1
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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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2
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Kahar NM, Jadhav PP, Dawande SG. Rhodium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of 2-aminoquinoline derivatives from 2-quinolones and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8267-8272. [PMID: 37807927 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00971h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a rhodium(II) catalyzed efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 2-aminoquinoline derivatives from 2-quinolones and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction provides rapid access to a series of 2-aminoquinolines with moderate to excellent yields. The reaction proceeds via quinolone-hydroxyquinoline tautomerization/O-H insertion to a rhodium(II)-aza vinyl carbene intermediate generated by denitrogenation of triazole followed by rearrangement to deliver the desired product. Furthermore, we demonstrated the iodine-mediated dealkylation of a 2-aminoquinoline derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M Kahar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Pankaj P Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Sudam G Dawande
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India.
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3
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Pandey S, Parveen S, Volla CMR. Rh(II)-Catalyzed Denitrogenative Reaction of N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with Quinolones and Isoquinolones. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300614. [PMID: 37665690 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed an efficient approach to access biologically relevant 2-aminoquinolines and 1-aminoisoquinolines from readily available N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and 2-quinolones or 1-isoquinolones. This transformation involves the selective O-H insertion of these derivatives onto the in situ generated Rh-azavinyl carbenes (Rh-AVC) followed by rearrangement. The reaction proceeds smoothly under operationally simple conditions and the protocol was found to be scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sabiha Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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4
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Lv XY, Abrams R, Martin R. Copper-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-Amination of Ketone-Derived Dihydroquinazolinones by Aromatization-Driven C-C Bond Scission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217386. [PMID: 36576703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of a copper-catalyzed C(sp3 )-amination of proaromatic dihydroquinazolinones derived from ketones. The reaction is enabled by the intermediacy of open-shell species arising from homolytic C-C bond-cleavage driven by aromatization. The protocol is characterized by its operational simplicity and generality, including chemical diversification of advanced intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yang Lv
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Roman Abrams
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Kishore PS, Gujjarappa R, Putta VPRK, Polina S, Singh V, Malakar CC, Pujar PP. Potassium
tert
‐Butoxide‐Mediated Synthesis of 2‐Aminoquinolines from Alkylnitriles and 2‐Aminobenzaldehyde Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol Imphal 795004 Manipur India
| | | | - Saibabu Polina
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol Imphal 795004 Manipur India
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6
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Liu N, Sun H, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang T. Ag(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Aminoquinolines from 1‐Aminobutadiynes and Anilines. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University No.620 West Chang'an Avenue Xi'an 710119 People's Republic of China
| | - Huaming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University No.620 West Chang'an Avenue Xi'an 710119 People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University No.620 West Chang'an Avenue Xi'an 710119 People's Republic of China
| | - Zunting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University No.620 West Chang'an Avenue Xi'an 710119 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University No.620 West Chang'an Avenue Xi'an 710119 People's Republic of China
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7
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Luo X, Zhao Y, Tao S, Yang ZT, Luo H, Yang W. A simple and efficient copper-catalyzed three-component reaction to synthesize ( Z)-1,2-dihydro-2-iminoquinolines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31152-31158. [PMID: 35496874 PMCID: PMC9041411 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06330h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A operationally simple synthesis of (Z)-1,2-dihydro-2-iminoquinolines that proceeds under mild conditions is achieved by copper-catalyzed reaction of 1-(2-aminophenyl)ethan-1-ones, sulfonyl azides and terminal ynones. In particular, the reaction goes through a base-free CuAAC/ring-opening process to obtain the Z-configured products due to hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiai Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Medicine Huaihua 418000 China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China
| | - Susu Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China
| | - Zhong-Tao Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang) Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang) Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China
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8
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Cinelli MA, Reidl CT, Li H, Chreifi G, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. First Contact: 7-Phenyl-2-Aminoquinolines, Potent and Selective Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors That Target an Isoform-Specific Aspartate. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4528-4554. [PMID: 32302123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an enzyme implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, is an attractive strategy for treating or preventing these diseases. We previously developed several classes of 2-aminoquinoline-based nNOS inhibitors, but these compounds had drawbacks including off-target promiscuity, low activity against human nNOS, and only modest selectivity for nNOS over related enzymes. In this study, we synthesized new nNOS inhibitors based on 7-phenyl-2-aminoquinoline and assayed them against rat and human nNOS, human eNOS, and murine and (in some cases) human iNOS. Compounds with a meta-relationship between the aminoquinoline and a positively charged tail moiety were potent and had up to nearly 900-fold selectivity for human nNOS over human eNOS. X-ray crystallography indicates that the amino groups of some compounds occupy a water-filled pocket surrounding an nNOS-specific aspartate residue (absent in eNOS). This interaction was confirmed by mutagenesis studies, making 7-phenyl-2-aminoquinolines the first aminoquinolines to interact with this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Cory T Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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9
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Mittal A, Kakkar R. Nitric Oxide Synthases and Their Inhibitors: A Review. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190222154457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO), an important biological mediator, is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems in mammals. Synthesis of NO is catalyzed by its biosynthetic enzyme, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS). There are three main isoforms of the enzyme, neuronal NOS, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS, which have very similar structures but differ in their expression and activities. NO is produced in the active site of the enzyme in two distinct cycles from oxidation of the substrate L-arg (L-arginine) in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reaction. NOS has gained considerable attention of biochemists due to its complexity and unique catalytic mechanism. The review focuses on NOS structure, its function and catalytic reaction mechanism. In particular, the review is concluded with a discussion on the role of all three isoforms of NOS in physiological and pathological conditions and their inhibitors with a focus on the role of computational techniques in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Mittal
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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10
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Avudaiappan G, Unnikrishnan V, Pillai JJ, Sreekumar K. Porphyrin Cored Amine Functionalized Dendritic Polymer: An Efficient Reusable Catalyst for Quinoline Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Avudaiappan
- Department of Applied ChemistryCochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala India- 682022
| | - V. Unnikrishnan
- Department of Applied ChemistryCochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala India- 682022
| | - Jisha J. Pillai
- Department of Applied ChemistryCochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala India- 682022
| | - K. Sreekumar
- Department of Applied ChemistryCochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala India- 682022
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11
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Yoo HJ, Youn SW. Zn(II)-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Coumarins from Ynamides and Salicylaldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3422-3426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huen Ji Yoo
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - So Won Youn
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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12
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Rode ND, Arcadi A, Di Nicola A, Marinelli F, Michelet V. Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of β-(2-Aminophenyl)-α,β-ynones with Ynamides: A Sequential Route to Polysubstituted 2-Aminoquinolines. Org Lett 2018; 20:5103-5106. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navnath D. Rode
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Antonella Di Nicola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Fabio Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Véronique Michelet
- University Côte d’Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Parc Valrose, Faculté des Sciences, 06100 Nice, France
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13
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tricyclic matrinic derivatives as potential anti-filovirus agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:629-638. [PMID: 30109186 PMCID: PMC6089848 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six novel tricyclic sophoridinic and matrinic derivatives containing a common chlorinated benzene fragment were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-ebolavirus (EBOV) activities. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated: (i) 12N-dichlorobenzyl motif was beneficial for the activity; (ii) the chiral configuration at C5 atom might not affect the activity much. Among the target compounds, compound 7d exhibited the most potent potency against EBOV with an IC50 value of 5.29 μmol/L and an SI value of over 37.8. Further in vivo anti-EBOV assay of 7d identified its high effectiveness, and in vivo anti-MARV assay of 7d suggested its inspiring broad-spectrum anti-filovirus activity. The results provided powerful information on further strategic optimization and development of this kind of compounds against filoviruses.
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14
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Wu W, Li M, Zheng J, Hu W, Li C, Jiang H. Tandem cyclization of o-alkynylanilines with isocyanides triggered by intramolecular nucleopalladation: access to heterocyclic fused 2-aminoquinolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6855-6858. [PMID: 29737982 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel strategy for the synthesis of various heterocyclic fused 2-aminoquinolines via palladium-catalyzed tandem cyclization of o-alkynylanilines with isocyanides has been developed. This process includes trans-oxy/aminopalladation, isocyanide insertion, elimination and 1,3-hydrogen migration. Besides high atom and step economy, this method shows good functional group compatibility with excellent chemo- and regioselectivities under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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15
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Zhang X, Wang TL, Huo CD, Wang XC, Quan ZJ. Base-controlled chemoselectivity reaction of vinylanilines with isothiocyanates for synthesis of quinolino-2-thione and 2-aminoquinoline derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinolino-2-thione and 2-aminoquinoline derivatives were obtained by a base-controlled chemo-selective reaction of vinylanilines with alkyl/aryl isothiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Tong-Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Cong-De Huo
- Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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16
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Pensa AV, Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Mukherjee P, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Hydrophilic, Potent, and Selective 7-Substituted 2-Aminoquinolines as Improved Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7146-7165. [PMID: 28776992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a target for development of antineurodegenerative agents. Most nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and have poor bioavailability. 2-Aminoquinolines showed promise as bioavailable nNOS inhibitors but suffered from low human nNOS inhibition, low selectivity versus human eNOS, and significant binding to other CNS targets. We aimed to improve human nNOS potency and selectivity and reduce off-target binding by (a) truncating the original scaffold or (b) introducing a hydrophilic group to interrupt the lipophilic, promiscuous pharmacophore and promote interaction with human nNOS-specific His342. We synthesized both truncated and polar 2-aminoquinoline derivatives and assayed them against recombinant NOS enzymes. Although aniline and pyridine derivatives interact with His342, benzonitriles conferred the best rat and human nNOS inhibition. Both introduction of a hydrophobic substituent next to the cyano group and aminoquinoline methylation considerably improved isoform selectivity. Most importantly, these modifications preserved Caco-2 permeability and reduced off-target CNS binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, First School of Medicine, Charles University and BIOCEV 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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17
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Serafim RAM, Pernichelle FG, Ferreira EI. The latest advances in the discovery of nitric oxide hybrid drug compounds. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:941-953. [PMID: 28664751 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1344400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a great interest in Nitric oxide (NO) within medicinal chemistry since it's involved in human signaling pathways. Prodrugs or hybrid compounds containing NO-donor scaffolds linked to an active compound are valuable, due to their potential for modulating many pathological conditions due to NO's biological properties when released in addition to the native drug. Compounds that selectively inhibit nitric oxide synthase isoforms (NOS) can also increase therapeutic capacity, particularly in the treatment of chronic diseases. However, search for bioactive compounds to efficiently and selectively modulate NO is still a challenge in drug discovery. Areas covered: In this review, the authors highlight the recent advances in the strategies used to discover NO-hybrid derivatives, especially those related to anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, anticancer and anti-microorganism activities. They also focus on: nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, NO delivery materials and other related activities. Expert opinion: The process of molecular hybridization can be used to obtain NO-releasing compounds that also interact with different targets. The main problem with this approach is to control NO multiple actions in the right biological system. However, the use of NO-releasing groups with many different scaffolds leads to new molecular structures for bioactive compounds, suggesting synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A M Serafim
- a LAPEN: Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Potentially Active against Neglected Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo - FCF/USP , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Filipe G Pernichelle
- a LAPEN: Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Potentially Active against Neglected Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo - FCF/USP , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Elizabeth I Ferreira
- a LAPEN: Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Potentially Active against Neglected Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo - FCF/USP , São Paulo , Brazil
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18
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Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Nitrile in the Hole: Discovery of a Small Auxiliary Pocket in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Leading to the Development of Potent and Selective 2-Aminoquinoline Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3958-3978. [PMID: 28422508 PMCID: PMC5567828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition is a promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative disorders, but the development of nNOS inhibitors is often hindered by poor pharmacokinetics. We previously developed a class of membrane-permeable 2-aminoquinoline inhibitors and later rearranged the scaffold to decrease off-target binding. However, the resulting compounds had decreased permeability, low human nNOS activity, and low selectivity versus human eNOS. In this study, 5-substituted phenyl ether-linked aminoquinolines and derivatives were synthesized and assayed against purified NOS isoforms. 5-Cyano compounds are especially potent and selective rat and human nNOS inhibitors. Activity and selectivity are mediated by the binding of the cyano group to a new auxiliary pocket in nNOS. Potency was enhanced by methylation of the quinoline and by introduction of simple chiral moieties, resulting in a combination of hydrophobic and auxiliary pocket effects that yielded high (∼500-fold) n/e selectivity. Importantly, the Caco-2 assay also revealed improved membrane permeability over previous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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19
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Park Y, Fei X, Yuan Y, Lee S, Hur J, Park SJ, Jung JK, Seo SY. Chemoselective acylation of 2-amino-8-quinolinol in the generation of C2-amides or C8-esters. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoselective controls in acylation of 2-amino-8-quinolinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
| | - Xiang Fei
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
| | - Yue Yuan
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
| | - Sanha Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
| | - Joonseong Hur
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju
- South Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
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20
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Poulos TL, Li H. Nitric oxide synthase and structure-based inhibitor design. Nitric Oxide 2016; 63:68-77. [PMID: 27890696 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Once it was discovered that the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is responsible for the biosynthesis of NO, NOS became a drug target. Particularly important is the over production of NO by neuronal NOS (nNOS) in various neurodegenerative disorders. After the various NOS isoforms were identified, inhibitor development proceeded rapidly. It soon became evident, however, that isoform selectivity presents a major challenge. All 3 human NOS isoforms, nNOS, eNOS (endothelial NOS), and iNOS (inducible NOS) have nearly identical active site structures thus making selective inhibitor design especially difficult. Of particular importance is the avoidance of inhibiting eNOS owing to its vital role in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes some of the history of NOS inhibitor development and more recent advances in developing isoform selective inhibitors using primarily structure-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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21
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One-pot synthesis of primary amines from carboxylic acids through rearrangement of in situ generated hydroxamic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Holden JK, Lewis MC, Cinelli MA, Abdullatif Z, Pensa AV, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Targeting Bacterial Nitric Oxide Synthase with Aminoquinoline-Based Inhibitors. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5587-5594. [PMID: 27607918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is produced in Gram-positive pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus by the bacterial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibition of bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) has been identified as a promising antibacterial strategy for targeting methicillin-resistant S. aureus [Holden, J. K., et al. (2015) Chem. Biol. 22, 785-779]. One class of NOS inhibitors that demonstrates antimicrobial efficacy utilizes an aminoquinoline scaffold. Here we report on a variety of aminoquinolines that target the bacterial NOS active site, in part, by binding to a hydrophobic patch that is unique to bNOS. Through mutagenesis and crystallographic studies, our findings demonstrate that aminoquinolines are an excellent scaffold for further aiding in the development of bNOS specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Holden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew C Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ziad Abdullatif
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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23
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Wang HY, Qin Y, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Potent and Selective Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition by Optimization of the 2-Aminopyridine-Based Scaffold with a Pyridine Linker. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4913-25. [PMID: 27050842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in the design of nNOS inhibitors focuses on potency in humans and selectivity over other NOS isoforms. Here we report potent and selective human nNOS inhibitors based on the 2-aminopyridine scaffold with a central pyridine linker. Compound 14j, the most promising inhibitor in this study, exhibits excellent potency for rat nNOS (Ki = 16 nM) with 828-fold n/e and 118-fold n/i selectivity with a Ki value of 13 nM against human nNOS with 1761-fold human n/e selectivity. Compound 14j also displayed good metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, low plasma protein binding, and minimal binding to cytochromes P450 (CYPs), although it had little to no Caco-2 permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yajuan Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV , 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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24
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Holden JK, Kang S, Beasley FC, Cinelli MA, Li H, Roy SG, Dejam D, Edinger AL, Nizet V, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Nitric Oxide Synthase as a Target for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:785-92. [PMID: 26091171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major economic burden to hospitals, and confer high rates of morbidity and mortality among those infected. Exploitation of novel therapeutic targets is thus necessary to combat this dangerous pathogen. Here, we report on the identification and characterization, including crystal structures, of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors that function as antimicrobials against MRSA. These data provide the first evidence that bacterial NOS (bNOS) inhibitors can work synergistically with oxidative stress to enhance MRSA killing. Crystal structures show that each inhibitor contacts an active site Ile residue in bNOS that is Val in the mammalian NOS isoforms. Mutagenesis studies show that the additional nonpolar contacts provided by the Ile in bNOS contribute to tighter binding toward the bacterial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Holden
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Soosung Kang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Federico C Beasley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Saurabh G Roy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dillon Dejam
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Departments of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
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25
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Dhiman S, Saini HK, Nandwana NK, Kumar D, Kumar A. Copper-catalyzed synthesis of quinoline derivatives via tandem Knoevenagel condensation, amination and cyclization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel regioselective synthesis of 2-aminoquinolines and 2-arylquinoline-3-carbonitriles is described via copper-mediated tandem reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani
- India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani
- India
| | | | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani
- India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani
- India
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26
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27
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Cinelli MA, Li H, Pensa AV, Kang S, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Phenyl Ether- and Aniline-Containing 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8694-712. [PMID: 26469213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excess nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, inhibition of nNOS and reduction of NO levels is desirable therapeutically, but many nNOS inhibitors are poorly bioavailable. Promising members of our previously reported 2-aminoquinoline class of nNOS inhibitors, although orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant, suffer from unfavorable off-target binding to other CNS receptors, and they resemble known promiscuous binders. Rearranged phenyl ether- and aniline-linked 2-aminoquinoline derivatives were therefore designed to (a) disrupt the promiscuous binding pharmacophore and diminish off-target interactions and (b) preserve potency, isoform selectivity, and cell permeability. A series of these compounds was synthesized and tested against purified nNOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) enzymes. One compound, 20, displayed high potency, selectivity, and good human nNOS inhibition, and retained some permeability in a Caco-2 assay. Most promisingly, CNS receptor counterscreening revealed that this rearranged scaffold significantly reduces off-target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Soosung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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28
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Nieto CI, Cabildo MP, Cornago MP, Sanz D, Claramunt RM, Torralba MC, Torres MR, Elguero J, García JA, López A, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Fluorination Effects on NOS Inhibitory Activity of Pyrazoles Related to Curcumin. Molecules 2015; 20:15643-65. [PMID: 26343623 PMCID: PMC6332466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new (E)-3(5)-[β-(aryl)-ethenyl]-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles bearing fluorine atoms at different positions of the aryl group have been synthesized starting from the corresponding β-diketones. All compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, DSC as well as NMR (1H, 13C, 19F and 15N) spectroscopy in solution and in solid state. Three structures have been solved by X-ray diffraction analysis, confirming the tautomeric forms detected by solid state NMR. The in vitro study of their inhibitory potency and selectivity on the activity of nNOS and eNOS (calcium-calmodulin dependent) as well as iNOS (calcium-calmodulin independent) isoenzymes is presented. A qualitative structure–activity analysis allowed the establishment of a correlation between the presence/absence of different substituents with the inhibition data proving that fluorine groups enhance the biological activity. (E)-3(5)-[β-(3-Fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethenyl]-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (13), is the best inhibitor of iNOS, being also more selective towards the other two isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla I. Nieto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - María Pilar Cabildo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - María Pilar Cornago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Dionisia Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Rosa M. Claramunt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (R.M.C.); (M.C.T.); (D.A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-398-73-22 (R.M.C.); Fax: +34-91-398-66-97 (R.M.C.)
| | - María Carmen Torralba
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I and CAI de Difracción de Rayos-X, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (R.M.C.); (M.C.T.); (D.A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-398-73-22 (R.M.C.); Fax: +34-91-398-66-97 (R.M.C.)
| | - María Rosario Torres
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I and CAI de Difracción de Rayos-X, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica “Manuel Lora-Tamayo”, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid 28006, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - José A. García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Ana López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.G.); (A.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (R.M.C.); (M.C.T.); (D.A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-398-73-22 (R.M.C.); Fax: +34-91-398-66-97 (R.M.C.)
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29
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Kang S, Li H, Tang W, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. 2-Aminopyridines with a Truncated Side Chain To Improve Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitory Potency and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5548-60. [PMID: 26120733 PMCID: PMC4514563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed a recently obtained crystal structure of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and then designed and synthesized several 2-aminopyridine derivatives containing a truncated side chain to avoid the hydrophobic pocket that differentiates human and rat nNOS in an attempt to explore alternative binding poses along the substrate access channel of human nNOS. Introduction of an N-methylethane-1,2-diamine side chain and conformational constraints such as benzonitrile and pyridine as the middle aromatic linker were sufficient to increase human and rat nNOS binding affinity and inducible and endothelial NOS selectivity. We found that 14b is a potent inhibitor; the binding modes with human and rat nNOS are unexpected, inducing side chain rotamer changes in Gln478 (rat) at the top of the active site. Compound 19c exhibits Ki values of 24 and 55 nM for rat and human nNOS, respectively, with 153-fold iNOS and 1040-fold eNOS selectivity. 19c has 18% oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Cheombok-ro, Dae-gu, Korea
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Ai Y, Hu Y, Kang F, Lai Y, Jia Y, Huang Z, Peng S, Ji H, Tian J, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Olean-28,13β-lactams as Potential Antiprostate Cancer Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4506-20. [PMID: 25992974 DOI: 10.1021/jm5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Lactam is an important structural motif in a large number of biologically active natural products and synthetic small pharmaceutical molecules. However, there is currently no effective approach to construct γ-lactam ring directly from natural rigid polycyclic amides. Herein, we report a facile methodology for synthesis of a new group of olean-28,13β-lactams (10a-j) from their corresponding amides, promoted by an easily available reagent 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), through an intramolecular dehydrogenative C-N coupling reaction via a radical ion mechanism. Biological evaluation indicated that the most active lactam 10h displayed potent antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells but 13.84- to 16.92-fold less inhibitory activity on noncancer cells in vitro. In addition, 10h significantly inhibited the growth of implanted prostate cancer in vivo. Furthermore, 10h induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and down-regulated the AKT/mTOR signaling in DU-145 cells. Finally, 10h was more stable in rat plasma and human liver microsomes than CDDO-Me and had little hERG channel inhibitory activity. Collectively, 10h may be a potential antiprostate cancer agent for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ai
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Kang
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Jia
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Sixun Peng
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hui Ji
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jide Tian
- §Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yihua Zhang
- †State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Wang L, Ferguson J, Zeng F. Palladium-catalyzed direct coupling of 2-vinylanilines and isocyanides: an efficient synthesis of 2-aminoquinolines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11486-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01659b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 2-aminoquinolines were prepared in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | | | - Fanlong Zeng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
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Guillon CD, Wisnoski DD, Saxena J, Heindel ND, Heck DE, Wolff DJ, Laskin JD. Nω-NITRO- Nω'-SUBSTITUTED GUANIDINES: A SIMPLE CLASS OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS. MODERN RESEARCH IN INFLAMMATION 2014; 3:48-58. [PMID: 25360396 DOI: 10.4236/mri.2014.32006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of Nω-nitro-Nω'-substituted guanidines has been prepared as potential inhibitors of the human Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) isoforms. The reported utility of aminoguanidine and nitroarginine in iNOS inhibition points to a potential similar utility for analogs of nitro-guanidine. The compound library was tested against the three isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS, iNOS and nNOS). Several candidates showed excellent activity and good selectivity for nNOS. One particular compound even demonstrated good selectivity for iNOS. The potential usefulness of such selective inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe D Guillon
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - David D Wisnoski
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Jaya Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Donald J Wolff
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Mukherjee P, Cinelli MA, Kang S, Silverman RB. Development of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6814-38. [PMID: 24549364 PMCID: PMC4138306 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the human body, playing a crucial role in cell and neuronal communication, regulation of blood pressure, and in immune activation. However, overproduction of NO by the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is one of the fundamental causes underlying neurodegenerative disorders and neuropathic pain. Therefore, developing small molecules for selective inhibition of nNOS over related isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) is therapeutically desirable. The aims of this review focus on the regulation and dysregulation of NO signaling, the role of NO in neurodegeneration and pain, the structure and mechanism of nNOS, and the use of this information to design selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Structure-based drug design, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of these inhibitors, and extensive target validation through animal studies are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
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Li H, Jamal J, Plaza C, Pineda SH, Chreifi G, Jing Q, Cinelli MA, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Structures of human constitutive nitric oxide synthases. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:2667-74. [PMID: 25286850 PMCID: PMC4188008 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714017064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mammals produce three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS): neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS). The overproduction of NO by nNOS is associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, a desirable therapeutic goal is the design of drugs that target nNOS but not the other isoforms. Crystallography, coupled with computational approaches and medicinal chemistry, has played a critical role in developing highly selective nNOS inhibitors that exhibit exceptional neuroprotective properties. For historic reasons, crystallography has focused on rat nNOS and bovine eNOS because these were available in high quality; thus, their structures have been used in structure-activity-relationship studies. Although these constitutive NOSs share more than 90% sequence identity across mammalian species for each NOS isoform, inhibitor-binding studies revealed that subtle differences near the heme active site in the same NOS isoform across species still impact enzyme-inhibitor interactions. Therefore, structures of the human constitutive NOSs are indispensible. Here, the first structure of human neuronal NOS at 2.03 Å resolution is reported and a different crystal form of human endothelial NOS is reported at 1.73 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Joumana Jamal
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Carla Plaza
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Stephanie Hai Pineda
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Qing Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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