1
|
Singh G, Kumar R, D S D, Chaudhary M, Kaur C, Khurrana N. Thiazolidinedione as a Promising Medicinal Scaffold for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e201023222411. [PMID: 37867272 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998254798231005095627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones, also known as glitazones, are considered as biologically active scaffold and a well-established class of anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones act by reducing insulin resistance through elevated peripheral glucose disposal and glucose production. These molecules activate peroxisome proliferated activated receptor (PPARγ), one of the sub-types of PPARs, and a diverse group of its hybrid have also shown numerous therapeutic activities along with antidiabetic activity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to collect and summarize the research related to the medicinal potential, structure-activity relationship and safety aspects of thiazolidinedione analogues designed and investigated in type 2 diabetes during the last two decades. METHODS The mentioned objective was achieved by collecting and reviewing the research manuscripts, review articles, and patents from PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, google scholar and journals related to the topic from different publishers like Wiley, Springer, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Indian and International government patent sites etc. Results: The thiazolidinedione scaffold has been a focus of research in the design and synthesis of novel derivatives for the management of type 2 diabetes, specifically in the case of insulin resistance. The complications like fluid retention, idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, weight gain and congestive heart failure in the case of trosiglitazone, and pioglitazone have restricted their use. The newer analogues have been synthesized by different research groups to attain better efficacy and less side effects. CONCLUSION Thus, the potential of thiazolidinediones in terms of their chemical evolution, action on nuclear receptors, aldose reductase and free fatty acid receptor 1 is well established. The newer TZD analogues with better safety profiles and tolerability will soon be available in the market for common use without further delay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Desna D S
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurrana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sujatha K, Thirupaiah B, Vedula RR. An Efficient One Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Coumarino Pyrazolyl Thiazolidinones. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1781208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kodam Sujatha
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Bade Thirupaiah
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Rajeswar Rao Vedula
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The progress and development of GLUT1 inhibitors targeting cancer energy metabolism. Future Med Chem 2020; 11:2333-2352. [PMID: 31581916 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major difference between glucose metabolism in cancer cells and normal cells is that glucose in cancer cells is preferably converted to lactate in aerobic conditions rather than oxidized in mitochondria. This process is called aerobic glycolysis, known as the 'Warburg effect'. In this review, we focus on the energy-metabolism characteristics between tumor and normal cells, analyzing the regulation mechanism of energy metabolism based on glycolysis, and summarizing two targets on the upstream proteins of glycolysis, including glucose transporter (GLUT) and hexokinase. In addition, we proposed the risks and limitations of GLUT1-based drug research and summarized the current research progress of representative drugs, including natural and synthetic GLUT1 inhibitors. This will provide guidance for designing and synthesizing small molecule drugs targeting GLUT1 in glycolysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuntz S, Mazerbourg S, Boisbrun M, Cerella C, Diederich M, Grillier-Vuissoz I, Flament S. Energy restriction mimetic agents to target cancer cells: comparison between 2-deoxyglucose and thiazolidinediones. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:102-11. [PMID: 25083915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy restriction mimetic agents (ERMAs) to selectively target cancer cells addicted to glycolysis could be a promising therapeutic approach. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are synthetic agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ that were developed to treat type II diabetes. These compounds also display anticancer effects which appear mainly to be independent of their PPARγ agonist activity but the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer action are not yet well understood. Results obtained on ciglitazone derivatives, mainly in prostate cancer cell models, suggest that these compounds could act as ERMAs. In the present paper, we introduce how compounds like 2-deoxyglucose target the Warburg effect and then we discuss the possibility that the PPARγ-independent effects of various TZD could result from their action as ERMAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kuntz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Sabine Mazerbourg
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Michel Boisbrun
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer. Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer. Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540, Luxembourg; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Isabelle Grillier-Vuissoz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Stephane Flament
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bordessa A, Colin-Cassin C, Grillier-Vuissoz I, Kuntz S, Mazerbourg S, Husson G, Vo M, Flament S, Martin H, Chapleur Y, Boisbrun M. Optimization of troglitazone derivatives as potent anti-proliferative agents: towards more active and less toxic compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:129-40. [PMID: 24953030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Δ2-Troglitazone derivatives were shown to exhibit anti-proliferative activity in a PPARγ-independent manner. We prepared various compounds in order to increase their potency and decrease their toxicity towards non-malignant primary cultured hepatocytes. Many compounds induced viabilities less than 20% at 10 μM on various cancer cell lines. Furthermore, five of them showed hepatocyte viability of 80% or more at 200 μM. In addition, compounds 17 and 18 exhibited promising maximum tolerated doses on a murine model, enabling future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bordessa
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christelle Colin-Cassin
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Grillier-Vuissoz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sandra Kuntz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sabine Mazerbourg
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Gauthier Husson
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Vo
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Flament
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Yves Chapleur
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Michel Boisbrun
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Purushottamachar P, Godbole AM, Gediya LK, Martin MS, Vasaitis TS, Kwegyir-Afful AK, Ramalingam S, Ates-Alagoz Z, Njar VCO. Systematic structure modifications of multitarget prostate cancer drug candidate galeterone to produce novel androgen receptor down-regulating agents as an approach to treatment of advanced prostate cancer. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4880-98. [PMID: 23713567 DOI: 10.1021/jm400048v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As part of our program to explore the influence of small structural modifications of our drug candidate 3β-(hydroxy)-17-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (galeterone, 5) on the modulation of the androgen receptor (AR), we have prepared and evaluated a series of novel C-3, C-16, and C-17 analogues. Using structure activity analysis, we established that the benzimidazole moiety at C-17 is essential and optimal and also that hydrophilic and heteroaromatic groups at C-3 enhance both antiproliferative (AP) and AR degrading (ARD) activities. The most potent antiproliferative compounds were 3β-(1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate)-17-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (47), 3-((EZ)-hydroximino)-17-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)androsta-4,16-diene (36), and 3β-(pyridine-4-carboxylate)-17-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (43), with GI50 values of 0.87, 1.91, and 2.57 μM, respectively. Compared to 5, compound 47 was 4- and 8-fold more potent with respect to AP and ARD activities, respectively. Importantly, we also discovered that our compounds, including 5, 36, 43, and 47, could degrade both full-length and truncated ARs in CWR22rv1 human prostate cancer cells. With these activities, they have potential for development as new drugs for the treatment of all forms of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1559, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin HY, Kuo YC, Weng YI, Lai IL, Huang THM, Lin SP, Niu DM, Chen CS. Activation of silenced tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer cells by a novel energy restriction-mimetic agent. Prostate 2012; 72:1767-78. [PMID: 22539223 PMCID: PMC3867924 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting tumor metabolism by energy restriction-mimetic agents (ERMAs) has emerged as a strategy for cancer therapy/prevention. Evidence suggests a mechanistic link between ERMA-mediated antitumor effects and epigenetic gene regulation. METHODS Microarray analysis showed that a novel thiazolidinedione-derived ERMA, CG-12, and glucose deprivation could suppress DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)1 expression and reactivate DNA methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Thus, we investigated the effects of a potent CG-12 derivative, CG-5, vis-à-vis 2-deoxyglucose, glucose deprivation and/or 5-aza-deoxycytidine, on DNMT isoform expression (Western blotting, RT-PCR), DNMT1 transcriptional activation (luciferase reporter assay), and expression of genes frequently hypermethylated in prostate cancer (quantitative real-time PCR). Promoter methylation was assessed by pyrosequencing analysis. SiRNA-mediated knockdown and ectopic expression of DNMT1 were used to validate DNMT1 as a target of CG-5. RESULTS CG-5 and glucose deprivation upregulated the expression of DNA methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes, including GADD45a, GADD45b, IGFBP3, LAMB3, BASP1, GPX3, and GSTP1, but also downregulated methylated tumor/invasion-promoting genes, including CD44, S100A4, and TACSTD2. In contrast, 5-aza-deoxycytidine induced global reactivation of these genes. CG-5 mediated these epigenetic effects by transcriptional repression of DNMT1, which was associated with reduced expression of Sp1 and E2F1. SiRNA-mediated knockdown and ectopic expression of DNMT1 corroborated DNMT1's role in the modulation of gene expression by CG-5. Pyrosequencing revealed differential effects of CG-5 versus 5-aza-deoxycytidine on promoter methylation in these genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a previously uncharacterized epigenetic effect of ERMAs on DNA methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes, which may foster novel strategies for prostate cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiu Kuo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Yu-I Weng
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - I-Lu Lai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Tim H.-M. Huang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dau-Ming Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding authors: Ching-Shih Chen, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-688-4008; Fax: 614-688-8556; . Dau-Ming Niu, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan. Tel & Fax: 886-2-28767181;
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- Corresponding authors: Ching-Shih Chen, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-688-4008; Fax: 614-688-8556; . Dau-Ming Niu, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan. Tel & Fax: 886-2-28767181;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei S, Chu PC, Chuang HC, Hung WC, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Targeting the oncogenic E3 ligase Skp2 in prostate and breast cancer cells with a novel energy restriction-mimetic agent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47298. [PMID: 23071779 PMCID: PMC3470570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the oncogenic role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) in many types of cancers through its ability to target a broad range of signaling effectors for ubiquitination. Thus, this oncogenic E3 ligase represents an important target for cancer drug discovery. In this study, we report a novel mechanism by which CG-12, a novel energy restriction-mimetic agent (ERMA), down-regulates the expression of Skp2 in prostate cancer cells. Pursuant to our previous finding that upregulation of β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) expression represents a cellular response in cancer cells to ERMAs, including CG-12 and 2-deoxyglucose, we demonstrated that this β-TrCP accumulation resulted from decreased Skp2 expression. Evidence indicates that Skp2 targets β-TrCP for degradation via the cyclin-dependent kinase 2-facilitated recognition of the proline-directed phosphorylation motif 412SP. This Skp2 downregulation was attributable to Sirt1-dependent suppression of COP9 signalosome (Csn)5 expression in response to CG-12, leading to increased cullin 1 neddylation in the Skp1-cullin1-F-box protein complex and consequent Skp2 destabilization. Moreover, we determined that Skp2 and β-TrCP are mutually regulated, providing a feedback mechanism that amplifies the suppressive effect of ERMAs on Skp2. Specifically, cellular accumulation of β-TrCP reduced the expression of Sp1, a β-TrCP substrate, which, in turn, reduced Skp2 gene expression. This Skp2-β-TrCP-Sp1 feedback loop represents a novel crosstalk mechanism between these two important F-box proteins in cancer cells with aberrant Skp2 expression under energy restriction, which provides a proof-of-concept that the oncogenic Csn5/Skp2 signaling axis represents a “druggable” target for this novel ERMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wei
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Po-Chen Chu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Ching Chuang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Samuel K. Kulp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang D, Chu PC, Yang CN, Yan R, Chuang YC, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Development of a novel class of glucose transporter inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3827-36. [PMID: 22468970 DOI: 10.1021/jm300015m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of our finding that the antitumor effect of 5-{4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl}thiazolidine-2,4-dione, a thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist, was, in part, attributable to its ability to block glucose uptake independently of PPARγ, we used its PPARγ-inactive analogue to develop a novel class of glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitors. This lead optimization led to compound 30 {5-(4-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)-3-[4,4,4-trifluoro-2-methyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)butyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione} as the optimal agent, which exhibited high antitumor potency through the suppression of glucose uptake (IC(50), 2.5 μM), while not cytotoxic to prostate and mammary epithelial cells. This glucose uptake inhibition was associated with the inhibition of GLUT1 (IC(50), 2 μM). Moreover, the mechanism of antitumor action of compound 30 was validated by its effect on a series of energy restriction-associated cellular responses. Homology modeling analysis suggests that the inhibitory effect of compound 30 on glucose entry was attributable to its ability to bind to the GLUT1 channel at a site distinct from that of glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salomone S. Pleiotropic effects of glitazones: a double edge sword? Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:14. [PMID: 21687509 PMCID: PMC3108480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glitazones (thiazolidinediones) are drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2. By binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) they modulate transcription of genes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Through PPARγ stimulation, however, glitazones also affect other genes, encompassing inflammation, cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, which broads their therapeutic potential. The gene expression profile induced by each glitazone shows peculiarities, which may affect its benefit/risk balance; indeed, troglitazone and rosiglitazone have been associated with liver failure and coronary disease, respectively; whether or not these severe adverse effects are solely related to PPARγ remains yet unclear, since glitazones exert also PPARγ-independent effects. Glitazone chemistry serves as scaffold for synthesizing new compounds with PPARγ-independent pharmacological properties and we report here a preliminary observation of inhibition of vasoconstriction by troglitazone in isolated vessels, an effect that appears fast, reversible, and PPARγ-independent. Pleiotropic effects of glitazones need specific attention in terms of drug safety, but also provide basis for drug development and novel experimental therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Catania University Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patel NN, Crincoli CM, Frederick DM, Tchao R, Harvison PJ. Effect of structural modifications on 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione-induced hepatotoxicity in Fischer 344 rats. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:108-17. [PMID: 21337588 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glitazones, used for type II diabetes, have been associated with liver damage in humans. A structural feature known as a 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) ring may contribute to this toxicity. TZD rings are of interest since continued human exposure via the glitazones and various prototype drugs is possible. Previously, we found that 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (DCPT) was hepatotoxic in rats. To evaluate the importance of structure on DCPT toxicity, we therefore studied two series of analogs. The TZD ring was replaced with: a mercaptoacetic acid group {[[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]thio]acetic acid, DCTA}; a methylated TZD ring [3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2,4-thiazolidinedione, DPMT]; and isomeric thiazolidinone rings [3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2- and 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-thiazolidinone, 2-DCTD and 4-DCTD, respectively]. The following phenyl ring-modified analogs were also tested: 3-phenyl-, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-, 3-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)- and 3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (PTZD, CPTD, DMPT and DFMPT, respectively). Toxicity was assessed in male Fischer 344 rats 24 h after administration of the compounds. In the TZD series only DPMT produced liver damage, as evidenced by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities at 0.6 and 1.0 mmol kg(-1) (298.6 ± 176.1 and 327.3 ± 102.9 Sigma-Frankel units ml(-1) , respectively) vs corn oil controls (36.0 ± 11.3) and morphological changes in liver sections. Among the phenyl analogs, hepatotoxicity was observed in rats administered PTZD, CPTD and DMPT; with ALT values of 1196.2 ± 133.6, 1622.5 ± 218.5 and 2071.9 ± 217.8, respectively (1.0 mmol kg(-1) doses). Morphological examination revealed severe hepatic necrosis in these animals. Our results suggest that hepatotoxicity of these compounds is critically dependent on the presence of a TZD ring and also the phenyl substituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niti N Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen CH, Huang PH, Chu PC, Chen MC, Chou CC, Wang D, Kulp SK, Teng CM, Wang Q, Chen CS. Energy restriction-mimetic agents induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in part through epigenetic activation of KLF6 tumor suppressor gene expression. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9968-76. [PMID: 21282102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.203240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although energy restriction has been recognized as an important target for cancer prevention, the mechanism by which energy restriction-mimetic agents (ERMAs) mediate apoptosis remains unclear. By using a novel thiazolidinedione-derived ERMA, CG-12 (Wei, S., Kulp, S. K., and Chen, C. S. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 9780-9791), vis-à-vis 2-deoxyglucose and glucose deprivation, we obtain evidence that epigenetic activation of the tumor suppressor gene Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) plays a role in ERMA-induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. KLF6 regulates the expression of many proapoptotic genes, and shRNA-mediated KLF6 knockdown abrogated the ability of ERMAs to induce apoptosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicates that this KLF6 transcriptional activation was associated with increased histone H3 acetylation and histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation occupancy at the promoter region. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the enhancing effect of ERMAs on these active histone marks was mediated through transcriptional repression of histone deacetylases and H3 lysine 4 demethylases by down-regulating Sp1 expression. First, putative Sp1-binding elements are present in the promoters of the affected histone-modifying enzymes, and luciferase reporter assays indicate that site-directed mutagenesis of these Sp1 binding sites significantly diminished the promoter activities. Second, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Sp1 mimicked the repressive effect of energy restriction on these histone-modifying enzymes. Third, ectopic Sp1 expression protected cells from the repressive effect of CG-12 on these histone-modifying enzymes, thereby abolishing the activation of KLF6 expression. Together, these findings underscore the intricate relationship between energy restriction and epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor gene expression, which has therapeutic relevance to foster novel strategies for prostate cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moss PE, Lyles BE, Stewart LV. The PPARγ ligand ciglitazone regulates androgen receptor activation differently in androgen-dependent versus androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3478-88. [PMID: 20932825 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) regulates growth and progression of androgen-dependent as well as androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists have been reported to reduce AR activation in androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells. To determine whether PPARγ ligands are equally effective at inhibiting AR activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer, we examined the effect of the PPARγ ligands ciglitazone and rosiglitazone on C4-2 cells, an androgen- independent derivative of the LNCaP cell line. Luciferase-based reporter assays and Western blot analysis demonstrated that PPARγ ligand reduced dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced increases in AR activity in LNCaP cells. However, in C4-2 cells, these compounds increased DHT-induced AR driven luciferase activity. In addition, ciglitazone did not significantly alter DHT-mediated increases in prostate specific antigen (PSA) protein or mRNA levels within C4-2 cells. siRNA-based experiments demonstrated that the ciglitazone-induced regulation of AR activity observed in C4-2 cells was dependent on the presence of PPARγ. Furthermore, overexpression of the AR corepressor cyclin D1 inhibited the ability of ciglitazone to induce AR luciferase activity in C4-2 cells. Thus, our data suggest that both PPARγ and cyclin D1 levels influence the ability of ciglitazone to differentially regulate AR signaling in androgen-independent C4-2 prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice E Moss
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guh JH, Chang WL, Yang J, Lee SL, Wei S, Wang D, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Development of novel adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activators. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2552-61. [PMID: 20170185 DOI: 10.1021/jm901773d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In light of the unique ability of thiazolidinediones to mediate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma-independent activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppression of interleukin (IL)-6 production, we conducted a screening of an in-house, thiazolidinedione-based focused compound library to identify novel agents with these dual pharmacological activities. Cell-based assays pertinent to the activation status of AMPK and mammalian homologue of target of rapamycin (i.e., phosphorylation of AMPK and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, respectively) and IL-6/IL-6 receptor signaling (i.e., IL-6 production and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation, respectively) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 human macrophages were used to screen this compound library, which led to the identification of compound 53 (N-{4-[3-(1-methyl-cyclohexylmethyl)-2,4-dioxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene-methyl]-phenyl}-4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methyl-benzenesulfonamide) as the lead agent. Evidence indicates that this drug-induced suppression of LPS-stimulated IL-6 production was attributable to AMPK activation. Furthermore, compound 53-mediated AMPK activation was demonstrated in C-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells, indicating that it is not a cell line-specific event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Hwa Guh
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 336 Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei S, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Energy restriction as an antitumor target of thiazolidinediones. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9780-9791. [PMID: 20093366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.065466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells gain growth advantages in the microenvironment by shifting cellular metabolism to aerobic glycolysis, the so-called Warburg effect. There is a growing interest in targeting aerobic glycolysis for cancer therapy by exploiting the differential susceptibility of malignant versus normal cells to glycolytic inhibition, of which the proof-of-concept is provided by the in vivo efficacy of dietary caloric restriction and natural product-based energy restriction-mimetic agents (ERMAs) such as resveratrol and 2-deoxyglucose in suppressing carcinogenesis in animal models. Here, we identified thiazolidinediones as a novel class of ERMAs in that they elicited hallmark cellular responses characteristic of energy restriction, including transient induction of Sirt1 (silent information regulator 1) expression, activation of the intracellular fuel sensor AMP-activated protein kinase, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, the interplay among which culminated in autophagic and apoptotic death. The translational implications of this finding are multifold. First, the novel function of troglitazone and ciglitazone in targeting energy restriction provides a mechanistic basis to account for their peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent effects on a broad spectrum of signaling targets. Second, we demonstrated that Sirt1-mediated up-regulation of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein-facilitated proteolysis of cell cycle- and apoptosis-regulatory proteins is an energy restriction-elicited signaling event and is critical for the antitumor effects of ERMAs. Third, it provides a molecular rationale for using thiazolidinediones as scaffolds to develop potent ERMAs, of which the proof-of-principle is demonstrated by OSU-CG12. OSU-CG12, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-inactive ciglitazone derivative, exhibits 1- and 3-order of magnitude higher potency in eliciting starvation-like cellular responses relative to resveratrol and 2-deoxyglucose, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wei
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Samuel K Kulp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
New troglitazone derivatives devoid of PPARγ agonist activity display an increased antiproliferative effect in both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124:101-10. [PMID: 20054646 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies indicate that most anticancer effects of PPARγ agonists like thiazolidinediones are the result of PPARγ-independent pathways. These conclusions were obtained by several approaches including the use of thiazolidinedione derivatives like Δ2-Troglitazone (Δ2-TGZ) that does not activate PPARγ. Since biotinylation has been proposed as a mechanism able to increase the specificity of drug delivery to cancer cells which could express a high level of vitamin receptor, a biotinylated derivative of Δ2-TGZ (bΔ2-TGZ) has been synthetized. In the present article, we have studied the in vitro effects of this molecule on both hormone-dependent (MCF-7) and hormone-independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. In both cell lines, bΔ2-TGZ was more efficient than Δ2-TGZ to decrease cell viability. bΔ2-TGZ was also more potent than Δ2-TGZ to induce the proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1 in both cell lines and those of ERα in MCF-7 cells. However, in competition experiments, the presence of free biotin in the culture medium did not decrease the antiproliferative action of bΔ2-TGZ. Besides, other compounds that had no biotin but that were substituted at the same position of the phenolic group of the chromane moiety of Δ2-TGZ decreased cell viability similarly to bΔ2-TGZ. Hence, we concluded that the increased antiproliferative action of bΔ2-TGZ was not due to biotin itself but to the functionalization of the terminal hydroxyl group. This should be taken into account for the design of new thiazolidinedione derivatives able to affect not only hormone-dependent but also hormone-independent breast cancer cells in a PPARγ-independent pathway.
Collapse
|
17
|
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 3-(2-amino-ethyl)-5-(4-ethoxy-benzylidene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione: development of potential substrate-specific ERK1/2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6042-6. [PMID: 19796943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogs of 3-(2-amino-ethyl)-5-(4-ethoxy-benzylidene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, a putative substrate-specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, were synthesized and biologically characterized in human leukemia U937 cells to define its pharmacophore. It was discovered that shift of ethoxy substitution from the 4- to the 2-position on the phenyl ring significantly improved functional activities of inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. This may provide access to a new lead for developing ERK1/2 substrate-specific inhibitors.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wei S, Chuang HC, Tsai WC, Yang HC, Ho SR, Paterson AJ, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Thiazolidinediones mimic glucose starvation in facilitating Sp1 degradation through the up-regulation of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:47-57. [PMID: 19372209 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.055376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism by which the transcription factor Sp1 is degraded in prostate cancer cells. We recently developed a thiazolidinedione derivative, (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)-3-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (OSU-CG12), that induces Sp1 degradation in a manner paralleling that of glucose starvation. Based on our finding that thiazolidinediones suppress beta-catenin and cyclin D1 by up-regulating the E3 ligase SCF(beta-TrCP), we hypothesized that beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) targets Sp1 for proteasomal degradation in response to glucose starvation or OSU-CG12. Here we show that either treatment of LNCaP cells increased specific binding of Sp1 with beta-TrCP. This direct binding was confirmed by in vitro pull-down analysis with bacterially expressed beta-TrCP. Although ectopic expression of beta-TrCP enhanced the ability of OSU-CG12 to facilitate Sp1 degradation, suppression of endogenous beta-TrCP function by a dominant-negative mutant or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown blocked OSU-CG12-facilitated Sp1 ubiquitination and/or degradation. Sp1 contains a C-terminal conventional DSG destruction box ((727)DSGAGS(732)) that mediates beta-TrCP recognition and encompasses a glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) phosphorylation motif (SXXXS). Pharmacological and molecular genetic approaches and mutational analyses indicate that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Thr739 and GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation of Ser728 and Ser732 were critical for Sp1 degradation. The ability of OSU-CG12 to mimic glucose starvation to activate beta-TrCP-mediated Sp1 degradation has translational potential to foster novel strategies for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wei
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
PPARgamma-independent antitumor effects of thiazolidinediones. Cancer Lett 2008; 276:119-24. [PMID: 18790559 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The thiazolidinedione (TZD) family of PPARgamma agonists, especially troglitazone and ciglitazone, induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis in cancer cells. Mounting evidence indicates that TZDs interfere with multiple signaling mechanisms independently of PPARgamma activation, which affect many aspects of cellular functions governing cell cycle progression and survival of cancer cells. Here, we review the "off-target" mechanisms that underlie the antitumor effects of TZDs with emphasis on three key pathways, namely, inhibition of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL function, proteasomal degradation of cell cycle- and apoptosis-regulatory proteins, and transcriptional repression of androgen receptor (AR) through Sp1 degradation. Relative to tumor cells, nonmalignant cells are resistant to these PPARgamma-independent antitumor effects, which underscores the translational potential of these agents. Furthermore, dissociation of these antitumor effects from their PPARgamma agonist activity provides a rationale for using TZDs as scaffolds for lead optimization to develop a novel class of antitumor agents with a unique mode of mechanism.
Collapse
|