to be the most abundant EC and accumulated mainly in the crowns and leaves of wheat. Importantly, the level of ECs was observed to be dependent on the age of the plants, as well as on growth conditions (especially temperature). Fenarimol, an inhibitor of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, was shown to significantly decrease the level of naturally occurring ECs in experimental plants, which may indicate its potential use in studies related to the biosynthesis and physiological function of these substances in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Drygaś
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Thompson AM, O'Connor PD, Marshall AJ, Francisco AF, Kelly JM, Riley J, Read KD, Perez CJ, Cornwall S, Thompson RCA, Keenan M, White KL, Charman SA, Zulfiqar B, Sykes ML, Avery VM, Chatelain E, Denny WA. Re-evaluating pretomanid analogues for Chagas disease: Hit-to-lead studies reveal both in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112849. [PMID: 33007723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening of a 900 compound library of antitubercular nitroimidazole derivatives related to pretomanid against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (the causative agent for Chagas disease) identified several structurally diverse hits with an unknown mode of action. Following initial profiling, a first proof-of-concept in vivo study was undertaken, in which once daily oral dosing of a 7-substituted 2-nitroimidazooxazine analogue suppressed blood parasitemia to low or undetectable levels, although sterile cure was not achieved. Limited hit expansion studies alongside counter-screening of new compounds targeted at visceral leishmaniasis laid the foundation for a more in-depth assessment of the best leads, focusing on both drug-like attributes (solubility, metabolic stability and safety) and maximal killing of the parasite in a shorter timeframe. Comparative appraisal of one preferred lead (58) in a chronic infection mouse model, monitored by highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging, provided the first definitive evidence of (partial) curative efficacy with this promising nitroimidazooxazine class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Amanda F Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Perez
- Department of Parasitology & Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Scott Cornwall
- Department of Parasitology & Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- Department of Parasitology & Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Martine Keenan
- Epichem Pty Ltd, Suite 5, 3 Brodie-Hall Drive, Technology Park, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Bilal Zulfiqar
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Wang X, Cal M, Kaiser M, Buckner FS, Lepesheva GI, Sanford AG, Wallick AI, Davis PH, Vennerstrom JL. A new chemotype with promise against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126778. [PMID: 31706668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyridyl benzamide 2 is a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi, but not other protozoan parasites, and had a selectivity-index of ≥10. The initial structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicates that benzamide and sulfonamide functional groups, and N-methylpiperazine and sterically unhindered 3-pyridyl substructures are required for high activity against T. cruzi. Compound 2 and its active analogs had low to moderate metabolic stabilities in human and mouse liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Monica Cal
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederick S Buckner
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Ave., Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Austin G Sanford
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Alexander I Wallick
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Paul H Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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11
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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12
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Fonseca-Berzal C, Arán VJ, Escario JA, Gómez-Barrio A. Experimental models in Chagas disease: a review of the methodologies applied for screening compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3367-3380. [PMID: 30232605 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the main problems of Chagas disease (CD), the parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is the lack of a completely satisfactory treatment, which is currently based on two old nitroheterocyclic drugs (i.e., nifurtimox and benznidazole) that show important limitations for treating patients. In this context, many laboratories look for alternative therapies potentially applicable to the treatment, and therefore, research in CD chemotherapy works in the design of experimental protocols for detecting molecules with activity against T. cruzi. Phenotypic assays are considered the most valuable strategy for screening these antiparasitic compounds. Among them, in vitro experiments are the first step to test potential anti-T. cruzi drugs directly on the different parasite forms (i.e., epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes) and to detect cytotoxicity. Once the putative trypanocidal drug has been identified in vitro, it must be moved to in vivo models of T. cruzi infection, to explore (i) acute toxicity, (ii) efficacy during the acute infection, and (iii) efficacy in the chronic disease. Moreover, in silico approaches for predicting activity have emerged as a supporting tool for drug screening procedures. Accordingly, this work reviews those in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods that have been routinely applied during the last decades, aiming to discover trypanocidal compounds that contribute to developing more effective CD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Escario
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Lim W, Melse Y, Konings M, Phat Duong H, Eadie K, Laleu B, Perry B, Todd MH, Ioset JR, van de Sande WWJ. Addressing the most neglected diseases through an open research model: The discovery of fenarimols as novel drug candidates for eumycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006437. [PMID: 29698504 PMCID: PMC5940239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Eumycetoma is a chronic infectious disease characterized by a large subcutaneous mass, often caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. A combination of surgery and prolonged medication is needed to treat this infection with a success rate of only 30%. There is, therefore, an urgent need to find more effective drugs for the treatment of this disease. In this study, we screened 800 diverse drug-like molecules and identified 215 molecules that were active in vitro. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined for the 13 most active compounds. One of the most potent compounds, a fenarimol analogue for which a large analogue library is available, led to the screening of an additional 35 compounds for their in vitro activity against M. mycetomatis hyphae, rendering four further hit compounds. To assess the in vivo potency of these hit compounds, a Galleria mellonella larvae model infected with M. mycetomatis was used. Several of the compounds identified in vitro demonstrated promising efficacy in vivo in terms of prolonged larval survival and/or reduced fungal burden. The results presented in this paper are the starting point of an Open Source Mycetoma (MycetOS) approach in which members of the global scientific community are invited to participate and contribute as equal partners. We hope that this initiative, coupled with the promising new hits we have reported, will lead to progress in drug discovery for this most neglected of neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lim
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Melse
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mickey Konings
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hung Phat Duong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberly Eadie
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Perry
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Wendy W. J. van de Sande
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Searching for new drugs for Chagas diseases: triazole analogs display high in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and low toxicity toward mammalian cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 50:81-91. [PMID: 29473131 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most relevant endemic diseases in Latin America caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Nifurtimox and benzonidazole are the drugs used in the treatment of this disease, but they commonly are toxic and present severe side effects. New effective molecules, without collateral effects, has promoted the investigation to develop new lead compounds with to advance for clinical trials. Previously, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-based amines and 1,2,3-triazoles demonstrated significant trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi. In this paper, we synthesized a new series of 92 examples of 1,2,3-triazoles. Six compounds exhibited antiparasitic activity, 14, 25, 27, 31 and 40, 43 and were effective against epimastigotes of two strains of T. cruzi (Y and Dm28-C) and 25, 27 and 31 exhibited trypanocidal activity similar to benzonidazole. Notably, the compound 25 compared to benzonidazole increase the toxicity against T. cruzi, with no apparent toxicity to the cell line of mice macrophages or primary mice peritoneal macrophages. As results, we calculated selectivity indexes up to 2000 to 25 and 31 in both T. cruzi strains. Derivative 14 caused a trypanostatic effect because it did not damage external epimastigote membrane. Triazoles 40 and 43 impaired parasites viability using a pathway not dependent on ROS production.
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15
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16
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Perez CJ, Thompson RCA, Keatley SK, Walsh AL, Lymbery AJ. The effect of reinfection and mixed Trypanosoma cruzi infections on disease progression in mice. Acta Trop 2018; 178:107-114. [PMID: 29113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Chagas disease (CD) varies significantly from host to host and is affected by multiple factors. In particular, mixed strain infections and reinfections have the potential to exacerbate disease progression subsequently affecting clinical management of patients with CD. Consequently, an associated reduction in therapeutic intervention and poor prognosis may occur due to this exacerbated disease state. This study investigated the effects of mixed strain infections and reinfection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice, using two isolates from different discrete typing units, TcI (C8 clone 1) and TcIV (10R26). There were no significant differences in mortality rate, body weight or body condition among mice infected with either C8 clone 1, 10R26, or a mixture of both isolates. However, the parasite was found in a significantly greater number of host organs in mice infected with a mixture of isolates, and the histopathological response to infection was significantly greater in mice infected with C8 clone 1 alone, and C8 clone 1+10R26 mixed infections than in mice infected with 10R26 alone. To investigate the effects of reinfection, mice received either a double exposure to C8 clone 1; a double exposure to 10R26; exposure to C8 clone 1 followed by 10R26; or exposure to 10R26 followed by C8 clone 1. Compared to single infection groups, mortality was significantly increased, while survival time, body weight and body condition were all significantly decreased across all reinfection groups, with no significant differences among these groups. The mortality rate over all reinfection groups was 63.6%, compared to 0% in single infection groups, however there was no evidence of a greater histopathological response to infection. These results suggest firstly, that the C8 clone 1 isolate is more virulent than the 10R26 isolate, and secondly, that a more disseminated infection may occur with a mixture of isolates than with single isolates, although there is no evidence that mixed infections have a greater pathological effect. By contrast, reinfections do have major effects on host survivability and thus disease outcome. This confirms previous research demonstrating spontaneous deaths following reinfection, a phenomenon that to our knowledge has only been reported once before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Perez
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - Sarah K Keatley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - Audra L Walsh
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia; Freshwater Fish Group and Fish Health Unit, Murdoch University,South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
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17
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Sales Junior PA, Molina I, Fonseca Murta SM, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Salvador F, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Carneiro CM. Experimental and Clinical Treatment of Chagas Disease: A Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1289-1303. [PMID: 29016289 PMCID: PMC5817734 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that infects a broad range of triatomines and mammalian species, including man. It afflicts 8 million people in Latin America, and its incidence is increasing in nonendemic countries owing to rising international immigration and nonvectorial transmission routes such as blood donation. Since the 1960s, the only drugs available for the clinical treatment of this infection have been benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox (NFX). Treatment with these trypanocidal drugs is recommended in both the acute and chronic phases of CD. These drugs have low cure rates mainly during the chronic phase, in addition both drugs present side effects that may result in the interruption of the treatment. Thus, more efficient and better-tolerated new drugs or pharmaceutical formulations containing BZ or NFX are urgently needed. Here, we review the drugs currently used for CD chemotherapy, ongoing clinical assays, and most-promising new experimental drugs. In addition, the mechanism of action of the commercially available drugs, NFX and BZ, the biodistribution of the latter, and the potential for novel formulations of BZ based on nanotechnology are discussed. Taken together, the literature emphasizes the urgent need for new therapies for acute and chronic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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18
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Li C, Kawamata Y, Nakamura H, Vantourout JC, Liu Z, Hou Q, Bao D, Starr JT, Chen J, Yan M, Baran PS. Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel-Catalyzed Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13088-13093. [PMID: 28834098 PMCID: PMC5792186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Along with amide bond formation, Suzuki cross-coupling, and reductive amination, the Buchwald-Hartwig-Ullmann-type amination of aryl halides stands as one of the most employed reactions in modern medicinal chemistry. The work herein demonstrates the potential of utilizing electrochemistry to provide a complementary avenue to access such critical bonds using an inexpensive nickel catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Of note is the scalability, functional-group tolerance, rapid rate, and the ability to employ a variety of aryl donors (Ar-Cl, Ar-Br, Ar-I, Ar-OTf), amine types (primary and secondary), and even alternative X-H donors (alcohols and amides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hugh Nakamura
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Hou
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Denghui Bao
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jeremy T Starr
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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19
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Li C, Kawamata Y, Nakamura H, Vantourout JC, Liu Z, Hou Q, Bao D, Starr JT, Chen J, Yan M, Baran PS. Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel-Catalyzed Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Hugh Nakamura
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.; TEDA; Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Hou
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.; TEDA; Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Denghui Bao
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.; TEDA; Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Jeremy T. Starr
- Discovery Sciences; Medicine Design; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Discovery Sciences; Medicine Design; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Ming Yan
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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20
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Brand S, Ko EJ, Viayna E, Thompson S, Spinks D, Thomas M, Sandberg L, Francisco AF, Jayawardhana S, Smith VC, Jansen C, De Rycker M, Thomas J, MacLean L, Osuna-Cabello M, Riley J, Scullion P, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Epemolu O, Shishikura Y, Crouch SD, Bakshi TS, Nixon CJ, Reid IH, Hill AP, Underwood TZ, Hindley SJ, Robinson SA, Kelly JM, Fiandor JM, Wyatt PG, Marco M, Miles TJ, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Discovery and Optimization of 5-Amino-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide Series against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7284-7299. [PMID: 28844141 PMCID: PMC5601362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chagas’
disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma
cruzi, is the most common cause of cardiac-related
deaths in endemic regions of Latin America. There is an urgent need
for new safer treatments because current standard therapeutic options,
benznidazole and nifurtimox, have significant side effects and are
only effective in the acute phase of the infection with limited efficacy
in the chronic phase. Phenotypic high content screening against the
intracellular parasite in infected VERO cells was used to identify
a novel hit series of 5-amino-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamides (ATC).
Optimization of the ATC series gave improvements in potency, aqueous
solubility, and metabolic stability, which combined to give significant
improvements in oral exposure. Mitigation of a potential Ames and hERG liability ultimately led to two promising compounds, one of which demonstrated significant suppression of parasite burden in a mouse model of Chagas’ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Eun Jung Ko
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Michael Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Lars Sandberg
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Amanda F Francisco
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Shiromani Jayawardhana
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Victoria C Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Chimed Jansen
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - John Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Lorna MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul Scullion
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sabrinia D Crouch
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline , Calle Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania S Bakshi
- GlaxoSmithKline , 1250 South Collegeville Road, PO Box 5089, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Christopher J Nixon
- GlaxoSmithKline , 1250 South Collegeville Road, PO Box 5089, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Iain H Reid
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Alan P Hill
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Tim Z Underwood
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sean J Hindley
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline , Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Jose M Fiandor
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline , Calle Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Maria Marco
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline , Calle Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy J Miles
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline , Calle Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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21
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de Souza AS, Ferreira LG, Andricopulo AD. 2D and 3D QSAR Studies on a Series of Antichagasic Fenarimol Derivatives. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Endemic in Latin America, the disease is a global public health problem, affecting several countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The disease affects around 8-10 million people worldwide and the limited treatments available present low efficacy and severe side effects, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic options. In this work, the authors developed QSAR models for a series of fenarimol derivatives exhibiting anti-T. cruzi activity. The models were constructed using the Hologram QSAR (HQSAR), Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) methods. The QSAR models presented substantial predictive ability for a series of test set compounds (HQSAR, r2pred = 0.66; CoMFA, r2pred = 0.82; and CoMSIA, r2pred = 0.76), and were valuable to identify key structural features related to the observed trypanocidal activity. The results reported herein are useful for the design of novel derivatives having improved antichagasic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anacleto S. de Souza
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Leonardo G. Ferreira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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22
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Botero A, Keatley S, Peacock C, Thompson RCA. In vitro drug susceptibility of two strains of the wildlife trypanosome, Trypanosoma copemani: A comparison with Trypanosoma cruzi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 7:34-41. [PMID: 28040568 PMCID: PMC5219620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are blood protozoan parasites that are capable of producing illness in the vertebrate host. Within Australia, several native Trypanosoma species have been described infecting wildlife. However, only Trypanosoma copemani has been associated with pathological lesions in wildlife hosts and more recently has been associated with the drastic decline of the critically endangered woylie (Bettongia penicillata). The impact that some trypanosomes have on the health of the vertebrate host has led to the development of numerous drug compounds that could inhibit the growth or kill the parasite. This study investigated and compared the in vitro susceptibility of two strains of T. copemani (G1 and G2) and one strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (10R26) against drugs that are known to show trypanocidal activity (benznidazole, posaconazole, miltefosine and melarsoprol) and against four lead compounds, two fenarimols and two pyridine derivatives (EPL-BS1937, EPL-BS2391, EPL-BS0967, and EPL-BS1246), that have been developed primarily against T.cruzi. The in vitro cytotoxicity of all drugs against L6 rat myoblast cells was also assessed. Results showed that both strains of T. copemani were more susceptible to all drugs and lead compounds than T. cruzi, with all IC50 values in the low and sub-μM range for both species. Melarsoprol and miltefosine exhibited the highest drug activity against both T. copemani and T. cruzi, but they also showed the highest toxicity in L6 cells. Interestingly, both fenarimol and pyridine derivative compounds were more active against T. copemani and T. cruzi than the reference drugs benznidazole and posaconazole. T. copemani strains exhibited differences in susceptibility to all drugs demonstrating once again considerable differences in their biological behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Botero
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Sarah Keatley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Christopher Peacock
- The Marshall Center, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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23
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Abstract
![]()
Pd-catalyzed
cross-coupling reactions that form C–N bonds
have become useful methods to synthesize anilines and aniline derivatives,
an important class of compounds throughout chemical research. A key
factor in the widespread adoption of these methods has been the continued
development of reliable and versatile catalysts that function under
operationally simple, user-friendly conditions. This review provides
an overview of Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions found in both basic
and applied chemical research from 2008 to the present. Selected examples
of C–N cross-coupling reactions between nine classes of nitrogen-based
coupling partners and (pseudo)aryl halides are described for the synthesis
of heterocycles, medicinally relevant compounds, natural products,
organic materials, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruiz-Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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24
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Russell S, Rahmani R, Jones AJ, Newson HL, Neilde K, Cotillo I, Rahmani Khajouei M, Ferrins L, Qureishi S, Nguyen N, Martinez-Martinez MS, Weaver DF, Kaiser M, Riley J, Thomas J, De Rycker M, Read KD, Flematti GR, Ryan E, Tanghe S, Rodriguez A, Charman SA, Kessler A, Avery VM, Baell JB, Piggott MJ. Hit-to-Lead Optimization of a Novel Class of Potent, Broad-Spectrum Trypanosomacides. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9686-9720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Russell
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Raphaël Rahmani
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amy J. Jones
- Eskitis
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young
Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Harriet L. Newson
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Neilde
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- GlaxoSmithKline, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - Marzieh Rahmani Khajouei
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sana Qureishi
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Donald F. Weaver
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petesplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - John Thomas
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Scott Tanghe
- Anti-Infectives
Screening Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Anti-Infectives
Screening Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Vicky M. Avery
- Eskitis
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young
Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Piggott
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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25
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Tarui A, Shinohara S, Sato K, Omote M, Ando A. Nickel-Catalyzed Negishi Cross-Coupling of Bromodifluoroacetamides. Org Lett 2016; 18:1128-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tarui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotogecho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Saori Shinohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotogecho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotogecho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Masaaki Omote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotogecho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotogecho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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26
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Chatelain E, Konar N. Translational challenges of animal models in Chagas disease drug development: a review. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4807-23. [PMID: 26316715 PMCID: PMC4548737 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s90208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite infection is endemic in Latin America and presents an increasing clinical challenge due to migrating populations. Despite being first identified over a century ago, only two drugs are available for its treatment, and recent outcomes from the first clinical trials in 40 years were lackluster. There is a critical need to develop new drugs to treat Chagas disease. This requires a better understanding of the progression of parasite infection, and standardization of animal models designed for Chagas disease drug discovery. Such measures would improve comparison of generated data and the predictability of test hypotheses and models designed for translation to human disease. Existing animal models address both disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Available models have limited predictive value for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies and need to more confidently predict the efficacy of new drug candidates in clinical trials. This review highlights the overall lack of standardized methodology and assessment tools, which has hampered the development of efficacious compounds to treat Chagas disease. We provide an overview of animal models for Chagas disease, and propose steps that could be undertaken to reduce variability and improve predictability of drug candidate efficacy. New technological developments and tools may contribute to a much needed boost in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DND i ), Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Enantiomers of nifurtimox do not exhibit stereoselective anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity, toxicity, or pharmacokinetic properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3645-7. [PMID: 25845874 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05139-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of improving the available drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease, individual enantiomers of nifurtimox were characterized. The results indicate that the enantiomers are equivalent in their in vitro activity against a panel of Trypanosoma cruzi strains; in vivo efficacy in a murine model of Chagas disease; in vitro toxicity and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics; and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. There is unlikely to be any therapeutic benefit of an individual nifurtimox enantiomer over the racemic mixture.
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28
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Keenan M, Chaplin JH. A New Era for Chagas Disease Drug Discovery? PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015; 54:185-230. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Choi JY, Podust LM, Roush WR. Drug strategies targeting CYP51 in neglected tropical diseases. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11242-71. [PMID: 25337991 PMCID: PMC4254036 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, and Department of
Pathology, University of California—San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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30
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Vieira DF, Choi JY, Calvet CM, Siqueira-Neto JL, Johnston JB, Kellar D, Gut J, Cameron MD, McKerrow JH, Roush WR, Podust LM. Binding mode and potency of N-indolyloxopyridinyl-4-aminopropanyl-based inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10162-75. [PMID: 25393646 PMCID: PMC4266343 DOI: 10.1021/jm501568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chagas disease is a chronic infection
in humans caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and manifested
in progressive cardiomyopathy
and/or gastrointestinal dysfunction. Limited therapeutic options to
prevent and treat Chagas disease put 8 million people infected with T. cruzi worldwide at risk. CYP51, involved in the biosynthesis
of the membrane sterol component in eukaryotes, is a promising drug
target in T. cruzi. We report the structure–activity
relationships (SAR) of an N-arylpiperazine series
of N-indolyloxopyridinyl-4-aminopropanyl-based inhibitors
designed to probe the impact of substituents in the terminal N-phenyl
ring on binding mode, selectivity and potency. Depending on the substituents
at C-4, two distinct ring binding modes, buried and solvent-exposed,
have been observed by X-ray structure analysis (resolution of 1.95–2.48
Å). The 5-chloro-substituted analogs 9 and 10 with no substituent at C-4 demonstrated improved selectivity
and potency, suppressing ≥99.8% parasitemia in mice when administered
orally at 25 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora F Vieira
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, ‡Department of Pathology, and §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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31
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Lewis MD, Francisco AF, Taylor MC, Kelly JM. A new experimental model for assessing drug efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection based on highly sensitive in vivo imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:36-43. [PMID: 25296657 PMCID: PMC4361455 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114552623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, one of the world’s major neglected infections. Although development of improved antiparasitic drugs is considered a priority, there have been no significant treatment advances in the past 40 years. Factors that have limited progress include an incomplete understanding of pathogenesis, tissue tropism, and disease progression. In addition, in vivo models, which allow parasite burdens to be tracked throughout the chronic stage of infection, have been lacking. To address these issues, we have developed a highly sensitive in vivo imaging system based on bioluminescent T. cruzi, which express a red-shifted luciferase that emits light in the tissue-penetrating orange-red region of the spectrum. The exquisite sensitivity of this noninvasive murine model has been exploited to monitor parasite burden in real time throughout the chronic stage, has allowed the identification of the gastrointestinal tract as the major niche of long-term infection, and has demonstrated that chagasic heart disease can develop in the absence of locally persistent parasites. Here, we review the parameters of the imaging system and describe how this experimental model can be incorporated into drug development programs as a valuable tool for assessing efficacy against both acute and chronic T. cruzi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lewis
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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32
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Neitz RJ, Chen S, Supek F, Yeh V, Kellar D, Gut J, Bryant C, Gallardo-Godoy A, Molteni V, Roach SL, Chatterjee AK, Robertson S, Renslo AR, Arkin M, Glynne R, McKerrow J, Siqueira-Neto JL. Lead Identification to Clinical Candidate Selection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:101-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114553103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease affects 8 million people worldwide and remains a main cause of death due to heart failure in Latin America. The number of cases in the United States is now estimated to be 300,000, but there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs available for patients with Chagas disease. To fill this gap, we have established a public-private partnership between the University of California, San Francisco and the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF) with the goal of delivering clinical candidates to treat Chagas disease. The discovery phase, based on the screening of more than 160,000 compounds from the GNF Academic Collaboration Library, led to the identification of new anti-Chagas scaffolds. Part of the screening campaign used and compared two screening methods, including a colorimetric-based assay using Trypanosoma cruzi expressing β-galactosidase and an image-based, high-content screening (HCS) assay using the CA-I/72 strain of T. cruzi. Comparing molecules tested in both assays, we found that ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors had greater potency in the colorimetric assay than in the HCS assay. Both assays were used to inform structure-activity relationships for antiparasitic efficacy and pharmacokinetics. A new anti– T. cruzi scaffold derived from xanthine was identified, and we describe its development as lead series.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Chen
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vince Yeh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Kellar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Five Prime Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiri Gut
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven L. Roach
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, CA, USA
- Dart Neuroscience, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, CA, USA
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Robertson
- Innovation, Technology, and Alliances, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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33
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Calvet C, Vieira D, Choi JY, Kellar D, Cameron MD, Siqueira-Neto JL, Gut J, Johnston JB, Lin L, Khan S, McKerrow JH, Roush WR, Podust LM. 4-Aminopyridyl-based CYP51 inhibitors as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drug leads with improved pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo potency. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6989-7005. [PMID: 25101801 PMCID: PMC4148169 DOI: 10.1021/jm500448u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CYP51 is a P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the sterol components of eukaryotic cell membranes. CYP51 inhibitors have been developed to treat infections caused by fungi, and more recently the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. To specifically optimize drug candidates for T. cruzi CYP51 (TcCYP51), we explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a N-indolyl-oxopyridinyl-4-aminopropanyl-based scaffold originally identified in a target-based screen. This scaffold evolved via medicinal chemistry to yield orally bioavailable leads with potent anti-T. cruzi activity in vivo. Using an animal model of infection with a transgenic T. cruzi Y luc strain expressing firefly luciferase, we prioritized the biaryl and N-arylpiperazine analogues by oral bioavailability and potency. The drug-target complexes for both scaffold variants were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Optimization of both binding mode and pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds led to potent inhibitors against experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia
M. Calvet
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Cellular
Ultra-Structure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz
Institute (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de
Janeiro, Re de Janeiro 21040-362, Brazil
| | - Debora
F. Vieira
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps
Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United
States
| | - Danielle Kellar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps
Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United
States
| | - Jair Lage Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Johnston
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps
Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United
States
| | - Susan Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps
Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United
States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps
Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United
States
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic
Diseases, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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34
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Bahia MT, Diniz LDF, Mosqueira VCF. Therapeutical approaches under investigation for treatment of Chagas disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1225-37. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.922952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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