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Alharbi N, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. The influence of component structural arrangement on peptide vaccine immunogenicity. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108029. [PMID: 36028180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines utilise minimal immunogenic components (i.e. peptides) to generate highly specific immune responses, without triggering adverse reactions. However, strong adjuvants and/or effective delivery systems must be incorporated into such vaccines, as peptide antigens cannot induce substantial immune responses on their own. Unfortunately, many adjuvants are too weak or too toxic to be used in combination with peptide antigens. These shortcomings have been addressed by the conjugation of peptide antigens with lipidic/ hydrophobic adjuvanting moieties. The conjugates have shown promising safety profiles and improved immunogenicity without the help of traditional adjuvants and have been efficient in inducing desired immune responses following various routes of administration, including subcutaneous, oral and intranasal. However, not only conjugation per se, but also component arrangement influences vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the importance of influence of the vaccine chemical structure modification on the immune responses generated. It discusses a variety of factors that affect the immunogenicity of peptide conjugates, including: i) self-adjuvanting moiety length and number; ii) the orientation of epitopes and self-adjuvanting moieties in the conjugate; iii) the presence of spacers between conjugated components; iv) multiepitopic arrangement; and v) the effect of chirality on vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alharbi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; University of Jeddah, College of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Aljohani S, Hussein WM, Toth I, Simerska P. Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:609-617. [PMID: 31267872 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190702153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Aljohani
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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Azuar A, Jin W, Mukaida S, Hussein WM, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Recent Advances in the Development of Peptide Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems Against Group A Streptococcus. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E58. [PMID: 31266253 PMCID: PMC6789462 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection can cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from common sore throats and skin infections, to more invasive diseases and life-threatening post-infectious diseases, such as rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Although research has been ongoing since 1923, vaccines against GAS are still not available to the public. Traditional approaches taken to develop vaccines for GAS failed due to poor efficacy and safety. Fortunately, headway has been made and modern subunit vaccines that administer minimal bacterial components provide an opportunity to finally overcome previous hurdles in GAS vaccine development. This review details the major antigens and strategies used for GAS vaccine development. The combination of antigen selection, peptide epitope modification and delivery systems have resulted in the discovery of promising peptide vaccines against GAS; these are currently in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wanli Jin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Saori Mukaida
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Fagan V, Hussein WM, Su M, Giddam AK, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I, Simerska P. Synthesis, Characterization and Immunological Evaluation of Self‐Adjuvanting Group A Streptococcal Vaccine Candidates Bearing Various Lipidic Adjuvanting Moieties. Chembiochem 2017; 18:545-553. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fagan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Cooper Road St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Cooper Road St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Mei Su
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Cooper Road St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ashwini K. Giddam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Cooper Road St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | | | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast 4215 Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Cooper Road St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Pharmacy Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence The University of Queensland Cornwall Street Woolloongabba QLD 4072 Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Cooper Road St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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Fujita Y, Taguchi H. Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccines. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7152328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone/Galactose Core/Lipopeptide. MOLBANK 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/m881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Apte SH, Stephenson RJ, Simerska P, Groves PL, Aljohani S, Eskandari S, Toth I, Doolan DL. Systematic evaluation of self-adjuvanting lipopeptide nano-vaccine platforms for the induction of potent CD8(+) T-cell responses. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 11:137-52. [PMID: 26653407 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Systematically evaluate lipid core peptide vaccine delivery platforms to identify core features promoting strong CD8(+) T-cell responses. MATERIALS & METHODS Three different self-adjuvanting lipid core peptide nanovaccines each comprising four copies of the dominant ovalbumin CD8(+) T-cell epitope and varying in the utilization of a polylysine or glucose core with 2-amino-hexadecanoic acid (C16) or 2-amino-dodecanoic acid (C12) lipids were synthesized. Vaccines were tested for ability to induce CD8(+) T-cell responses and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS The construct utilizing C12 lipids and polylysine core induced very robust effector T cells shown to have in vivo effector capability as demonstrated by in vivo cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit tumor growth as well as modulation of dendritic cell activation. CONCLUSION The C12 polylysine platform was an effective configuration for induction of potent CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Apte
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Penny L Groves
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Salwa Aljohani
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharareh Eskandari
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4012, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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Chang C, Varamini P, Giddam AK, Mansfeld FM, D'Occhio MJ, Toth I. Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships of Synthetic Anti-Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Vaccine Candidates. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:901-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Trent A, Ulery BD, Black MJ, Barrett JC, Liang S, Kostenko Y, David NA, Tirrell MV. Peptide amphiphile micelles self-adjuvant group A streptococcal vaccination. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:380-8. [PMID: 25527256 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Delivery system design and adjuvant development are crucially important areas of research for improving vaccines. Peptide amphiphile micelles are a class of biomaterials that have the unique potential to function as both vaccine delivery vehicles and self-adjuvants. In this study, peptide amphiphiles comprised of a group A streptococcus B cell antigen (J8) and a dialkyl hydrophobic moiety (diC16) were synthesized and organized into self-assembled micelles, driven by hydrophobic interactions among the alkyl tails. J8-diC16 formed cylindrical micelles with highly α-helical peptide presented on their surfaces. Both the micelle length and secondary structure were shown to be enhanced by annealing. When injected into mice, J8-diC16 micelles induced a strong IgG1 antibody response that was comparable to soluble J8 peptide supplemented with two classical adjuvants. It was discovered that micelle adjuvanticity requires the antigen be a part of the micelle since separation of J8 and the micelle was insufficient to induce an immune response. Additionally, the diC16 tail appears to be non-immunogenic since it does not stimulate a pathogen recognition receptor whose agonist (Pam3Cys) possesses a very similar chemical structure. The research presented in this paper demonstrates the promise peptide amphiphile micelles have in improving the field of vaccine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Trent
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
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Goodwin D, Simerska P, Chang CH, Mansfeld FM, Varamini P, D’Occhio MJ, Toth I. Active immunisation of mice with GnRH lipopeptide vaccine candidates: Importance of T helper or multi-dimer GnRH epitope. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4848-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fagan V, Toth I, Simerska P. Convergent synthetic methodology for the construction of self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines using a novel carbohydrate scaffold. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1741-8. [PMID: 25161732 PMCID: PMC4143089 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel convergent synthetic strategy for the construction of multicomponent self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines was developed. A tetraalkyne-functionalized glucose derivative and lipidated Fmoc-lysine were prepared by novel efficient and convenient syntheses. The carbohydrate building block was coupled to the self-adjuvanting lipidic moiety (three lipidated Fmoc-lysines) on solid support. Four copies of a group A streptococcal B cell epitope (J8) were then conjugated to the glyco-lipopeptide using a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction. The approach was elaborated by the preparation of a second vaccine candidate which incorporated an additional promiscuous T-helper epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fagan
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia ; The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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12
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Chemical methods for peptide and protein production. Molecules 2013; 18:4373-88. [PMID: 23584057 PMCID: PMC6270108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the invention of solid phase synthetic methods by Merrifield in 1963, the number of research groups focusing on peptide synthesis has grown exponentially. However, the original step-by-step synthesis had limitations: the purity of the final product decreased with the number of coupling steps. After the development of Boc and Fmoc protecting groups, novel amino acid protecting groups and new techniques were introduced to provide high quality and quantity peptide products. Fragment condensation was a popular method for peptide production in the 1980s, but unfortunately the rate of racemization and reaction difficulties proved less than ideal. Kent and co-workers revolutionized peptide coupling by introducing the chemoselective reaction of unprotected peptides, called native chemical ligation. Subsequently, research has focused on the development of novel ligating techniques including the famous click reaction, ligation of peptide hydrazides, and the recently reported α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine ligations with 5-oxaproline. Several companies have been formed all over the world to prepare high quality Good Manufacturing Practice peptide products on a multi-kilogram scale. This review describes the advances in peptide chemistry including the variety of synthetic peptide methods currently available and the broad application of peptides in medicinal chemistry.
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Henningham A, Gillen CM, Walker MJ. Group a streptococcal vaccine candidates: potential for the development of a human vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 368:207-42. [PMID: 23250780 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is no commercial Group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) vaccine available. The development of safe GAS vaccines is challenging, researchers are confronted with obstacles such as the occurrence of many unique serotypes (there are greater than 150 M types), antigenic variation within the same serotype, large variations in the geographical distribution of serotypes, and the production of antibodies cross-reactive with human tissue which can lead to host auto-immune disease. Cell wall anchored, cell membrane associated, secreted and anchorless proteins have all been targeted as GAS vaccine candidates. As GAS is an exclusively human pathogen, the quest for an efficacious vaccine is further complicated by the lack of an animal model which mimics human disease and can be consistently and reproducibly colonized by multiple GAS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Coles DJ, Simerska P, Fujita Y, Toth I. The influence of incorporating lipids or liposaccharides on the particle size of peptide therapeutics. Biopolymers 2011; 96:172-6. [PMID: 20564037 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of peptide-based drugs is essential to obtain information about their potential suitability. In this study, a therapeutic peptide epitope alone or in combination with a lipid or liposaccharide moiety were assessed to determine their particle sizes by diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and mathematical expressions. These methods were compared and their suitability for different types of peptides is discussed herein. When compared with the mathematical expressions, we found that the NMR method resulted in a particle size that was consistent with the radius of the peptide monomer. The dynamic light scattering method showed that when lipids were conjugated to the peptide epitope, the resulting particles had a larger sized distribution compared with the peptide alone. These experiments provided information which can be applied when formulating these peptides as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Coles
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains incompletely understood. Several genes associated with RHD have been described; most of these are involved with immune responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of genes affect patients with RHD compared to controls. Molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and human proteins, including cardiac myosin epitopes, vimentin and other intracellular proteins is central to the pathogenesis of RHD. Autoreactive T cells migrate from the peripheral blood to the heart and proliferate in the valves in response to stimulation with specific cytokines. The types of cells involved in the inflammation as well as different cytokine profiles in these patients are being investigated. High TNF alpha, interferon gamma, and low IL4 are found in the rheumatic valve suggesting an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines and probably contributing to the progressive and permanent valve damage. Animal model of ARF in the Lewis rat may further contribute towards understanding the ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guilherme
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo; Brazil
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Abstract
Disadvantages of classical vaccines, such as the risk of an autoimmune reaction, might be overcome by using a subunit vaccine containing the minimal microbial components necessary to stimulate appropriate immune responses. However, vaccines based on minimal epitopes suffer from poor immunogenicity and require the use of an additional immunostimulant (adjuvant). Only a few adjuvants have been permitted for use with vaccines intended for human administration. We have developed several vaccine candidates based on a lipid-core-peptide (LCP) system. This system has self-adjuvanting properties, and it can be used for the delivery of a variety of epitopes to produce vaccine candidates against a targeted disease. The LCP system is easily assembled by simple stepwise Boc solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Steer AC, Batzloff MR, Mulholland K, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal vaccines: facts versus fantasy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010; 22:544-52. [PMID: 19797947 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e328332bbfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of progress of the development of group A streptococcal (GAS) vaccines with a focus on recent advances. RECENT FINDINGS Historically, GAS vaccine development has focused on the N-terminus of the M protein, which ultimately led to successful phase I/II clinical trials of a 26-valent recombinant M protein vaccine in 2004-2005. More recently, interest in antigens conserved among most, if not all, group A streptococci has increased. However, no vaccines containing these antigens have reached clinical trials. Three strategies have been used to develop conserved antigen vaccine candidates: use of the conserved region of the M protein; use of well described virulence factors as antigens, including streptococcal C5a peptidase, streptococcal carbohydrate, fibronectin-binding proteins, cysteine protease and streptococcal pili; and use of reverse vaccinology to identify novel antigens. SUMMARY Several vaccine candidates against GAS infection are in varying stages of preclinical and clinical development. Although there is great hope that one of these vaccine candidates will reach licensure in the next decade, only one, the multivalent N-terminal vaccine, has entered clinical trials in the last 30 years. Although strong advocacy for GAS vaccine development is important, there remains an urgent need to institute available public health control measures against GAS diseases globally, particularly in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Steer
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Simerska P, Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern lipid-, carbohydrate-, and peptide-based delivery systems for peptide, vaccine, and gene products. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:520-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Novel strategies for controlling
Streptococcus pyogenes
infection and associated diseases: from potential peptide vaccines to antibody immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:391-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhong W, Skwarczynski M, Simerska P, Good MF, Toth I. Development of highly pure α-helical lipoglycopeptides as self-adjuvanting vaccines. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Simerska P, Lu H, Toth I. Synthesis of a Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine candidate based on the M protein PL1 epitope. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:821-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhong W, Skwarczynski M, Fujita Y, Simerska P, Good MF, Toth I. Design and Synthesis of Lipopeptide - Carbohydrate Assembled Multivalent Vaccine Candidates Using Native Chemical Ligation. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of a synthetic vaccine against group A streptococcal infection is increasingly paramount due to the induction of autoimmunity by the main virulent factor – M protein. Peptide vaccines, however, are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating administration with carriers and adjuvants. One of the promising approaches to deliver antigenic peptides is to assemble peptides on a suitable template which directs the attached peptides to form a well defined tertiary structure. For self-adjuvanting human vaccines, the conjugation of immunostimulatory lipids has been demonstrated as a potentially safe method. This study describes the design and optimized synthesis of two lipopeptide conjugated carbohydrate templates and the assembling of peptide antigens. These lipopeptide–carbohydrate assembled multivalent vaccine candidates were obtained in high yield and purity when native chemical ligation was applied. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the template-assembled peptides form four α-helix bundles. The developed technique extends the use of carbohydrate templates and lipopeptide conjugates for producing self-adjuvanting and topology-controlled vaccine candidates.
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Zhong W, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Lipid Core Peptide System for Gene, Drug, and Vaccine Delivery. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A vast number of biologically active compounds await efficient delivery to become therapeutic agents. Lipidation has been demonstrated to be a convenient and useful approach to improve the stability and transport across biological membranes of potential drug molecules. The lipid core peptide (LCP) system has emerged as a promising lipidation tool because of its versatile features. This review discusses the progress in the development of the LCP system to improve cell permeability of nucleotides, physicochemical properties of potential drugs, and vaccine immunogenicity. Emphasis was put on the application of the LCP system to deliver antigens for the prevention of group A streptococcus infection, novel techniques of conjugation of target molecules to the LCP, and new alterations of the LCP system itself.
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Sharma N, Kumar V, Sinha A. Unique Versatility of Ionic Liquids as Clean Decarboxylation Catalyst Cum Solvent: A Metal- and Quinoline-Free Paradigm towards Synthesis of Indoles, Styrenes, Stilbenes and Arene Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation in Aqueous Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fujita Y, Abdel-Aal ABM, Wimmer N, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Synthesis and immunological evaluation of self-adjuvanting glycolipopeptide vaccine candidates. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8907-13. [PMID: 18789866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of four glycolipids with different number of lauroyl groups on glucose or cellobiose as scaffolds is described. Their immunological evaluations either admixed with or covalently linked to J8, a peptide antigen derived from the C-terminus of the antiphagocytic M-protein of group A streptococcus, are also investigated. Administration of mixtures of J8 and glycolipids to B10BR (H-2(k)) mice induced low-levels of J8-specific IgG antibodies. While glycolipopeptides, in which J8 was covalently linked to the synthetic glycolipids, demonstrated high-levels of antibody titers comparable with the co-administration of these glycolipopeptides with complete Freund's adjuvant, suggesting clearly the strong potency of the synthesized glycolipids as self-adjuvanting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Fujita
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
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