1
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Leite JP, Costa-Rodrigues D, Gales L. Inhibitors of Transthyretin Amyloidosis: How to Rank Drug Candidates Using X-ray Crystallography Data. Molecules 2024; 29:895. [PMID: 38398647 PMCID: PMC10893244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a group of protein misfolding diseases, which include spongiform encephalopathies, Alzheimer's disease and transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis; all of them are characterized by extracellular deposits of an insoluble fibrillar protein. TTR amyloidosis is a highly debilitating and life-threatening disease. Patients carry less stable TTR homotetramers that are prone to dissociation into non-native monomers, which in turn rapidly self-assemble into oligomers and, ultimately, amyloid fibrils. Liver transplantation to induce the production of wild-type TTR was the only therapeutic strategy until recently. A promising approach to ameliorate transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is based on the so-called TTR kinetic stabilizers. More than 1000 TTR stabilizers have already been tested by many research groups, but the diversity of experimental techniques and conditions used hampers an objective prioritization of the compounds. One of the most reliable and unambiguous techniques applied to determine the structures of the TTR/drug complexes is X-ray diffraction. Most of the potential inhibitors bind in the TTR channel and the crystal structures reveal the atomic details of the interaction between the protein and the compound. Here we suggest that the stabilization effect is associated with a compaction of the quaternary structure of the protein and propose a scoring function to rank drugs based on X-ray crystallography data.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P. Leite
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Costa-Rodrigues
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gales
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Lee SB, Yu J, Kim H, Kim KW, Jeong JW, Kim YL, Park SJ, Koo TS, Lee C, Hong KB, Choi S. Novel Strategy To Inhibit Transthyretin Amyloidosis via the Synergetic Effect of Chemoselective Acylation and Noncovalent Inhibitor Release. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2893-2903. [PMID: 36749109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for developing targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), which have the advantages of a prolonged duration of action and selectivity toward a drug target, have attracted great interest in drug discovery. Herein, we report chemoselective covalent inhibitors that specifically target lysine ε-amine groups that conjugate with an endogenous protein to prevent disease-causing protein misfolding and aggregation. These TCIs are unique because the benzoyl group is preferentially conjugated to Lys15 at the top of the T4 binding site within transthyretin (TTR) while simultaneously releasing a potent noncovalent TTR kinetic stabilizer. The potency of these covalent inhibitors is superior to tafamidis, the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of hereditary TTR amyloidosis. In addition to investigations into the covalent modification of TTR via reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, direct methods are performed to confirm and visualize the presumed covalent interaction via mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Beom Lee
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeni Yu
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Woo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Jeong
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Lan Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
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3
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Yang X, Guo X, Yuan X, Chen B. K 2S 2O 8-promoted rearrangement of nitrones for the synthesis of benzo[ d]oxazoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00680d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient route for the synthesis of valuable benzoxazoles has been developed through self-oxidative cyclization with N–O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinglong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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4
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Reum Han A, Hee Jeon E, Woo Kim K, Ki Lee S, Ohn CY, Jean Park S, Sook Kang N, Koo TS, Bum Hong K, Choi S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinolone derivatives as transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors and fluorescence sensors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 53:116550. [PMID: 34890995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Under certain conditions, numerous soluble proteins possess an inherent tendency to convert into insoluble amyloid aggregates, which are associated with several sporadic and genetic human diseases. Transthyretin (TTR) is one of the more than 30 human amyloidogenic proteins involved in conditions such as senile systemic amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. Considerable effort has been focused on identifying the native tetrameric TTR stabilizers to inhibit rate-limiting tetramer dissociation and, consequently, ameliorate TTR amyloidogenesis. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of quinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives that could be structurally complementary to the thyroxine-binding site within tetrameric TTR. Among these quinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives, compound 7a allowed 16.7% of V30M-TTR (3.6 μM) fibril formation at the same concentration and 49.6% at a concentration of 1.8 μM. Compound 7a exhibited much greater potency in complex biological samples like human plasma than that observed with tafamidis, the drug approved for the treatment of TTR amyloid cardiomyopathy for wild-type or hereditary TTR-mediated amyloidosis. Furthermore, the unique spectral properties of compound 7a demonstrated its high potential for TTR quantification, imaging sensors, and fluorescent tools to study the mechanism of TTR amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Reum Han
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jeon
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Woo Kim
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Lee
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Yeong Ohn
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, 534-2 Yeonsu 3-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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5
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The discovery and development of transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors: what are the lessons? Future Med Chem 2021; 13:2083-2105. [PMID: 34633220 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is associated with several human amyloid diseases. Various kinetic stabilizers have been developed to inhibit the dissociation of TTR tetramer and the formation of amyloid fibrils. Most of them are bisaryl derivatives, natural flavonoids, crown ethers and carborans. In this review article, we focus on TTR tetramer stabilizers, genetic therapeutic approaches and fibril remodelers. The binding modes of typical bisaryl derivatives, natural flavonoids, crown ethers and carborans are discussed. Based on knowledge of the binding of thyroxine to TTR tetramer, many stabilizers have been screened to dock into the thyroxine binding sites, leading to TTR tetramer stabilization. Particularly, those stabilizers with unique binding profiles have shown great potential in developing the therapeutic management of TTR amyloidogenesis.
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6
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Wu Z, Wei F, Wan B, Zhang Y. Pd-Catalyzed ipso, meta-Dimethylation of ortho-Substituted Iodoarenes via a Base-Controlled C-H Activation Cascade with Dimethyl Carbonate as the Methyl Source. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4524-4530. [PMID: 33750128 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A methyl group can have a profound impact on the pharmacological properties of organic molecules. Hence, developing methylation methods and methylating reagents is essential in medicinal chemistry. We report a palladium-catalyzed dimethylation reaction of ortho-substituted iodoarenes using dimethyl carbonate as a methyl source. In the presence of K2CO3 as a base, iodoarenes are dimethylated at the ipso- and meta-positions of the iodo group, which represents a novel strategy for meta-C-H methylation. With KOAc as the base, subsequent oxidative C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling occurs; in this case, the overall transformation achieves triple C-H activation to form three new C-C bonds. These reactions allow expedient access to 2,6-dimethylated phenols, 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans, and indanes, which are ubiquitous structural motifs and essential synthetic intermediates of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Wei
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Wan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanghui Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Guo X, Liu Z, Zheng Y, Li Y, Li L, Liu H, Chen Z, Wu L. Review on the Structures and Activities of Transthyretin Amyloidogenesis Inhibitors. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1057-1081. [PMID: 32210536 PMCID: PMC7071892 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s237252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein, and its dissociation, aggregation, deposition, and misfolding are linked to several human amyloid diseases. As the main transporter for thyroxine (T4) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, TTR contains two T4-binding sites, which are docked with T4 and subsequently maintain the structural stability of TTR homotetramer. Affected by genetic disorders and detrimental environmental factors, TTR degrades to monomer and/or form amyloid fibrils. Reasonably, stabilization of TTR might be an efficient strategy for the treatment of TTR-related amyloidosis. However, only 10-25% of T4 in the plasma is bound to TTR under physiological conditions. Expectedly, T4 analogs with different structures aiming to bind to T4 pockets may displace the functions of T4. So far, a number of compounds including both natural and synthetic origin have been reported. In this paper, we summarized the potent inhibitors, including bisaryl structure-based compounds, flavonoids, crown ethers, and carboranes, for treating TTR-related amyloid diseases and the combination modes of some compounds binding to TTR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhou Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
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8
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Schaffarczyk McHale KS, Haines RS, Harper JB. Ionic Liquids as Solvents for S N 2 Processes. Demonstration of the Complex Interplay of Interactions Resulting in the Observed Solvent Effects. Chempluschem 2020; 83:1162-1168. [PMID: 31950706 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions between triphenylphosphine and benzylic electrophiles have been examined in an ionic liquid to probe interactions with species along the reaction coordinate. Trends in the rate constant were found on both varying the leaving group and the electronic nature of the aromatic ring. In all the cases considered, interactions between the components of the ionic liquid and the transition state were shown to be more significant in determining reaction outcome than previously observed for this class of reaction. This demonstrates the importance of considering interactions of the ionic liquid components with all species along the reaction coordinate when investigating the origin of ionic liquid solvent effects, along with how such effects might be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald S Haines
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jason B Harper
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: a model of medical progress for a fatal disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:387-404. [PMID: 31209302 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary amyloidogenic transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (also known as familial amyloid polyneuropathy) is a condition with adult onset caused by mutation of transthyretin (TTR) and characterized by extracellular deposition of amyloid and destruction of the somatic and autonomic PNS, leading to loss of autonomy and death. This disease represents a model of the scientific and medical progress of the past 30 years. ATTRv amyloidosis is a worldwide disease with broad genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity that presents a diagnostic challenge for neurologists. The pathophysiology of the neuropathy is increasingly understood and includes instability and proteolysis of mutant TTR leading to deposition of amyloid with variable lengths of fibrils, microangiopathy and involvement of Schwann cells. Wild-type TTR is amyloidogenic in older individuals. The main symptoms are neuropathic, but the disease is systemic; neurologists should be aware of cardiac, eye and kidney involvement that justify a multidisciplinary approach to management. Infiltrative cardiomyopathy is usually latent but present in half of patients. Disease-modifying therapeutics that have been developed include liver transplantation and TTR stabilizers, both of which can slow progression of the disease and increase survival in the early stages. Most recently, gene-silencing drugs have been used to control disease in the more advanced stages and produce some degree of improvement.
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10
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Xu K, Guo S, Jia X, Li X, Shi D. Phytochemical and chemotaxonomic study on Leathesia nana (Chordariaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Kunkle T, Abdeen S, Salim N, Ray AM, Stevens M, Ambrose AJ, Victorino J, Park Y, Hoang QQ, Chapman E, Johnson SM. Hydroxybiphenylamide GroEL/ES Inhibitors Are Potent Antibacterials against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10651-10664. [PMID: 30392371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the identification of a GroEL/ES inhibitor (1, N-(4-(benzo[ d]thiazol-2-ylthio)-3-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzamide) that exhibited in vitro antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus comparable to vancomycin, an antibiotic of last resort. To follow up, we have synthesized 43 compound 1 analogs to determine the most effective functional groups of the scaffold for inhibiting GroEL/ES and killing bacteria. Our results identified that the benzothiazole and hydroxyl groups are important for inhibiting GroEL/ES-mediated folding functions, with the hydroxyl essential for antibacterial effects. Several analogs exhibited >50-fold selectivity indices between antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity to human liver and kidney cells in cell culture. We found that MRSA was not able to easily generate acute resistance to lead inhibitors in a gain-of-resistance assay and that lead inhibitors were able to permeate through established S. aureus biofilms and maintain their bactericidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent Kunkle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Sanofar Abdeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Nilshad Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Anne-Marie Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Mckayla Stevens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Andrew J Ambrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , The University of Arizona , 1703 E. Mabel Street , P.O. Box 210207, Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - José Victorino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute , Indiana University School of Medicine , 320 W. 15th Street, Suite 414 , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine . 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute , Indiana University School of Medicine , 320 W. 15th Street, Suite 414 , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine . 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , The University of Arizona , 1703 E. Mabel Street , P.O. Box 210207, Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Steven M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
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12
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Abdeen S, Kunkle T, Salim N, Ray AM, Mammadova N, Summers C, Stevens M, Ambrose AJ, Park Y, Schultz PG, Horwich AL, Hoang QQ, Chapman E, Johnson SM. Sulfonamido-2-arylbenzoxazole GroEL/ES Inhibitors as Potent Antibacterials against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7345-7357. [PMID: 30060666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extending from a study we recently published examining the antitrypanosomal effects of a series of GroEL/ES inhibitors based on a pseudosymmetrical bis-sulfonamido-2-phenylbenzoxazole scaffold, here, we report the antibiotic effects of asymmetric analogs of this scaffold against a panel of bacteria known as the ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). While GroEL/ES inhibitors were largely ineffective against K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and E. cloacae (Gram-negative bacteria), many analogs were potent inhibitors of E. faecium and S. aureus proliferation (Gram-positive bacteria, EC50 values of the most potent analogs were in the 1-2 μM range). Furthermore, even though some compounds inhibit human HSP60/10 biochemical functions in vitro (IC50 values in the 1-10 μM range), many of these exhibited moderate to low cytotoxicity to human liver and kidney cells (CC50 values > 20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanofar Abdeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Trent Kunkle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Nilshad Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Anne-Marie Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Corey Summers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Mckayla Stevens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Andrew J Ambrose
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , The University of Arizona , 1703 East Mabel Street , P.O. Box 210207, Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute , Indiana University School of Medicine , 320 West 15th Street, Suite 414 , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Arthur L Horwich
- HHMI, Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine , Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine , 295 Congress Avenue , New Haven , Connecticut 06510 , United States
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute , Indiana University School of Medicine , 320 West 15th Street, Suite 414 , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , The University of Arizona , 1703 East Mabel Street , P.O. Box 210207, Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Steven M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
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13
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de Melo CEA, Nicoleti CR, Rezende MC, Bortoluzzi AJ, da S. Heying R, da S. Oliboni R, Caramori GF, Machado VG. Reverse Solvatochromism of Imine Dyes Comprised of 5-Nitrofuran-2-yl or 5-Nitrothiophen-2-yl as Electron Acceptor and Phenolate as Electron Donor. Chemistry 2018; 24:9364-9376. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. A. de Melo
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP 476; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP 476; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos C. Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago; Av. B. O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
| | - Adailton J. Bortoluzzi
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP 476; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Renata da S. Heying
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP 476; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Robson da S. Oliboni
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPEL; Pelotas RS 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Giovanni F. Caramori
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP 476; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Vanderlei G. Machado
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP 476; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
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14
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Pettinger J, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. Lysine-Targeting Covalent Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15200-15209. [PMID: 28853194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors have gained widespread attention in drug discovery as a validated method to circumvent acquired resistance in oncology. This strategy exploits small-molecule/protein crystal structures to design tightly binding ligands with appropriately positioned electrophilic warheads. Whilst most focus has been on targeting binding-site cysteine residues, targeting nucleophilic lysine residues can also represent a viable approach to irreversible inhibition. However, owing to the basicity of the ϵ-amino group in lysine, this strategy generates a number of specific challenges. Herein, we review the key principles for inhibitor design, give historical examples, and present recent developments that demonstrate the potential of lysine targeting for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Matthew D Cheeseman
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit; The Institute of Cancer Research; London SW7 3RP Großbritannien
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit; The Institute of Cancer Research; London SW7 3RP Großbritannien
| | - Matthew D. Cheeseman
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit; The Institute of Cancer Research; London SW7 3RP Großbritannien
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16
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Smith TP, Windsor IW, Forest KT, Raines RT. Stilbene Boronic Acids Form a Covalent Bond with Human Transthyretin and Inhibit Its Aggregation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7820-7834. [PMID: 28920684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric protein. Its dissociation into monomers leads to the formation of fibrils that underlie human amyloidogenic diseases. The binding of small molecules to the thyroxin-binding sites in TTR stabilizes the homotetramer and attenuates TTR amyloidosis. Herein, we report on boronic acid-substituted stilbenes that limit TTR amyloidosis in vitro. Assays of affinity for TTR and inhibition of its tendency to form fibrils were coupled with X-ray crystallographic analysis of nine TTR·ligand complexes. The ensuing structure-function data led to a symmetrical diboronic acid that forms a boronic ester reversibly with serine 117. This diboronic acid inhibits fibril formation by both wild-type TTR and a common disease-related variant, V30M TTR, as effectively as does tafamidis, a small-molecule drug used to treat TTR-related amyloidosis in the clinic. These findings establish a new modality for covalent inhibition of fibril formation and illuminate a path for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ian W Windsor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Katrina T Forest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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17
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18
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Cao H, Sun Y, Wang L, Zhao C, Fu J, Zhang A. Understanding the microscopic binding mechanism of hydroxylated and sulfated polybrominated diphenyl ethers with transthyretin by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:736-749. [PMID: 28217795 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00638h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), one typical type of persistent environmental contaminant, have toxicological effects such as disrupting thyroid homeostasis in the human body. The high binding affinities of hydroxylated metabolites of PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) with transthyretin (TTR) were considered to be one major reason for their extraordinary capacity of passing through the blood-brain barrier via competitive thyroid hormone (T4) transport protein binding. Recent findings showed that sulfated PBDEs can be formed in human liver cytosol as phase-II metabolites. However, experimentally determined data for the TTR binding potential of the sulfated PBDEs are still not available. Therefore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed in the present study to probe the molecular basis of TTR interacting with hydroxylated and sulfated PBDEs at the atomic level. The docking scores of LeDock were used to construct the structure-based predictive model. The calculated results showed that the sulfated PBDEs have stronger affinity for TTR than the corresponding OH-PBDEs. Further analysis of structural characteristics based on MD simulations indicated that upon the binding of PBDE metabolites, the stability of TTR was enhanced and the dissociation rate of the tetrameric protein structure was potentially decreased. Subsequent binding free energy calculations implied that van der Waals interactions are the dominant forces for the binding of these metabolites of PBDEs at the T4 site of TTR. The residues Ser117/Ser117' and Lys15/Lys15' were identified, by both residue energy decomposition and computational alanine-scanning mutagenesis methods, as key residues which play an important role in determining the binding orientations of the -OSO3- group of sulfated PBDEs by formation of either hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions, respectively. In general, the combination of docking calculations with MD simulations provided a theoretically toxicological assessment for the metabolites of PBDEs, deep insight into the recognition mechanism of TTR for these compounds, and thus more comprehensive understanding of the thyroid-related toxic effects of PBDEs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuzhen Sun
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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19
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Andrei SA, Sijbesma E, Hann M, Davis J, O’Mahony G, Perry MWD, Karawajczyk A, Eickhoff J, Brunsveld L, Doveston RG, Milroy LG, Ottmann C. Stabilization of protein-protein interactions in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:925-940. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1346608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Andrei
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hann
- Platform Technology and Science, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jeremy Davis
- Department of Chemistry, UCB Celltech, Slough, UK
| | - Gavin O’Mahony
- CVMD Medicinal Chemistry, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Matthew W. D. Perry
- RIA Medicinal Chemistry, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Karawajczyk
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Assay development & screening, Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. Doveston
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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20
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Semi-quantitative models for identifying potent and selective transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017. [PMID: 28625364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rate-limiting dissociation of the tetrameric protein transthyretin (TTR), followed by monomer misfolding and misassembly, appears to cause degenerative diseases in humans known as the transthyretin amyloidoses, based on human genetic, biochemical and pharmacologic evidence. Small molecules that bind to the generally unoccupied thyroxine binding pockets in the native TTR tetramer kinetically stabilize the tetramer, slowing subunit dissociation proportional to the extent that the molecules stabilize the native state over the dissociative transition state-thereby inhibiting amyloidogenesis. Herein, we use previously reported structure-activity relationship data to develop two semi-quantitative algorithms for identifying the structures of potent and selective transthyretin kinetic stabilizers/amyloidogenesis inhibitors. The viability of these prediction algorithms, in particular the more robust in silico docking model, is perhaps best validated by the clinical success of tafamidis, the first-in-class drug approved in Europe, Japan, South America, and elsewhere for treating transthyretin aggregation-associated familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Tafamidis is also being evaluated in a fully-enrolled placebo-controlled clinical trial for its efficacy against TTR cardiomyopathy. These prediction algorithms will be useful for identifying second generation TTR kinetic stabilizers, should these be needed to ameliorate the central nervous system or ophthalmologic pathology caused by TTR aggregation in organs not accessed by oral tafamidis administration.
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21
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Abdeen S, Salim N, Mammadova N, Summers CM, Goldsmith-Pestana K, McMahon-Pratt D, Schultz PG, Horwich AL, Chapman E, Johnson SM. Targeting the HSP60/10 chaperonin systems of Trypanosoma brucei as a strategy for treating African sleeping sickness. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5247-5253. [PMID: 27720295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites that cause African sleeping sickness in humans (also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis-HAT). Without treatment, T. brucei infections are fatal. There is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies as current drugs are toxic, have complex treatment regimens, and are becoming less effective owing to rising antibiotic resistance in parasites. We hypothesize that targeting the HSP60/10 chaperonin systems in T. brucei is a viable anti-trypanosomal strategy as parasites rely on these stress response elements for their development and survival. We recently discovered several hundred inhibitors of the prototypical HSP60/10 chaperonin system from Escherichia coli, termed GroEL/ES. One of the most potent GroEL/ES inhibitors we discovered was compound 1. While examining the PubChem database, we found that a related analog, 2e-p, exhibited cytotoxicity to Leishmania major promastigotes, which are trypanosomatids highly related to Trypanosoma brucei. Through initial counter-screening, we found that compounds 1 and 2e-p were also cytotoxic to Trypanosoma brucei parasites (EC50=7.9 and 3.1μM, respectively). These encouraging initial results prompted us to develop a library of inhibitor analogs and examine their anti-parasitic potential in vitro. Of the 49 new chaperonin inhibitors developed, 39% exhibit greater cytotoxicity to T. brucei parasites than parent compound 1. While many analogs exhibit moderate cytotoxicity to human liver and kidney cells, we identified molecular substructures to pursue for further medicinal chemistry optimization to increase the therapeutic windows of this novel class of chaperonin-targeting anti-parasitic candidates. An intriguing finding from this study is that suramin, the first-line drug for treating early stage T. brucei infections, is also a potent inhibitor of GroEL/ES and HSP60/10 chaperonin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanofar Abdeen
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Nilshad Salim
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Corey M Summers
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Karen Goldsmith-Pestana
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, 60 College St., New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, 60 College St., New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Arthur L Horwich
- HHMI, Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Steven M Johnson
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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22
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Systemic optimization and structural evaluation of quinoline derivatives as transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:777-787. [PMID: 27541261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wild type transthyretin (TTR) and mutant TTR misfold and misassemble into a variety of extracellular insoluble amyloid fibril and/or amorphous aggregate, which are associated with a variety of human amyloid diseases. To develop potent TTR amyloidogenesis inhibitors, we have designed and synthesized a focused library of quinoline derivatives by Pd-catalyzed coupling reaction and by the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The resulting 2-alkynylquinoline derivatives, (E)-2-alkenylquinoline derivatives, and (E)-3-alkenylquinoline derivatives were evaluated to inhibit TTR amyloidogenesis by utilizing the acid-mediated TTR fibril formation. Among these quinoline derivatives, compound 14c exhibited the most potent anti-TTR fibril formation activity in the screening studies, with IC50 values of 1.49 μM against WT-TTR and 1.63 μM against more amyloidogenic V30 M TTR mutant. That is comparable to that of approved therapeutic drug, tafamidis, to ameliorate transthyretin-related amyloidosis. Furthermore, rationalization of the increased efficacy of compound 14c bearing a hydrophobic substituent, such as chloride, was carried out by utilizing in silico docking study that could focus on the region of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) binding sites. Additionally, the most potent compound 14c exhibited good pharmacokinetics properties. Taken together, the novel quinoline derivatives could potentially be explored as potential drug candidates to treat the human TTR amyloidosis.
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23
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Ankarcrona M, Winblad B, Monteiro C, Fearns C, Powers ET, Johansson J, Westermark GT, Presto J, Ericzon BG, Kelly JW. Current and future treatment of amyloid diseases. J Intern Med 2016; 280:177-202. [PMID: 27165517 PMCID: PMC4956553 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 30 human proteins whose aggregation appears to cause degenerative maladies referred to as amyloid diseases or amyloidoses. These disorders are named after the characteristic cross-β-sheet amyloid fibrils that accumulate systemically or are localized to specific organs. In most cases, current treatment is limited to symptomatic approaches and thus disease-modifying therapies are needed. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with extracellular amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) fibrils and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles as pathological hallmarks. Numerous clinical trials have been conducted with passive and active immunotherapy, and small molecules to inhibit Aβ formation and aggregation or to enhance Aβ clearance; so far such clinical trials have been unsuccessful. Novel strategies are therefore required and here we will discuss the possibility of utilizing the chaperone BRICHOS to prevent Aβ aggregation and toxicity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is symptomatically treated with insulin. However, the underlying pathology is linked to the aggregation and progressive accumulation of islet amyloid polypeptide as fibrils and oligomers, which are cytotoxic. Several compounds have been shown to inhibit islet amyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity in vitro. Future animal studies and clinical trials have to be conducted to determine their efficacy in vivo. The transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses are a group of systemic degenerative diseases compromising multiple organ systems, caused by TTR aggregation. Liver transplantation decreases the generation of misfolded TTR and improves the quality of life for a subgroup of this patient population. Compounds that stabilize the natively folded, nonamyloidogenic, tetrameric conformation of TTR have been developed and the drug tafamidis is available as a promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ankarcrona
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - C Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Fearns
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Johansson
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - G T Westermark
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Presto
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B-G Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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24
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Convertino M, Das J, Dokholyan NV. Pharmacological Chaperones: Design and Development of New Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Conformational Diseases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1471-89. [PMID: 27097127 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Errors in protein folding may result in premature clearance of structurally aberrant proteins, or in the accumulation of toxic misfolded species or protein aggregates. These pathological events lead to a large range of conditions known as conformational diseases. Several research groups have presented possible therapeutic solutions for their treatment by developing novel compounds, known as pharmacological chaperones. These cell-permeable molecules selectively provide a molecular scaffold around which misfolded proteins can recover their native folding and, thus, their biological activities. Here, we review therapeutic strategies, clinical potentials, and cost-benefit impacts of several classes of pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of a series of conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Convertino
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jhuma Das
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Baranczak A, Connelly S, Liu Y, Choi S, Grimster NP, Powers ET, Wilson IA, Kelly JW. Fluorogenic small molecules requiring reaction with a specific protein to create a fluorescent conjugate for biological imaging--what we know and what we need to learn. Biopolymers 2016; 101:484-95. [PMID: 24105107 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We seek fluorogenic small molecules that generate a fluorescent conjugate signal if and only if they react with a given protein-of-interest (i.e., small molecules for which noncovalent binding to the protein-of-interest is insufficient to generate fluorescence). Consequently, it is the new chemical entity afforded by the generally irreversible reaction between the small molecule and the protein-of-interest that enables the energy of an electron occupying the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the chromophore to be given off as a photon instead of being dissipated by nonradiative mechanisms in complex biological environments. This category of fluorogenic small molecules is created by starting with environmentally sensitive fluorophores that are modified by an essential functional group that efficiently quenches the fluorescence until a chemoselective reaction between that functional group and the protein-of-interest occurs, yielding the fluorescent conjugate. Fluorogenic small molecules are envisioned to be useful for a wide variety of applications, including live cell imaging without the requirement for washing steps and pulse-chase kinetic analyses of protein synthesis, trafficking, degradation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Baranczak
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
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26
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Simões CJV, Almeida ZL, Costa D, Jesus CSH, Cardoso AL, Almeida MR, Saraiva MJ, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Brito RMM. A novel bis-furan scaffold for transthyretin stabilization and amyloid inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:823-840. [PMID: 27020050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel bis-furan scaffold tailored for high efficiency at inhibiting transthyretin amyloid formation is reported. In vitro results show that the discovered compounds are more efficient inhibitors of amyloid formation than tafamidis, a drug currently used in the treatment of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), despite their lower molecular weight and lipophilicity. Moreover, ex vivo experiments with the strongest inhibitor in the series, conducted in human blood plasma from normal and FAP Val30Met-transthyretin carriers, disclose remarkable affinity and selectivity profiles. The promises and challenges facing further development of this compound are discussed under the light of increasing evidence implicating transthyretin stability as a key factor not only in transthyretin amyloidoses and several associated co-morbidities, but also in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J V Simões
- BSIM(2) - Drug Discovery, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dora Costa
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina S H Jesus
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria R Almeida
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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27
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Repositioning tolcapone as a potent inhibitor of transthyretin amyloidogenesis and associated cellular toxicity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10787. [PMID: 26902880 PMCID: PMC4766415 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma homotetrameric protein implicated in fatal systemic amyloidoses. TTR tetramer dissociation precedes pathological TTR aggregation. Native state stabilizers are promising drugs to treat TTR amyloidoses. Here we repurpose tolcapone, an FDA-approved molecule for Parkinson's disease, as a potent TTR aggregation inhibitor. Tolcapone binds specifically to TTR in human plasma, stabilizes the native tetramer in vivo in mice and humans and inhibits TTR cytotoxicity. Crystal structures of tolcapone bound to wild-type TTR and to the V122I cardiomyopathy-associated variant show that it docks better into the TTR T4 pocket than tafamidis, so far the only drug on the market to treat TTR amyloidoses. These data indicate that tolcapone, already in clinical trials for familial amyloid polyneuropathy, is a strong candidate for therapeutic intervention in these diseases, including those affecting the central nervous system, for which no small-molecule therapy exists.
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Baranczak A, Kelly JW. A current pharmacologic agent versus the promise of next generation therapeutics to ameliorate protein misfolding and/or aggregation diseases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 32:10-21. [PMID: 26859714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The list of protein aggregation-associated degenerative diseases is long and growing, while the portfolio of disease-modifying strategies is very small. In this review and perspective, we assess what has worked to slow the progression of an aggregation-associated degenerative disease, covering the underlying mechanism of pharmacologic action and what we have learned about the etiology of the transthyretin amyloid diseases and likely amyloidoses in general. Next, we introduce emerging therapies that should apply more generally to protein misfolding and/or aggregation diseases, approaches that rely on adapting the protein homeostasis or proteostasis network for disease amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Baranczak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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29
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Slagman S, Escorihuela J, Zuilhof H, Franssen MCR. Characterization of the laccase-mediated oligomerization of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The curious (lac)case of four dimers – how minor 4-hydroxybenzoic acid dimers can be of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Slagman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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30
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Stock RI, de Melo CEA, Schramm ADS, Nicoleti CR, Bortoluzzi AJ, Heying RDS, Machado VG, Rezende MC. Structure–behavior study of a family of “hybrid cyanine” dyes which exhibit inverted solvatochromism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32256-32265. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06708e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reverse solvatochromism of twenty “hybrid cyanine” dyes reflects their different responses to some properties of the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela I. Stock
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- UFSC
- CP 476
- Florianópolis
| | - Carlos E. A. de Melo
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- UFSC
- CP 476
- Florianópolis
| | - Adriana D. S. Schramm
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- UFSC
- CP 476
- Florianópolis
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- UFSC
- CP 476
- Florianópolis
| | | | - Renata da S. Heying
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- UFSC
- CP 476
- Florianópolis
| | - Vanderlei G. Machado
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- UFSC
- CP 476
- Florianópolis
| | - Marcos C. Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología
- Universidad de Santiago
- Av. B. O'Higgins 3363
- Santiago
- Chile
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31
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García P, Ramallo IA, Salazar MO, Furlan RLE. Chemical diversification of essential oils, evaluation of complex mixtures and identification of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of chemically engineered essential oils has been generated through chemical diversification by reaction with bromine, leading to the discovery of a new brominated xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. García
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, CONICET-UNR)
- Ocampo y Esmeralda
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - I. A. Ramallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, CONICET-UNR)
- Ocampo y Esmeralda
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - M. O. Salazar
- Farmacognosia
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - R. L. E. Furlan
- Farmacognosia
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
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32
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Hong G, Wu S, Zhu X, Mao D, Wang L. Peroxide-mediated direct synthesis of amides from aroyl surrogates. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Banerjee A, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay BP, Sekar K. The putative role of some conserved water molecules in the structure and function of human transthyretin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:2248-66. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human transthyretin (hTTR) is a multifunctional protein that is involved in several neurodegenerative diseases. Besides the transportation of thyroxin and vitamin A, it is also involved in the proteolysis of apolipoprotein A1 and Aβ peptide. Extensive analyses of 32 high-resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction structures of hTTR followed by molecular-dynamics simulation studies using a set of 15 selected structures affirmed the presence of 44 conserved water molecules in its dimeric structure. They are found to play several important roles in the structure and function of the protein. Eight water molecules stabilize the dimeric structure through an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. The absence of some of these water molecules in highly acidic conditions (pH ≤ 4.0) severely affects the interfacial hydrogen-bond network, which may destabilize the native tetrameric structure, leading to its dissociation. Three pairs of conserved water molecules contribute to maintaining the geometry of the ligand-binding cavities. Some other water molecules control the orientation and dynamics of different structural elements of hTTR. This systematic study of the location, absence, networking and interactions of the conserved water molecules may shed some light on various structural and functional aspects of the protein. The present study may also provide some rational clues about the conserved water-mediated architecture and stability of hTTR.
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Baker ES, Burnum-Johnson KE, Ibrahim YM, Orton DJ, Monroe ME, Kelly RT, Moore RJ, Zhang X, Théberge R, Costello CE, Smith RD. Enhancing bottom-up and top-down proteomic measurements with ion mobility separations. Proteomics 2015; 15:2766-76. [PMID: 26046661 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic measurements with greater throughput, sensitivity, and structural information are essential for improving both in-depth characterization of complex mixtures and targeted studies. While LC separation coupled with MS (LC-MS) measurements have provided information on thousands of proteins in different sample types, the introduction of a separation stage that provides further component resolution and rapid structural information has many benefits in proteomic analyses. Technical advances in ion transmission and data acquisition have made ion mobility separations an opportune technology to be easily and effectively incorporated into LC-MS proteomic measurements for enhancing their information content. Herein, we report on applications illustrating increased sensitivity, throughput, and structural information by utilizing IMS-MS and LC-IMS-MS measurements for both bottom-up and top-down proteomics measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Shammel Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Orton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Roger Théberge
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Transthyretin complexes with curcumin and bromo-estradiol: evaluation of solubilizing multicomponent mixtures. N Biotechnol 2014; 32:54-64. [PMID: 25224922 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Crystallographic structure determination of protein-ligand complexes of transthyretin (TTR) has been hindered by the low affinity of many compounds that bind to the central cavity of the tetramer. Because crystallization trials are carried out at protein and ligand concentration that approach the millimolar range, low affinity is less of a problem than the poor solubility of many compounds that have been shown to inhibit amyloid fibril formation. To achieve complete occupancy in co-crystallization experiments, the minimal requirement is one ligand for each of the two sites within the TTR tetramer. Here we present a new strategy for the co-crystallization of TTR using high molecular weight polyethylene glycol instead of high ionic strength precipitants, with ligands solubilized in multicomponent mixtures of compounds. This strategy is applied to the crystallization of TTR complexes with curcumin and 16α-bromo-estradiol. Here we report the crystal structures with these compounds and with the ferulic acid that results from curcumin degradation.
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36
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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37
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Suh EH, Liu Y, Connelly S, Genereux JC, Wilson IA, Kelly JW. Stilbene vinyl sulfonamides as fluorogenic sensors of and traceless covalent kinetic stabilizers of transthyretin that prevent amyloidogenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17869-80. [PMID: 24180271 DOI: 10.1021/ja408230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that react selectively with a specific non-enzyme drug-target protein in a complex biological environment without displacement of a leaving group (tracelessly) are rare and highly desirable. Herein we describe the development of a family of fluorogenic stilbene-based vinyl amides and vinyl sulfonamides that covalently modify transthyretin (TTR) tracelessly. These small molecules bind selectively to TTR in complex biological environments and then undergo a rapid and chemoselective 1,4-Michael addition with the pKa-perturbed Lys-15 ε-amino group of TTR. Replacing the vinyl amide in 2 with the more reactive vinyl sulfonamide in 4 hastens the conjugation kinetics. X-ray cocrystallography verified the formation of the secondary amine bond mediating the conjugation in the case of 2 and 4 and confirmed the expected orientation of the stilbene within the TTR binding sites. Vinyl amide 2 and vinyl sulfonamide 4 potently inhibit TTR dissociation and amyloid fibril formation in vitro. The TTR binding selectivity, modification yield, and reaction chemoselectivity of vinyl sulfonamide 4 are good enough in human plasma to serve as a starting point for medicinal chemistry efforts. Moreover, vinyl sulfonamide 4 is fluorogenic: it exhibits minimal background fluorescence in complex biological environments, remains dark upon binding to TTR, and becomes fluorescent only upon reaction with TTR. The fluorogenicity of 4 was utilized to accurately quantify the native TTR concentration in Escherichia coli lysate using a fluorescence plate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eul Hyun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, §Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and ∥Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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38
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Myung N, Connelly S, Kim B, Park SJ, Wilson IA, Kelly JW, Choi S. Bifunctional coumarin derivatives that inhibit transthyretin amyloidogenesis and serve as fluorescent transthyretin folding sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9188-9190. [PMID: 23989101 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44667k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe coumarin derivatives that are non-fluorescent in aqueous buffers and that very selectively bind to transthyretin (TTR) in complex biological environments potently inhibiting TTR amyloidogenesis while also exhibiting sensitive off-on fluorescent sensing of the properly folded quaternary structure of TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nojoon Myung
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Connelly
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 534-2 Yeonsu 3-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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39
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3D-QSAR and docking studies on 2-arylbenzoxazole and linker-Y transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Grimster NP, Connelly S, Baranczak A, Dong J, Krasnova LB, Sharpless KB, Powers ET, Wilson IA, Kelly JW. Aromatic sulfonyl fluorides covalently kinetically stabilize transthyretin to prevent amyloidogenesis while affording a fluorescent conjugate. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5656-68. [PMID: 23350654 PMCID: PMC3630275 DOI: 10.1021/ja311729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecules that bind selectively to a given protein and then undergo a rapid chemoselective reaction to form a covalent conjugate have utility in drug development. Herein a library of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles substituted at the 2 position with an aryl sulfonyl fluoride and at the 5 position with a substituted aryl known to have high affinity for the inner thyroxine binding subsite of transthyretin (TTR) was conceived of by structure-based design principles and was chemically synthesized. When bound in the thyroxine binding site, most of the aryl sulfonyl fluorides react rapidly and chemoselectively with the pKa-perturbed K15 residue, kinetically stabilizing TTR and thus preventing amyloid fibril formation, known to cause polyneuropathy. Conjugation t50s range from 1 to 4 min, ~1400 times faster than the hydrolysis reaction outside the thyroxine binding site. X-ray crystallography confirms the anticipated binding orientation and sheds light on the sulfonyl fluoride activation leading to the sulfonamide linkage to TTR. A few of the aryl sulfonyl fluorides efficiently form conjugates with TTR in plasma. Eleven of the TTR covalent kinetic stabilizers synthesized exhibit fluorescence upon conjugation and therefore could have imaging applications as a consequence of the environment sensitive fluorescence of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Grimster
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Stevens CB, Hanna JM, Lammi RK. Synthesis of tetrahydroxybiphenyls and tetrahydroxyterphenyls and their evaluation as amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1703-6. [PMID: 23403086 PMCID: PMC3594554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
3,3',4,4'-Tetrahydroxybiphenyl and three isomeric 3,3″,4,4″-tetrahydroxyterphenyls with varying geometries around the central phenyl ring have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activity against aggregation of Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Results from Congo red spectral-shift assays reveal that all four compounds successfully inhibit association of Aβ monomers. For the tetrahydroxyterphenyls, efficacy varies with linker geometry: the ortho-arrangement affords the most successful inhibition and the para-geometry the least, perhaps due to differing abilities of these compounds to bind Aβ. Of the four small molecules studied, 3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxybiphenyl is the most effective inhibitor, reducing Aβ aggregation by 50% when present in stoichiometric concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Geology, Winthrop University, 101 Sims Science Building, Rock Hill, SC 29733
| | - James M. Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Geology, Winthrop University, 101 Sims Science Building, Rock Hill, SC 29733
| | - Robin K. Lammi
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Geology, Winthrop University, 101 Sims Science Building, Rock Hill, SC 29733
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Inhibition of human transthyretin aggregation by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds: a structural and thermodynamic analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5284-311. [PMID: 23466880 PMCID: PMC3634512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric protein that circulates in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) whose aggregation into amyloid fibrils has been associated with at least two different amyloid diseases: senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA) and familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP). In SSA aggregates are composed of WT-TTR, while in FAP more than 100 already-described variants have been found in deposits. Until now, TTR-related diseases have been untreatable, although a new drug called Tafamidis has been approved only in Europe to specifically treat V30M patients. Thus, new strategies are still necessary to treat FAP caused by other variants of TTR. TTR has two channels in the dimer interface that bind to the hormone thyroxin and that have been used to accommodate anti-amyloidogenic compounds. These compounds stabilize the tetramers, rendering TTR less amyloidogenic. Here, we investigated the effects of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds—sulindac (SUL), indomethacin (IND) and lumiracoxib (LUM)—as tetramer stabilizers and aggregation inhibitors. WT-TTR and the very aggressive TTR variant L55P were used as models. These compounds were able to stabilize TTR against high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), increasing the ΔGf by several kcal. They were also effective in inhibiting WT-TTR and L55P acid- or HHP-induced aggregation; in particular, LUM and IND were very effective, inhibiting almost 100% of the aggregation of both proteins under certain conditions. The species formed when aggregation was performed in the presence of these compounds were much less toxic to cells in culture. The crystal structures of WT-TTR bound to the three compounds were solved at high resolution, allowing the identification of the relevant protein:drug interactions. We discuss here the ligand-binding features of LUM, IND and SUL to TTR, emphasizing the critical interactions that render the protein more stable and less amyloidogenic.
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Johnson SM, Connelly S, Fearns C, Powers ET, Kelly JW. The transthyretin amyloidoses: from delineating the molecular mechanism of aggregation linked to pathology to a regulatory-agency-approved drug. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:185-203. [PMID: 22244854 PMCID: PMC3350832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is one of the many proteins that are known to misfold and aggregate (i.e., undergo amyloidogenesis) in vivo. The process of TTR amyloidogenesis causes nervous system and/or heart pathology. While several of these maladies are associated with mutations that destabilize the native TTR quaternary and/or tertiary structure, wild-type TTR amyloidogenesis also leads to the degeneration of postmitotic tissue. Over the past 20 years, much has been learned about the factors that influence the propensity of TTR to aggregate. This biophysical information led to the development of a therapeutic strategy, termed "kinetic stabilization," to prevent TTR amyloidogenesis. This strategy afforded the drug tafamidis which was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy, the most common familial TTR amyloid disease. Tafamidis is the first and currently the only medication approved to treat TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Here we review the biophysical basis for the kinetic stabilization strategy and the structure-based drug design effort that led to this first-in-class pharmacologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Stephen Connelly
- Department of Molecular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Colleen Fearns
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Trivella DBB, dos Reis CV, Lima LMTR, Foguel D, Polikarpov I. Flavonoid interactions with human transthyretin: combined structural and thermodynamic analysis. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:143-53. [PMID: 22842046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a carrier protein involved in human amyloidosis. The development of small molecules that may act as TTR amyloid inhibitors is a promising strategy to treat these pathologies. Here we selected and characterized the interaction of flavonoids with the wild type and the V30M amyloidogenic mutant TTR. TTR acid aggregation was evaluated in vitro in the presence of the different flavonoids. The best TTR aggregation inhibitors were studied by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) in order to reveal their thermodynamic signature of binding to TTRwt. Crystal structures of TTRwt in complex with the top binders were also obtained, enabling us to in depth inspect TTR interactions with these flavonoids. The results indicate that changing the number and position of hydroxyl groups attached to the flavonoid core strongly influence flavonoid recognition by TTR, either by changing ligand affinity or its mechanism of interaction with the two sites of TTR. We also compared the results obtained for TTRwt with the V30M mutant structure in the apo form, allowing us to pinpoint structural features that may facilitate or hamper ligand binding to the V30M mutant. Our data show that the TTRwt binding site is labile and, in particular, the central region of the cavity is sensible for the small differences in the ligands tested and can be influenced by the Met30 amyloidogenic mutation, therefore playing important roles in flavonoid binding affinity, mechanism and mutant protein ligand binding specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B B Trivella
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Tafamidis, a potent and selective transthyretin kinetic stabilizer that inhibits the amyloid cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9629-34. [PMID: 22645360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transthyretin amyloidoses (ATTR) are invariably fatal diseases characterized by progressive neuropathy and/or cardiomyopathy. ATTR are caused by aggregation of transthyretin (TTR), a natively tetrameric protein involved in the transport of thyroxine and the vitamin A-retinol-binding protein complex. Mutations within TTR that cause autosomal dominant forms of disease facilitate tetramer dissociation, monomer misfolding, and aggregation, although wild-type TTR can also form amyloid fibrils in elderly patients. Because tetramer dissociation is the rate-limiting step in TTR amyloidogenesis, targeted therapies have focused on small molecules that kinetically stabilize the tetramer, inhibiting TTR amyloid fibril formation. One such compound, tafamidis meglumine (Fx-1006A), has recently completed Phase II/III trials for the treatment of Transthyretin Type Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) and demonstrated a slowing of disease progression in patients heterozygous for the V30M TTR mutation. Herein we describe the molecular and structural basis of TTR tetramer stabilization by tafamidis. Tafamidis binds selectively and with negative cooperativity (K(d)s ~2 nM and ~200 nM) to the two normally unoccupied thyroxine-binding sites of the tetramer, and kinetically stabilizes TTR. Patient-derived amyloidogenic variants of TTR, including kinetically and thermodynamically less stable mutants, are also stabilized by tafamidis binding. The crystal structure of tafamidis-bound TTR suggests that binding stabilizes the weaker dimer-dimer interface against dissociation, the rate-limiting step of amyloidogenesis.
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Alhamadsheh MM, Connelly S, Cho A, Reixach N, Powers ET, Pan DW, Wilson IA, Kelly JW, Graef IA. Potent kinetic stabilizers that prevent transthyretin-mediated cardiomyocyte proteotoxicity. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:97ra81. [PMID: 21865539 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A valine-to-isoleucine mutation at position 122 of the serum protein transthyretin (TTR), found in 3 to 4% of African Americans, alters its stability, leading to amyloidogenesis and cardiomyopathy. In addition, 10 to 15% of individuals older than 65 years develop senile systemic amyloidosis and cardiac TTR deposits because of wild-type TTR amyloidogenesis. Although several drugs are in development, no approved therapies for TTR amyloid cardiomyopathy are yet available, so the identification of additional compounds that prevent amyloid-mediated cardiotoxicity is needed. To this aim, we developed a fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput screen and used it to identify several new chemical scaffolds that target TTR. These compounds were potent kinetic stabilizers of TTR and prevented TTR tetramer dissociation, partial unfolding, and aggregation of both wild type and the most common cardiomyopathy-associated TTR mutant, V122I-TTR. High-resolution co-crystal structures and characterization of the binding energetics revealed how these diverse structures bound to tetrameric TTR. These compounds effectively inhibited the proteotoxicity of V122I-TTR toward human cardiomyocytes. Several of these ligands stabilized TTR in human serum more effectively than diflunisal, which is a well-studied inhibitor of TTR aggregation, and may be promising leads for the treatment or prevention of TTR-mediated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoun M Alhamadsheh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Abstract
There has been much progress in our understanding of transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidosis including familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), senile systemic amyloidosis and its related disorders from many clinical and experimental aspects. FAP is an inherited severe systemic amyloidosis caused by mutated TTR, and characterized by amyloid deposition mainly in the peripheral nervous system and the heart. Liver transplantation is the only available treatment for the disease. FAP is now recognized not to be a rare disease, and to have many variations based on genetical and biochemical variations of TTR. This chapter covers the recent advances in the clinical and pathological aspects of, and therapeutic approaches to FAP, and the trend as to the molecular pathogenesis of TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamura Nagasaka
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, 409-3898, Chuou-city, Yamanashi, Japan,
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Hillgren JM, Oberg CT, Elofsson M. Syntheses of pseudoceramines A-D and a new synthesis of spermatinamine, bromotyrosine natural products from marine sponges. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1246-54. [PMID: 22179542 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06722b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the total syntheses of pseudoceramine A-D (2-5) and spermatinamine (1) isolated from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp. Direct acyl substitution of α-hydroxyiminoesters with amine nucleophiles was developed as a key transformation. The synthetic compounds confirm the reported structures and importantly gives access to non-symmetrical spermine based natural products carrying two different bromotyrosine building blocks. Our new synthesis of spermatinamine is two steps shorter and more efficient than the previously reported sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikael Hillgren
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-60187, Umeå, Sweden
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Lindquist SL, Kelly JW. Chemical and biological approaches for adapting proteostasis to ameliorate protein misfolding and aggregation diseases: progress and prognosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a004507. [PMID: 21900404 PMCID: PMC3225948 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the proteome to preserve the health of an organism in the face of developmental changes, environmental insults, infectious diseases, and rigors of aging is a formidable task. The challenge is magnified by the inheritance of mutations that render individual proteins subject to misfolding and/or aggregation. Maintenance of the proteome requires the orchestration of protein synthesis, folding, degradation, and trafficking by highly conserved/deeply integrated cellular networks. In humans, no less than 2000 genes are involved. Stress sensors detect the misfolding and aggregation of proteins in specific organelles and respond by activating stress-responsive signaling pathways. These culminate in transcriptional and posttranscriptional programs that up-regulate the homeostatic mechanisms unique to that organelle. Proteostasis is also strongly influenced by the general properties of protein folding that are intrinsic to every proteome. These include the kinetics and thermodynamics of the folding, misfolding, and aggregation of individual proteins. We examine a growing body of evidence establishing that when cellular proteostasis goes awry, it can be reestablished by deliberate chemical and biological interventions. We start with approaches that employ chemicals or biological agents to enhance the general capacity of the proteostasis network. We then introduce chemical approaches to prevent the misfolding or aggregation of specific proteins through direct binding interactions. We finish with evidence that synergy is achieved with the combination of mechanistically distinct approaches to reestablish organismal proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Mechanisms of transthyretin cardiomyocyte toxicity inhibition by resveratrol analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:707-13. [PMID: 21557933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transthyretin amyloidoses are a subset of protein misfolding diseases characterized by the extracellular deposition of aggregates derived from the plasma homotetrameric protein transthyretin (TTR) in peripheral nerves and the heart. We have established a robust disease-relevant human cardiac tissue culture system to explore the cytotoxic effects of amyloidogenic TTR variants. We have employed this cardiac amyloidosis tissue culture model to screen 23 resveratrol analogs as inhibitors of amyloidogenic TTR-induced cytotoxicity and to investigate their mechanisms of protection. Resveratrol and its analogs kinetically stabilize the native tetramer preventing the formation of cytotoxic species. In addition, we demonstrate that resveratrol can accelerate the formation of soluble non-toxic aggregates and that the resveratrol analogs tested can bring together monomeric TTR subunits to form non-toxic native tetrameric TTR.
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