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Wei B, Wang C, Miao H, Qin Z, Huang M, Xu Y, Xue W, Yang S, Liu C, Bai C, Chen Z. Novel bidentate N-coordinated alkylaluminum complexes: synthesis, characterization, and efficient catalysis for hydrophosphonylation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4185-4193. [PMID: 38323430 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Five new alkylaluminum complexes with different pyridinyl-substituted imines or cyclohexyl-substituted imines were synthesized and characterized successfully. The aluminum complex [FlCHNCH(CH3)Py]AlMe2(Py = 2-pyridyl) (1) was obtained by reacting 9-[2-pyridyl-CH(CH3)-NCH]Fl (Fl = fluorenyl) (L1) and equimolar AlMe3. The reactions of 9-(2-pyridyl-NCH)Fl (L2) and 9-[2-N(CH3)2-cyclohexyl-NCH]Fl (L3) with equimolar AlMe3 or AlEt3 afforded other alkylaluminum complexes [FlCHNPy]AlMe2(Py = 2-pyridyl) (2), [FlCHNPy]AlEt2 (Py = 2-pyridyl) (3), [FlCHNCyN(CH3)2]AlMe2 (Cy = 2-cyclohexyl) (4) and [FlCHNCyN(CH3)2]AlEt2 (Cy = 2-cyclohexyl) (5). All these complexes (1-5) were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystal structure analysis. The catalytic properties of these new alkylaluminum complexes for the hydrophosphonylation of aldimines were examined. Complex 5 showed the best catalytic performance under mild reaction conditions with a low catalyst loading (1 mol%), and 20 different substituents of aldimines were isolated with more than 90% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wei
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Miao
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Zhibiao Qin
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Mengna Huang
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Wenhui Xue
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Shucheng Yang
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Chenxu Liu
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Cuibing Bai
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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2
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Full factorial optimization of α-aminophosphonates synthesis using diphenylphosphinic acid as efficient organocatalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Kumar A, Wahan SK, Virendra SA, Chawla PA. Recent Advances on the Role of Nitrogen‐Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds in Targeting HIV through Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Simranpreet K. Wahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Sharma Arvind Virendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
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4
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Diethyl(benzamido(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)methyl) phosphonate. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are widely used in medicine and related areas, mainly for the treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. However, their synthesis is usually performed under harsh reaction conditions. In order to overcome this limitation, the present work illustrates a new synthetic route to access the title α-aminobisphosphonate in milder reaction conditions using α-phosphorylated imines as key intermediates.
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5
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Copper (II)-β-Cyclodextrin Promoted Kabachnik-Fields Reaction: An Efficient, One-Pot Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Zandieh H, Mokhtari J, Larijani K. Synthesis of α-amino phosphonates catalyzed by copper-based metal organic frameworks. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Huang WB, Qiu LQ, Ren FY, He LN. Facile synthesis of α-aminophosphine oxides from diarylphosphine oxides, arynes and formamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9578-9581. [PMID: 34546268 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The straightforward synthesis of α-amino phosphine oxides via three-component reactions involving arynes, formamides and diarylphosphine oxides is disclosed. This method employs the aryne to activate formamide, without an external activating reagent, which is operationally simple under mild conditions with high efficiency. Furthermore, mechanistic perception suggests a cascade sequence including formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the aryne with a CO bond, and a 1,4-addition of the H-P(O) compounds to the enamine intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Qi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Fang-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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8
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Prasher P, Sharma M. Medicinal chemistry of pyrophosphate mimics: A mini review. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:3-15. [PMID: 34506652 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pyrophosphate mimicking groups offer rational modification of the pyrophosphate-bearing natural substrates of the overexpressed enzymes that cause the onset of disease progression. Mainly, the modified substrate interacts differently with the enzyme active site eventually causing its deactivation, or provides the therapeutically active products at the completion of the catalytic cycle that contribute toward the inhibition of the target enzyme. Many of the pyrophosphate mimic-containing molecules serve as competitive or allosteric inhibitors of the target enzyme to achieve the desirable properties for the mitigation of the target enzyme's pathophysiology. This review presents an epigrammatic overview of the pyrophosphate mimics in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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9
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Aita S, Badavath VN, Gundluru M, Sudileti M, Nemallapudi BR, Gundala S, Zyryanov GV, Chamarti NR, Cirandur SR. Novel α-Aminophosphonates of imatinib Intermediate: Synthesis, anticancer Activity, human Abl tyrosine kinase Inhibition, ADME and toxicity prediction. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104718. [PMID: 33618257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of a new class of α-aminophosphonates of imatinib derivative has been developed in one-pot Kabachnik-Fields reaction of N-(5-amino-2-methyl phenyl)-4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidine amine with various aldehydes and diethyl phosphite under microwave irradiation and neat conditions using NiO nanoparticles as an reusable and heterogeneous catalyst, with 96% yield at 450 W within 15 min. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity with various cancer cell lines by MTT assay method. Compounds with halo (4f, -4Br, IC50 = 1.068 ± 0.88 µM to 2.033 ± 0.97 µM), nitro substitution (4 h, -3NO2, IC50 = 1.380 ± 0.94 µM to 2.213 ± 0.64 µM), (4 g, -4NO2, IC50 = 1.402 ± 0.79 µM to 2.335 ± 0.73 µM) and (4i, 4-Cl, 3-NO2, IC50 = 1.437 ± 0.92 µM to 2.558 ± 0.76 µM) were showed better anticancer activity when compared with standard drugs Doxorubicin and Imatinib using MTT assay method. Further in silico target hunting reveals the anticancer activity of the designed compounds by inhibiting human ABL tyrosine kinase and all the designed compounds have shown significant drug-like characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikiran Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A.P., India.
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Mohan Gundluru
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A.P., India; DST-PURSE Centre, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, A.P., India.
| | - Murali Sudileti
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A.P., India.
| | | | - Sravya Gundala
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| | - Grigoriy Vasilievich Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation.
| | - Naga Raju Chamarti
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A.P., India.
| | - Suresh Reddy Cirandur
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, A.P., India.
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10
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Venkatesh E, Narsimha S, Kumar NS, Reddy NV. One Pot Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Isoxazole-Pyrimido[4,5-c]isoquinolines. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220120361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Barbosa JS, Almeida Paz FA, Braga SS. Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1260-1282. [PMID: 33522236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates, used for a long time in osteoporosis management, are currently the target of intensive research, from pre-formulation studies to more advanced stages of clinical practice. This review presents an overview of the contributions of this family of compounds to human health, starting with the chemistry and clinical uses of bisphosphonates. Following this, their pharmacology is described, highlighting administration-borne handicaps and undesirable effects. The last three sections of the review describe the research efforts that seek to curb delivery-related issues and expand bisphosphonate use. Innovative routes and strategies of administration, such as nano-encapsulation for oral intake or injectable cements for local or in-bone delivery are presented, as well as the latest results of case studies or preclinical studies proposing new therapeutic indications for the clinically approved bisphosphonates. Finally, a selection of anti-infectious bisphosphonate new drug candidates is shown, with focus on the molecules reported in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica S Barbosa
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Santos Braga
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Shaik MS, Nadiveedhi MR, Gundluru M, Katike U, Obulam VSR, Cirandur SR. Efficient catalyst free green synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and molecular docking studies of α-substituted aromatic/heteroaromatic aminomethylene bisphosphonates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1853778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohan Gundluru
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, A.P, India
- DST–PURSE Centre, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, A.P, India
| | - Umamahesh Katike
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, A.P, India
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13
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Pyrimidine and fused pyrimidine derivatives as promising protein kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Wang J, Deng G, Liu C, Chen Z, Yu K, Chen W, Zhang H, Yang X. Transition Metal‐Free Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphine Oxides through C(
sp
3
)−P Coupling of 2‐Azaallyls. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
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15
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Romanenko VD. α-Heteroatom-substituted gem-Bisphosphonates: Advances in the Synthesis and Prospects for Biomedical Application. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190401141844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized gem-bisphosphonic acid derivatives being pyrophosphate isosteres are of great synthetic and biological interest since they are currently the most important class of drugs developed for the treatment of diseases associated with the disorder of calcium metabolism, including osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and hypercalcemia. In this article, we will try to give an in-depth overview of the methods for obtaining α- heteroatom-substituted methylenebisphosphonates and acquaint the reader with the synthetic strategies that are used to develop biologically important compounds of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D. Romanenko
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1-Murmanska Street, Kyiv-94, 02660, Ukraine
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16
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Design and synthesis of novel heterofused pyrimidine analogues as effective antimicrobial agents. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Huang Q, Dong K, Bai W, Yi D, Ji JX, Wei W. TEMPO-Catalyzed Aminophosphinoylation of Ethers via Tandem C(sp3)–H and C(sp3)–O Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2019; 21:3332-3336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaikai Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jian-Xin Ji
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
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18
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Sun YQ, Zong CY, Ji JY, Han Q. Efficient and library-friendly synthesis of 4-N-substituted 6-bromopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines under microwave irradiation. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Burda-Grabowska M, Macegoniuk K, Flick R, Nocek BP, Joachimiak A, Yakunin AF, Mucha A, Berlicki Ł. Bisphosphonic acids and related compounds as inhibitors of nucleotide- and polyphosphate-processing enzymes: A PPK1 and PPK2 case study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:1197-1206. [PMID: 30484959 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonic acids, which are structural analogs of pyrophosphate, constitute a class of compounds with very high potential for the construction of effective inhibitors of enzymes operating on oligo- and polyphosphates. The bisphosphonate-based methodology was applied for the discovery of inhibitors of two families of polyphosphate kinases (PPK1 and PPK2). Screening of thirty-two structurally diverse bisphosphonic acids and related compounds revealed several micromolar inhibitors of both enzymes. Importantly, selectivity of bisphosphonates could be achieved by application of the appropriate side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Burda-Grabowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Macegoniuk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boguslaw P Nocek
- Department of Biosciences, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Department of Biosciences, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Narsimha S, Battula KS, Nagavelli VR. One-pot synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-pyrimido[4,5-c]isoquinoline hybrids and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1440315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Lacbay CM, Menni M, Bernatchez JA, Götte M, Tsantrizos YS. Pharmacophore requirements for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors that selectively "Freeze" the pre-translocated complex during the polymerization catalytic cycle. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1713-1726. [PMID: 29478802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) is responsible for replicating the HIV-1 genome and is a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of HIV infections. During each cycle of the RT-catalyzed DNA polymerization process, inorganic pyrophosphate is released as the by-product of nucleotide incorporation. Small molecules were identified that act as bioisosteres of pyrophosphate and can selectively freeze the catalytic cycle of HIV-1 RT at the pre-translocated stage of the DNA- or RNA-template-primer-enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus M Lacbay
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Michael Menni
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean A Bernatchez
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G1Y6, Canada.
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22
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On the Reaction of Carbonyl Diphosphonic Acid with Hydroxylamine and O-alkylhydroxylamines: Unexpected Degradation of P-C-P Bridge. Molecules 2017. [PMID: 28644411 PMCID: PMC6152022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of methylenediphosphonic acid possess wide spectra of biological activities and are used in enzymology as research tools as well as in practical medicine. Carbonyl diphosphonic acid is a promising starting building block for synthesis of functionally substituted methylenediphosphonates. Investigation of the interaction of carbonyl diphosphonic acid with hydroxylamine clearly demonstrates that it is impossible to isolate oxime within the pH range 2–12, while only cyanophosphonic and phosphoric acids are the products of the fast proceeding Beckmann-like fragmentation. In the case of O-alkylhydroxylamines, corresponding alcohols are found in the reaction mixtures in addition to cyanophosphonic and phosphoric acids. Therefore, two residues of phosphonic acid being attached to a carbonyl group provide new properties to this carbonyl group, making its oximes very unstable. This principally differs carbonyl diphosphonic acid from structurally related phosphonoglyoxalic acid and other α-ketophosphonates.
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Three-Component Reaction of Benzylamines, Diethyl Phosphite and Triethyl Orthoformate: Dependence of the Reaction Course on the Structural Features of the Substrates and Reaction Conditions. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030450. [PMID: 28287472 PMCID: PMC6155184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction between benzyl amines, triethyl orthoformate, and diethyl phosphite affords either bisphosphonic (compound 1) or N-benzylaminobenzylphosphonic (compound 2) acid depending on the reaction conditions. The final output of the reaction can be manipulated by the choice of reaction conditions, particularly the molar ratio of substrates.
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24
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Champiré A, Vala C, Laabid A, Benharref A, Marchivie M, Plé K, Routier S. Controlled Dimroth Rearrangement in the Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling of Triazolopyridopyrimidines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12506-12513. [PMID: 27978739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polynitrogen heterocycles are often subject to Dimroth rearrangement which consists of ring opening, bond rotation, and ring closure. In this note, we report a synthesis of two new families of triazolopyridopyrimidines. Successful functionalization via a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling was performed with total control of triazole (Dimroth) isomerization based on the judicious choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Champiré
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR 7311, University of Orléans, CNRS , BP 6759, Orléans F-45067, France
| | - Christine Vala
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR 7311, University of Orléans, CNRS , BP 6759, Orléans F-45067, France
| | - Achraf Laabid
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR 7311, University of Orléans, CNRS , BP 6759, Orléans F-45067, France.,Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , BP 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Benharref
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , BP 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Mathieu Marchivie
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048 , Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Karen Plé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR 7311, University of Orléans, CNRS , BP 6759, Orléans F-45067, France
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR 7311, University of Orléans, CNRS , BP 6759, Orléans F-45067, France
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25
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Chmielewska E, Kafarski P. Synthetic Procedures Leading towards Aminobisphosphonates. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111474. [PMID: 27827924 PMCID: PMC6273145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing interest in the biological activity of aminobisphosphonates has stimulated the development of methods for their synthesis. Although several general procedures were previously elaborated to reach this goal, aminobisphosphonate chemistry is still developing quite substantially. Thus, innovative modifications of the existing commonly used reactions, as well as development of new procedures, are presented in this review, concentrating on recent achievements. Additionally, selected examples of aminobisphosphonate derivatization illustrate their usefulness for obtaining new diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chmielewska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kafarski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland.
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26
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Ramakrishna K, Thomas JM, Sivasankar C. A Green Approach to the Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphonate in Water Medium: Carbene Insertion into the N–H Bond by Cu(I) Catalyst. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9826-9835. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kankanala Ramakrishna
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory
(A Central University), Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Jisha Mary Thomas
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory
(A Central University), Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Chinnappan Sivasankar
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory
(A Central University), Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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27
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Bálint E, Tajti Á, Dzielak A, Hägele G, Keglevich G. Microwave-assisted synthesis of (aminomethylene)bisphosphine oxides and (aminomethylene)bisphosphonates by a three-component condensation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1493-502. [PMID: 27559402 PMCID: PMC4979732 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical method was elaborated for the synthesis of (aminomethylene)bisphosphine oxides comprising the catalyst- and solvent-free microwave-assisted three-component condensation of primary amines, triethyl orthoformate and two equivalents of diphenylphosphine oxide. The method is also suitable for the preparation of (aminomethylene)bisphosphonates using (MeO)2P(O)H/(MeO)3CH or (EtO)2P(O)H/(EtO)3CH reactant pairs and even secondary amines. Several intermediates referring to the reaction mechanism together with a few by-products could also be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bálint
- MTA-BME Research Group for Organic Chemical Technology, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tajti
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Dzielak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Hägele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
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28
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Matralis AN, Tsantrizos YS. Synthesis of Benzothiophene-Containing 10- and 11-Membered Cyclic Phostones. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N. Matralis
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler H3G 0B1 Montreal QC Canada
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29
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Abstract
Background:
Bisphosphonates are drugs commonly used for the medication and prevention of diseases caused by decreased mineral density. Despite such important medicinal use, they display a variety of physiologic activities, which make them promising anti-cancer, anti-protozoal, antibacterial and antiviral agents.
Objective:
To review physiological activity of bisphosphonates with special emphasis on their ongoing and potential applications in medicine and agriculture.
Method:
Critical review of recent literature data.
Results:
Comprehensive review of activities revealed by bisphosphonates.
Conclusion:
although bisphosphonates are mostly recognized by their profound effects on bone physiology their medicinal potential has not been fully evaluated yet. Literature data considering enzyme inhibition suggest possibilities of far more wide application of these compounds. These applications are, however, limited by their low bioavailability and therefore intensive search for new chemical entities overcoming this shortage are carried out.
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30
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Yanvarev DV, Korovina AN, Usanov NN, Khomich OA, Vepsäläinen J, Puljula E, Kukhanova MK, Kochetkov SN. Methylene bisphosphonates as the inhibitors of HIV RT phosphorolytic activity. Biochimie 2016; 127:153-62. [PMID: 27230835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure-function analysis of 36 methylenebisphosphonates (BPs) as inhibitors of the phosphorolytic activity of native and drug-resistant forms of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) was performed. It was shown that with the increase of the inhibitory potential of BPs towards the phosphorolytic activity raises their ability to inhibit the RT-catalyzed DNA elongation. Herein, we report the impact of the thymidine analog mutations (TAM) on the activity of bisphosphonates, as well as some structural features of the BPs, allowing them to maintain the inhibitory activity on the enzyme resistant to nucleoside analog therapy. We estimated the Mg(2+)-coordinating group structure, the linker and the aromatic pharmacophore influence on the inhibitory potential of the BPs. Based on the 31 BPs SAR, several BPs with improved inhibitory properties were designed and synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Yanvarev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st.-32, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A N Korovina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st.-32, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Usanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st.-32, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Khomich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st.-32, Moscow, Russia
| | - J Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Puljula
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M K Kukhanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st.-32, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st.-32, Moscow, Russia
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31
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Mullins ND, Maguire NM, Ford A, Das K, Arnold E, Balzarini J, Maguire AR. Exploring the role of the α-carboxyphosphonate moiety in the HIV-RT activity of α-carboxy nucleoside phosphonates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2454-65. [PMID: 26813581 PMCID: PMC4755898 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As α-carboxy nucleoside phosphonates (α-CNPs) have demonstrated a novel mode of action of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition, structurally related derivatives were synthesized, namely the malonate 2, the unsaturated and saturated bisphosphonates 3 and 4, respectively and the amide 5. These compounds were evaluated for inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in cell-free assays. The importance of the α-carboxy phosphonoacetic acid moiety for achieving reverse transcriptase inhibition, without the need for prior phosphorylation, was confirmed. The malonate derivative 2 was less active by two orders of magnitude than the original α-CNPs, while displaying the same pattern of kinetic behavior; interestingly the activity resides in the “L”-enantiomer of 2, as seen with the earlier series of α-CNPs. A crystal structure with an RT/DNA complex at 2.95 Å resolution revealed the binding of the “L”-enantiomer of 2, at the polymerase active site with a weaker metal ion chelation environment compared to 1a (T-α-CNP) which may explain the lower inhibitory activity of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Nuala M Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan Ford
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita R Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland. and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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32
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Shu K, Shao J, Li H, Chen B, Tang P, Liu X, Chen W, Yu Y. Base-mediated synthesis of highly functionalized 2-aminonicotinonitriles from α-keto vinyl azides and α,α-dicyanoalkenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel access to highly functionalized 2-aminonicotinonitriles via efficient annulations of α-keto vinyl azides and α,α-dicyanoalkenes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaan Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Binhui Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Pai Tang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Wenteng Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Yongping Yu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
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33
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Facile synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines via cyclocondensation of 4,6-dichloro-2-methylsulfanylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde with β-substituted β-aminoacrylic esters. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Gritzalis D, Park J, Chiu W, Cho H, Lin YS, De Schutter JW, Lacbay CM, Zielinski M, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS. Probing the molecular and structural elements of ligands binding to the active site versus an allosteric pocket of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1117-23. [PMID: 25630225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the interactions of bisphosphonate ligands with the active site and an allosteric pocket of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS), substituted indole and azabenzimidazole bisphosphonates were designed as chameleon ligands. NMR and crystallographic studies revealed that these compounds can occupy both sub-pockets of the active site cavity, as well as the allosteric pocket of hFPPS in the presence of the enzyme's Mg(2+) ion cofactor. These results are consistent with the previously proposed hypothesis that the allosteric pocket of hFPPS, located near the active site, plays a feed-back regulatory role for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gritzalis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hyungjun Cho
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Yih-Shyan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Joris W De Schutter
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Cyrus M Lacbay
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Michal Zielinski
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada.
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