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Baweja S, Kalal B, Maity S. Laser spectroscopic characterization of supersonic jet cooled 2,7-diazaindole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26679-26691. [PMID: 37772686 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the first gas phase comprehensive study of the electronic spectroscopy of 2,7-diazaindole molecule in the ground and excited states. Single vibronic level fluorescence spectroscopy (SVLF) was performed to determine the ground state vibrations of the molecule, which depicted a large Franck-Condon activity beyond 2600 cm-1. For the excited state characterization, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy (2C-R2PI) were performed. The band origin (000) for S1 ← S0 transition appeared at 33910 ± 1 cm-1 which was red shifted by 718 cm-1 and 1322 cm-1 compared to that of 7-azaindole and indole respectively. The Franck-Condon active vibrational modes in the spectra were seen till the (000) + 1600 cm-1 region. The IR-UV hole burning spectroscopy confirmed the absence of any other isomeric species in the molecular beam. The ionization energy (IE) of the molecule was measured as 8.921 ± 0.001 eV, recorded using photoionization efficiency spectroscopy. The above IE value was significantly higher than that of the related indole derivatives, suggesting the higher photostability of the 27DAI molecule due to N(2) insertion. The ground and excited state N-H stretching frequencies of the molecule were determined using fluorescence-dip infrared spectroscopy (FDIR) and resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy (IDIR), and the values are 3523 and 3467 cm-1, respectively. The lower value of νNH in the electronic excited state implied the increased photoacidity of the group. A comparative analysis of the experimental LIF/2C-R2PI spectra was done against Franck-Condon simulated spectra at three different levels of theory. The vibrational frequencies calculated at B3LYP-D4/def2-TZVPP showed the most accurate prediction in comparison with the experimentally detected symmetric modes in the ground state. However, in the excited state, the lower energy asymmetric modes simulated at the B3LYP/def-SVP level of theory provided the best agreement with the experiment. This is most probably due to the distortion observed at the pyrazolyl ring leading to the appearance of asymmetric vibrational modes. The above study highlights the possibility to appropriately tune the excitation wavelengths as well as alter the photostability of the organic chromophores via additional N-insertion in the molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Baweja
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India.
| | - Bhavika Kalal
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India.
| | - Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India.
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Gardner ED, Johnson BP, Dimas DA, McClurg HE, Severance ZC, Burgett AW, Singh S. Unlocking New Prenylation Modes: Azaindoles as a New Substrate Class for Indole Prenyltransferases. ChemCatChem 2023; 15:e202300650. [PMID: 37954549 PMCID: PMC10634513 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Aza-substitution, the replacement of aromatic CH groups with nitrogen atoms, is an established medicinal chemistry strategy for increasing solubility, but current methods of accessing functionalized azaindoles are limited. In this work, indole-alkylating aromatic prenyltransferases (PTs) were explored as a strategy to directly functionalize azaindole-substituted analogs of natural products. For this, a series of aza-l-tryptophans (Aza-Trp) featuring N-substitution of every aromatic CH position of the indole ring and their corresponding cyclic Aza-l-Trp-l-proline dipeptides (Aza-CyWP), were synthesized as substrate mimetics for the indole-alkylating PTs FgaPT2, CdpNPT, and FtmPT1. We then demonstrated most of these substrate analogs were accepted by a PT, and the regioselectivity of each prenylation was heavily influenced by the position of the N-substitution. Remarkably, FgaPT2 was found to produce cationic N-prenylpyridinium products, representing not only a new substrate class for indole PTs but also a previously unobserved prenylation mode. The discovery that nitrogenous indole bioisosteres can be accepted by PTs thus provides access to previously unavailable chemical space in the search for bioactive indolediketopiperazine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Bryce P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Dustin A. Dimas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Heather E. McClurg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zachary C. Severance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Anthony W. Burgett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Prachařová J, Kostrhunová H, Barbanente A, Margiotta N, Brabec V. The mechanism of antiproliferative activity of the oxaliplatin pyrophosphate derivative involves its binding to nuclear DNA in cancer cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:669-678. [PMID: 37624480 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
(1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)(dihydropyrophosphato) platinum(II), also abbreviated as RRD2, belongs to a class of potent antitumor platinum cytostatics called phosphaplatins. Curiously, several published studies have suggested significant mechanistic differences between phosphaplatins and conventional platinum antitumor drugs. Controversial findings have been published regarding the role of RRD2 binding to DNA in the mechanism of its antiproliferative activity in cancer cells. This prompted us to perform detailed studies to confirm or rule out the role of RRD2 binding to DNA in its antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. Here, we show that RRD2 exhibits excellent antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in the low micromolar or submicromolar range. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate that DNA lesions caused by RRD2 contribute to killing cancer cells treated with this phosphaplatin derivative. Additionally, our data indicate that RRD2 accumulates in cancer cells but to a lesser extent than cisplatin. On the other hand, the efficiency of cisplatin and RRD2, after they accumulate in cancer cells, in binding to nuclear DNA is similar. Our results also show that RRD2 in the medium, in which the cells were cultured before RRD2 accumulated inside the cells, remained intact. This result is consistent with the view that RRD2 is activated by releasing free pyrophosphate only in the environment of cancer cells, thereby allowing RRD2 to bind to nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Prachařová
- Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandra Barbanente
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sulaiman AAA, Sobeai HMA, Aldawood E, Abogosh A, Alhazzani K, Alotaibi MR, Ahmad S, Alhoshani A, Isab AA. In vitro and In vivo Studies of Potential Anticancer Agents of Platinum(II) Complexes of Dicyclopentadiene and Dithiocarbamates. Metallomics 2022; 14:6649215. [DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Three platinum(II) complexes of dicyclopentadiene (DCP) and dithiocarbamates (DTC), namely, [Pt(η4-DCP)(Me2DTC)]PF6 (1), [Pt(η4-DCP)(Et2DTC)]PF6 (2) and [Pt(η4-DCP)(Bz2DTC)]PF6 (3) [Me2DTC = dimethyldithiocarbamate, Et2DTC = diethyldithiocarbamate, and Bz2DTC = dibenzyldithiocarbamate] were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data indicated the coordination of both DCP and dithiocarbamate ligands to platinum(II). The solution chemisty of complex 1 revealed that the complexes are stable in both DMSO and 1:1 mixture of DMSO: H2O. In vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes relative to cisplatin was tested using MTT assay, against CHL-1 (human melanoma cancer cells), MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cells), A549 (lung cancer cells), and B16 (murine melanoma cancer cells). The antiproliferative effect of all three prepared complexes was found to be significantly higher than cisplatin. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of complex 1 showed that the complex induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial potential depolarization and cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent pattern in the CHL-1 cells. Confirmation of apoptosis via gene expression analysis demonstrated down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes in the CHL-1 cells. Wound healing assays also lent support to the strong cytotoxicity of the complexes. In vivo studies showed a significant reduction of tumor volume at the end of the experiment. In addition, the drug did not change the weight of the mice. In conclusion, complex 1 inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A A Sulaiman
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M As Sobeai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Aldawood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Abogosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moureq R Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao S, Yang Z, Jiang G, Huang S, Bian M, Lu Y, Liu W. An overview of anticancer platinum N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Application of polyionic magnetic nanoparticles as a catalyst for the synthesis of carbonitriles with both indole and triazole moieties via a cooperative geminal-vinylogous anomeric-based oxidation. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2407-2426. [PMID: 34694532 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-component reaction of aldehydes with 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile and 1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine under the solvent-free condition at 70 °C was effectively performed in the presence of 2 mg of polyionic magnetic nanoparticles with pyrazine bridge [Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3]2-Pyrazinium-[TCM]2 as a catalyst for the synthesis of 7-aryl-5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles via a cooperative anomeric-based oxidation. The polyionic magnetic nanoparticles catalyst was simply recovered and reused four successive runs. The morphology and structure of MNPs catalyst were investigated by numerous techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, EDX, WDX, FE-SEM, TEM, TGA, DTA, and VSM. The obtained products are reported for the first time that were identified by various analyses techniques such as melting point, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis (CHN). A term entitled a cooperative geminal-vinylogous anomeric-based oxidation was introduced for the latter step of the reaction mechanism for the first time. Synthesis of 7-aryl-5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles by using [Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3]2-Pyrazinium-[TCM]2 MNPs as a catalyst.
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7
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Synthesis, characterization, and miRNA-mediated PI3K suppressing activity of novel cisplatin-derived complexes of selenones. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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8
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Strong in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects of two platinum(II) complexes with cryptolepine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Motati DR, Amaradhi R, Ganesh T. Azaindole therapeutic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115830. [PMID: 33161343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Azaindole structural framework is an integral part of several biologically active natural and synthetic organic molecules; and several FDA approved drugs for various diseases. In the last decade, quite a number of literature reports appeared describing the pharmacology, biological activity and therapeutic applications of a variety of azaindole molecules. This prompted the organic and medicinal chemistry community to develop novel synthetic methods for various azaindoles and test them for a bioactivity against a variety of biological targets. Herein, we have summarized the biological activity of therapeutically advanced clinical candidates and several preclinical candidate drugs that contain azaindole structural moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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10
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The importance of indole and azaindole scaffold in the development of antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112506. [PMID: 32688198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With some indoles and azaindoles being successfully developed as anticancer drugs, the design and synthesis of indole and azaindole derivatives with remarkable antitumor activity has received increasing attention and significant progress has been made. This paper reviews the recent progress in the study of tumorigenesis, mechanism of actions and structure activity relationships about anticancer indole and azindole derivatives. Combining structure activity relationships and molecular targets-related knowledge, this review will help researchers design more effective, safe and cost-effective anticancer indoles and azindoles agents.
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11
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Jia Y, Wen X, Gong Y, Wang X. Current scenario of indole derivatives with potential anti-drug-resistant cancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112359. [PMID: 32531682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is frequently hampered by drug resistance, so the resistance to anticancer agents represents one of the major obstacles for the effective cancer treatment. Indole derivatives have the potential to act on diverse targets in cancer cells and exhibit promising activity against drug-resistant cancers. Moreover, some indole-containing compounds such as Semaxanib, Sunitinib, Vinorelbine, and Vinblastine have already been applied in clinics for various kinds of cancer even drug-resistant cancer therapy. Thus, indole derivatives are one of significant resources for the development of novel anti-drug-resistant cancer agents. This review focuses on the recent development of indole derivatives with potential therapeutic application for drug-resistant cancers, and the mechanisms of action, the critical aspects of design as well as structure-activity relationships, covering articles published from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Jia
- Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, 400056, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wen
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443000, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Surgery, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, 311800, China.
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12
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Hashemi MS, Sabounchei SJ, Karamian R, Moazzami Farida SH, Rahmani N, Roushani M, Van Hecke K. Pd(II) and Pt(II) Metallacycles with Unsymmetrical Ylide: Antiproliferative Effects and Application in Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roya Karamian
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceBu-Ali Sina University P. O. Box 65175/4161 Hamedan Iran
| | | | - Nosrat Rahmani
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceShahed University, Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Roushani
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of SciencesIlam University Ilam 69315516 Iran
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStructDepartment of ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent Belgium
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Štarha P, Trávníček Z. Azaindoles: Suitable ligands of cytotoxic transition metal complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 197:110695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Liu F, Dong X, Shi Q, Chen J, Su W. Improving the anticancer activity of platinum(iv) prodrugs using a dual-targeting strategy with a dichloroacetate axial ligand. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22240-22247. [PMID: 35519447 PMCID: PMC9066701 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Four novel platinum(iv) complexes, characteristic of DCA/TFA and with chloride ions as axial ligands, were designed and synthesized. This type of platinum(iv) complexes 1a–2b exhibited significant cytotoxic activity, and the cytotoxicity of 1b was the greatest among these four complexes, which was 20.61 fold and 7.65 fold higher than that of cisplatin against HepG-2 and NCI-H460 cancer cells, respectively. The result from the apoptosis assay of 1b was consistent with the result from the cytotoxicity assay. In addition, complexes 1a and 1b induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase on HepG-2 cells. Taken together, our data showed that Pt(iv) complex 1b released the corresponding Pt(ii) complex and DCA, and induced apoptosis as well as disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, establishing Pt(iv) complex 1b as a potential dual-targeting anticancer agent. Complex 1b could release complex B and DCA, playing a dual-targeting anti-tumor effect against cancer cells, targeting nuclear DNA and mitochondria, respectively.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Decelopment of Active Pharmaceutial Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Decelopment of Active Pharmaceutial Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Decelopment of Active Pharmaceutial Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Decelopment of Active Pharmaceutial Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Decelopment of Active Pharmaceutial Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou P. R. China .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou P. R. China
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15
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Wang FY, Liu R, Huang KB, Feng HW, Liu YN, Liang H. New platinum(II)-based DNA intercalator: Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Sharma N, Anurag. 7-Azaindole Analogues as Bioactive Agents and Recent Results. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:727-736. [PMID: 30264679 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180928154004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Azaindoles have been accepted as important structures having various biological activities in medicinal chemistry in novel drug discovery. Various azaindole derivatives have been used commercially and newer analogues are synthesized continuously. As in literature, azaindole is a very potent moiety, its derivatives displayed a number of biological activities such as kinase inhibitors, cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenic activity, CRTh2 receptor antagonists, melanin agonists, nicotine agonists, effectiveness in alzheimer disease, cytokinin analogs, Orai inhibitors in asthma and chemokine receptor- 2 (CCR2) antagonists. This review consists of biological activities of various azaindole analogs, reported so far, and their structure activity relations, along with future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Near Baghpat Crossing, Bypass Road, Meerut-250005, India
| | - Anurag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Near Baghpat Crossing, Bypass Road, Meerut-250005, India
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17
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Anticancer platinum(II) complexes bearing N-heterocycle rings. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1257-1263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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A novel Trans-Pt(II) complex bearing 2-acetoxymethylbenzimidazole as a non-leaving ligand (trans-[Pt(AMBi)2Cl2]): Synthesis, antiproliferative activity, DNA interaction and molecular docking studies compared with its cis isomer (cis-[Pt(AMBi)2Cl2]). J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Morzyk-Ociepa B, Szmigiel-Bakalarz K, Nentwig M, Oeckler O, Malik-Gajewska M, Turlej E, Wietrzyk J, Michalska D. Platinum(II) and copper(II) complexes of 7-azaindole-3-carboxaldehyde: crystal structures, IR and Raman spectra, DFT calculations and in vitro antiproliferative activity of the platinum(II) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Dysz K, Malik-Gajewska M, Banach J, Morzyk-Ociepa B. Palladium(II) complexes containing seven halogeno-derivatives of 7-azaindole: molecular structures, vibrational spectra, DFT calculations and in vitro cytotoxic activity. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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In vitro anticancer active cis-Pt(II)-diiodido complexes containing 4-azaindoles. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:257-269. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang FY, Huang KB, Feng HW, Chen ZF, Liu YN, Liang H. New Platinum(II) agent induces bimodal death of apoptosis and autophagy against A549 cancer cell. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:418-429. [PMID: 30266678 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Agents with multiple modes of tumor cell death can be effective chemotherapeutic drugs. One example of a bimodal chemotherapeutic approach is an agent that can induce both apoptosis and autophagic death. Thus far, no clinical anticancer drug has been shown to simultaneously induce both these pathways. Mono-functional platinum complexes are potent anticancer drug candidates which act through mechanisms distinct from cisplatin. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterize of two mono-functional platinum complexes containing 8-substituted quinoline derivatives as ligands. In comparison to cisplatin, n-Mon-Pt-1 exhibited a greater in vitro cytotoxicity, was more effective in resistant cells and elicited a better anticancer effect. Mechanistic experiments indicate that n-Mon-Pt-1 mainly accumulates in mitochondria, and stimulates significant TrxR inhibition, ROS release and an ER stress response, ultimately resulting in a simultaneous induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Importantly, compared to cisplatin, n-Mon-Pt-1 exhibits lower acute toxicity and better anticancer activity in a murine tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Ke-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Hai-Wen Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Hong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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Štarha P, Trávníček Z, Crlíková H, Vančo J, Kašpárková J, Dvořák Z. Half-Sandwich Ir(III) Complex of N1-Pyridyl-7-azaindole Exceeds Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin at Various Human Cancer Cells and 3D Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štarha
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Crlíková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Vančo
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kašpárková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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24
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Zhang GT, Zhang J, Xu YJ, Dong L. Metal-Free [3+2] Tandem Cyclization Synthesis of Unique 11H
-Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]Pyrrolo[3,2-b
]Indolizine from 7-Azaindoles and Pyridotriazoles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Tai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 830011 Urumqi China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
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25
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Design and synthesis of new antitumor agents with the 1,7-epoxycyclononane framework. Study of their anticancer action mechanism by a model compound. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3379-3398. [PMID: 29784272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a new family of antitumor agents having the 1,7-epoxycyclononane framework. We have developed a versatile synthetic methodology that allows the preparation of a chemical library with structural diversity and in good yield. The synthetic methodology has been scaled up to the multigram level and can be developed in an enantioselective fashion. The study in vitro of a model compound, in front of the cancer cell lines HL-60 and MCF-7, showed a growth inhibitory effect better than that of cisplatin. The observation of cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy showed the presence of apoptotic bodies and a degradation of microtubules. The study of cell cycle and mechanism of death of cancer cells by flow cytometry indicates that the cell cycle arrested at the G0/G1 phase and that the cells died by apoptosis preferably over necrosis. A high percentage of apoptotic cells at the subG0/G1 level was observed. This indicates that our model compound does not behave as an antimitotic agent like nocodazole, used as a reference, which arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase. The interaction of anticancer agents with DNA molecules was evaluated by atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism and electrophoresis on agarose gel. The results indicate that the model compound has not DNA as a target molecule. The in silico study of the model compound showed a potential good oral bioavailability.
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26
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Mitochondria-targeted platinum(II) complexes induce apoptosis-dependent autophagic cell death mediated by ER-stress in A549 cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:639-650. [PMID: 29935437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Agents with multiple modes of tumor cell death can be effective chemotherapeutic drugs. One example of a bimodal chemotherapeutic approach is an agent that can induce both apoptosis and autophagic death. Thus far, no clinical anticancer drug has been shown to simultaneously induce both these pathways. Mono-functional platinum complexes are potent anticancer drug candidates which act through mechanisms distinct from cisplatin. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterize of two mono-functional platinum complexes containing 8-substituted quinoline derivatives as ligands, [PtL1Cl]Cl [L1 = (Z)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(quinolin-8-ylmethylene) methanamine] (Mon-Pt-1) and [PtL2Cl]Cl [L2 = (Z)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(quinolin-8-ylmethylene) ethanamine] (Mon-Pt-2). In comparison to cisplatin, Mon-Pt-2 exhibited a greater in vitro cytotoxicity, was more effective in resistant cells and elicited a better anticancer effect. Mechanistic experiments indicate that Mon-Pt-2 mainly accumulates in mitochondria, and stimulates significant TrxR inhibition ROS release and an ER stress response, mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in a simultaneous induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Importantly, compared to cisplatin, Mon-Pt-2 exhibits lower acute toxicity and better anticancer activity in a murine tumor model. To the best of our knowledge, Mon-Pt-2 is the first mono-functional platinum complex inducing pro-death autophagy and apoptosis of cancer cells.
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27
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Potentiation of cytotoxic action of cis -[PtCl 2 (NH 3 )(1M7AI)] by UVA irradiation. Mechanistic insights. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Jomaa MY, Altaf M, Ahmad S, Alhoshani A, Baig N, Kawde AN, Bhatia G, Singh J, Isab AA. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer evaluation of transplatin derivatives with heterocyclic thiones. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Cai L, Yu C, Ba L, Liu Q, Qian Y, Yang B, Gao C. Anticancer platinum-based complexes with non-classical structures. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Cai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Congtao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Linkui Ba
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Yunxu Qian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 China
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30
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Biancalana L, Batchelor LK, Dyson PJ, Zacchini S, Schoch S, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F. α-Diimine homologues of cisplatin: synthesis, speciation in DMSO/water and cytotoxicity. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Diimine Pt(ii) complexes display variable stability in DMSO and DMSO/water mixtures, depending on the nature of the N-substituents. The most stable compounds are moderately cytotoxic, or are essentially inactive, against A2780 and A2780cisR cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Lucinda K. Batchelor
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università di Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Silvia Schoch
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
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31
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Brabec V, Hrabina O, Kasparkova J. Cytotoxic platinum coordination compounds. DNA binding agents. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Platinum(IV) prodrugs multiply targeting genomic DNA, histone deacetylases and PARP-1. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:211-220. [PMID: 29031068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several Pt(IV) prodrugs containing SAA, a histone deacetylases inhibitor, were designed and prepared for multiply targeting genomic DNA, histone deacetylases and PARP-1. The resulting Pt(IV) prodrug had significantly strong antiproliferative activity against the tested cancer cell lines, especially SAA1, derived from the conjugation of cisplatin and SAA, had potent ability to overcome cisplatin resistance. Under the combined action of DNA platination and inhibition of HDACs and PARP-1 activity, the cytotoxic activity of SAA1 was 174-fold higher than cisplatin against cisplatin-resistant SGC7901/CDDP cancer cells. The mechanism of action of SAA1 was preliminarily investigated, in which cellular uptake, cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as well as western blot analysis were made by treating SAA1 with SGC7901/CDDP cells. Besides, HDACs inhibition activity and PARP-1 enzyme inhibition of SAA1 were also studied.
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33
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Bai L, Gao C, Liu Q, Yu C, Zhang Z, Cai L, Yang B, Qian Y, Yang J, Liao X. Research progress in modern structure of platinum complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:349-382. [PMID: 28985575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the antitumor activity of cisplatin was discovered in 1967 by Rosenberg, platinum-based anticancer drugs have played an important role in chemotherapy in clinic. Nevertheless, platinum anticancer drugs also have caused severe side effects and cross drug resistance which limited their applications. Therefore, a significant amount of efforts have been devoted to developing new platinum-based anticancer agents with equal or higher antitumor activity but lower toxicity. Until now, a large number of platinum-based complexes have been prepared and extensively investigated in vitro and in vivo. Among them, some platinum-based complexes revealing excellent anticancer activity showed the potential to be developed as novel type of anticancer agents. In this account, we present such platinum-based anticancer complexes which owning various types of ligands, such as, amine carrier ligands, leaving groups, reactive molecule, steric hindrance groups, non-covalently binding platinum (II) complexes, Platinum(IV) complexes and polynuclear platinum complexes. Overall, platinum-based anticancer complexes reported recently years upon modern structure are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkui Bai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Congtao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhuxin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Linxiang Cai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yunxu Qian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiali Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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34
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Substitution of aqua ligands from cis-platinum(II) complexes bearing 2-(phenylthiomethyl)pyridine spectator ligands. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-017-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Mitra R, Goddard R, Pörschke KR. 9,9-Difluorobispidine Analogues of Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Oxaliplatin. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6712-6724. [PMID: 28497971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of a comprehensive study of N-unsubstituted bispidines, the novel 9,9-difluorobispidine (D) has been synthesized. The compound crystallizes from pentane below 0 °C in the ordered-crystalline phase D-II and undergoes at 0-30 °C a stepwise endothermic phase transition to a dynamically disordered crystalline phase D-I; melting occurs at 227 °C. Single crystalline D-II has been subjected to X-ray structure analysis, revealing association of the molecules to form chains. Reaction of (1,5-hexadiene)PtCl2 with D affords {C7H10F2(NH)2}PtCl2 (D1), which can be converted by conventional routes to {C7H10F2(NH)2}Pt(cbdca)·5H2O (D2) and {C7H10F2(NH)2}Pt(C2O4) (D3). Compound D1 crystallizes solvent-free from water and is isomorphous to the solvent-free parent bispidine analogue (A1). The pentahydrate D2 is isomorphous to the bispidine and 9-oxabispidine homologues (A2 and C2), as shown by X-ray structure analyses. An increased polarity of the bispidine skeleton as a consequence of the high electronegativity of fluorine is seen as the reason for low cytotoxic potency of D1-D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mitra
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Klaus-Richard Pörschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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36
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Łakomska I, Babinska M, Wojtczak A, Kozakiewicz A, Sitkowski J, Jarzęcki AA. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the complexation of 5-methyl-7-isobutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine with platinum(ii) ions. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorido platinum(ii) complexes with 5-methyl-7-isobutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (ibmtp) were synthesized and characterized by various tools: IR, 1H, 13C, 15N, 195Pt NMR and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Łakomska
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Magdalena Babinska
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Department of Crystallochemistry and Biocrystallography
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Department of Crystallochemistry and Biocrystallography
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Institutes of Medicines
- 00-725 Warszawa
- Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
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37
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Štarha P, Vančo J, Trávníček Z, Hošek J, Klusáková J, Dvořák Z. Platinum(II) Iodido Complexes of 7-Azaindoles with Significant Antiproliferative Effects: An Old Story Revisited with Unexpected Outcomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165062. [PMID: 27906967 PMCID: PMC5131915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of platinum(II) diiodido complexes containing 7-azaindole derivatives, having the general formula cis-[PtI2(naza)2] (1–8), has been prepared and thoroughly characterized, including X-ray structure analysis of cis-[PtI2(2Me4Claza)2]∙DMF (8∙DMF; 2Me4Claza = 2-methyl-4-chloro-7-azaindole). Complexes showed high in vitro cytotoxicity against nine human cancer cell lines (IC50 ranging from 0.4 to 12.8 μM), including the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780R; IC50 = 1.0–3.5 μM). The results of in vivo testing, using the L1210 lymphocytic leukaemia model, at the equimolar doses of Pt with cisplatin (2 mg/kg) confirmed the activity of complex 8 comparable to cisplatin. From the mechanistic point of view, evaluated ex vivo by Western blot analyses on the samples of isolated tumour tissues, the treatment of the animals with complex 8, contrary to cisplatin, decreased the levels of tumour suppressor p53 and increased significantly the amount of intracellular anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1L (37 kDa). Additionally, the active form of caspase 3 was significantly elevated in the sample of tumour tissues treated with complex 8, indicating that the activation of p53-independent cell-death pathway was initiated. The light and electron microscopy observations of the cancerous tissues revealed necrosis as a dominant mechanism of cell death, followed by scarce signs of apoptosis. The additional results (e.g. in vitro interaction experiments with selected biomolecules, cell cycle perturbations, gel electrophoretic studies on pUC19 plasmid DNA) supported the hypothesis that the complexes might be involved in the mechanism of action quite different from cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štarha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Vančo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan Hošek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Klusáková
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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38
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Sun YG, Sun YN, You LX, Liu YN, Ding F, Ren BY, Xiong G, Dragutan V, Dragutan I. Novel mononuclear Pt2+ and Pd2+ complexes containing (2,3-f)pyrazino(1,10)phenanthroline-2,3-dicarboxylic acid as a multi-donor ligand. Synthesis, structure, interaction with DNA, in vitro cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 164:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Mishra A, Vats TK, Deb I. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Direct and Selective C–H Cyanation of N-(Hetero)aryl-7-azaindoles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6525-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Mishra
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tripta Kumari Vats
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Indubhusan Deb
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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40
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Yang DD, Chen YN, Wu YS, Wang R, Chen ZJ, Qin J, Qian SS, Zhu HL. Synthesis, crystal structures, molecular docking, and in vitro biological activities of transition metals with 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3295-3299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Saesoo S, Bunthot S, Sajomsang W, Gonil P, Phunpee S, Songkhum P, Laohhasurayotin K, Wutikhun T, Yata T, Ruktanonchai UR, Saengkrit N. Phospholipid-chitosan hybrid nanoliposomes promoting cell entry for drug delivery against cervical cancer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 480:240-248. [PMID: 27442151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study emphasizes the development of a novel surface modified liposome as an anticancer drug nanocarrier. Quaternized N,O-oleoyl chitosan (QCS) was synthesized and incorporated into liposome vesicles, generating QCS-liposomes (Lip-QCS). The Lip-QCS liposomes were spherical in shape (average size diameter 171.5±0.8nm), with a narrow size distribution (PDI 0.1±0.0) and zeta potential of 11.7±0.7mV. In vitro mucoadhesive tests indicated that Lip-QCS possesses a mucoadhesive property. Moreover, the presence of QCS was able to induce the cationic charge on the surface of liposome. Cellular internalization of Lip-QCS was monitored over time, with the results revealing that the cell entry level of Lip-QCS was elevated at 24h. Following this, Lip-QCS were then employed to load cisplatin, a common platinum-containing anti-cancer drug, with a loading efficiency of 27.45±0.78% being obtained. The therapeutic potency of the loaded Lip-QCS was investigated using a 3D spheroid cervical cancer model (SiHa) which highlighted their cytotoxicity and apoptosis effect, and suitability as a controllable system for sustained drug release. This approach has the potential to assist in development of an effective drug delivery system against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsak Saesoo
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suphawadee Bunthot
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Warayuth Sajomsang
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattarapond Gonil
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarunya Phunpee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Patsaya Songkhum
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kritapas Laohhasurayotin
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Tuksadon Wutikhun
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Nattika Saengkrit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Platinum(II) carboxylato complexes containing 7-azaindoles as N-donor carrier ligands showed cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:109-116. [PMID: 27350081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The platinum(II) malonato (Mal) and decanoato (Dec) complexes of the general formulas [Pt(Mal)(naza)2] (1-3) and cis-[Pt(Dec)2(naza)2] (4-7) were prepared, characterized and tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and cisplatin-resistant (A2780R) human ovarian carcinoma cell lines and non-cancerous human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5); naza=halogeno-derivatives of 7-azaindole. Complexes 1-7 effectively overcome the acquired resistance of ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin. Complexes 2 (IC50=26.6±8.9μM against A2780 and 28.9±6.7μM against A2780R), 4 (IC50=14.5±0.6μM against A2780 and 14.5±3.8μM against A2780R) and 5 (IC50=13.0±1.1μM against A2780 and 13.6±4.9μM against A2780R) indicated decreased toxicity against healthy MRC-5 cells (IC50>50.0μM for 2 and >25.0μM for 4 and 5). The representative complexes 2 and 4 showed mutually different effect on the A2780 cell cycle at IC50 concentrations after 24h exposure. Concretely, the complex 2 caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, while 4 induced cell death by apoptosis with high population of cells in sub-G1 cell cycle phase. The hydrolysis and interactions of the selected complexes with biomolecules (glutathione (GSH) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP)) were also studied by means of 1H NMR and ESI+ mass spectra.
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Narva S, Chitti S, Bala BR, Alvala M, Jain N, Kondapalli VGCS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrolo[2,3- b ]pyridine analogues as antiproliferative agents and their interaction with calf thymus DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:220-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Synthesis and evaluation of biological activities of new sulfonamide and carbamate derivatives of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7-azaindole). RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Raveendran R, Braude JP, Wexselblatt E, Novohradsky V, Stuchlikova O, Brabec V, Gandin V, Gibson D. Pt(iv) derivatives of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with phenylbutyrate axial ligands are potent cytotoxic agents that act by several mechanisms of action. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2381-2391. [PMID: 29997781 PMCID: PMC6003606 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04205d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pt(iv) derivative of cisplatin, ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2], is a p53 independent very potent cytotoxic agent that kills cancer cells by triggering various cellular pathways.
Our study demonstrates that Pt(iv) derivative of cisplatin, with two axial PhB ligands, ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2], is a very potent cytotoxic agent against many different human cancer cell lines and is up to 100 fold more potent than cisplatin, and significantly more potent than the Pt(iv) derivatives of cisplatin with either two hydroxido, two acetato or two valproato ligands. The high potency of this compound (and some others) is due to several factors including enhanced internalization, probably driven by “synergistic accumulation” of both the Pt moiety and the phenylbutyrate, that correlates with enhanced DNA binding and cytotoxicity. ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] inhibits 60–70% HDAC activity in cancer cells, at levels below the IC50 values of PhB, suggesting synergism between Pt and PhB. Mechanistically, ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] induces activation of caspases (3 and 9) triggering apoptotic signaling via the mitochondrial pathway. Data also suggest that the antiproliferative effect of ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] may not depend of p53. Pt(iv) derivatives of cisplatin with either two axial PhB or valproate ligands are more potent than their oxaliplatin analogs. ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] is significantly more potent than its valproate analog ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(VPA)2Cl2]. These compounds combine multiple effects such as efficient uptake of both Pt and PhB with DNA binding, HDAC inhibition and activation of caspases to effectively kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Raveendran
- Institute for Drug Research , School of Pharmacy , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , 91120 , Israel
| | - Jeremy Phillip Braude
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Universita di Padova , Via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Ezequiel Wexselblatt
- Institute for Drug Research , School of Pharmacy , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , 91120 , Israel
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Institute of Biophysics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Olga Stuchlikova
- Institute of Biophysics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Science , Palacky University , 17. listopadu 12 , CZ-77146 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Universita di Padova , Via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research , School of Pharmacy , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , 91120 , Israel
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Pracharova J, Radosova Muchova T, Dvorak Tomastikova E, Intini FP, Pacifico C, Natile G, Kasparkova J, Brabec V. Anticancer potential of a photoactivated transplatin derivative containing the methylazaindole ligand mediated by ROS generation and DNA cleavage. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13179-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01467d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced DNA damage by trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(1-methyl-7-azaindole)] is related to its photocytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Pracharova
- Department of Biophysics
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research
- Palacký University
- 783 41 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Eva Dvorak Tomastikova
- Institute of Experimental Botany
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research
- 78371 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Concetta Pacifico
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics
- Faculty of Science
- Palacký University
- CZ-78371 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- CZ-61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
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Bodio E, Le Gendre P, Denat F, Goze C. Development of Trackable Anticancer Agents Based on Metal Complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Effects of antitumor derivatives of ineffective transplatin on bacterial cells: Is DNA a pharmacological target? J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:206-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Liu F, Gou S, Chen F, Fang L, Zhao J. Study on Antitumor Platinum(II) Complexes of Chiral Diamines with Dicyclic Species as Steric Hindrance. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6368-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501952r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengfan Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Campus of Jiulong Lake in Jiangning
District, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory
for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Campus of Jiulong Lake in Jiangning
District, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory
for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Campus of Jiulong Lake in Jiangning
District, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory
for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Campus of Jiulong Lake in Jiangning
District, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory
for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Campus of Jiulong Lake in Jiangning
District, Nanjing 211189, China
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