1
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Hörmann N, Kalchschmid C, Grabher P, Grassmayr I, Kapitza P, Kaserer T, Gust R. Development of heterodimeric estrogen receptor alpha antagonists to target simultaneously the ligand and coactivator binding site. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023:e2200638. [PMID: 37173820 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One-third of breast cancer patients will develop recurrent cancer within 15 years of endocrine treatment. Notably, tumor growth in a hormone-refractory state still relies on the interaction between estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and upregulated coactivators. Herein, we suggest that simultaneous targeting of the primary ligand binding site (LBS) and the coactivator binding site (CABS) at ERα represents a promising alternative therapeutic strategy to overcome mutation-driven resistance in breast cancer. We synthesized two series of compounds that connect the LBS-binder (E)-3-{4-[8-fluoro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]oxepin-5-yl]phenyl}acrylic acid 8 with the coactivator binding site inhibitors (CBIs) 4,6-bis(isobutyl(methyl)amino)pyrimidine or 3-(5-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propanoic acid via covalent linkage. The most active benzoxepine-pyrimidine conjugate 31 showed strong inhibition of estradiol-induced transactivation (IC50 = 18.2 nM (ERα) and 61.7 nM (ERβ)) in a luciferase reporter gene assay as well as high antiproliferative effects in MCF-7 (IC50 = 65.9 nM) and tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7/TamR (IC50 = 88.9 nM) breast cancer cells. All heterodimers exhibited two- to sevenfold higher antagonism at ERα (compared with ERβ) and were superior to the acrylic acid precursor 8 in terms of ER antagonism and antiproliferative activity. It was demonstrated on the example of 31 that the compounds did not influence the ERα content in MCF-7 cells and therefore act as pure antiestrogens without downregulating potency. Possible interactions of the CBI at the receptor surface, which enhanced the biological activities, were evaluated using molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Hörmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kalchschmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patricia Grabher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabella Grassmayr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Kapitza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Jung JE, Jang Y, Jeong HJ, Kim SJ, Park K, Oh DH, Yu A, Park CS, Han SJ. Discovery of 3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one and 3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives as novel ENPP1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128947. [PMID: 35995398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) negatively regulates the anti-cancer Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway. We discovered that 3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one and 3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives possessed inhibitory activities on ENPP1. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study led to the identification of 46 and 23 as potent ENPP1 inhibitors. Also, compounds 46 and 23 possessed high microsomal stabilities in human, rat, and mouse liver microsome. Additionally, CYPs (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) were not inhibited by 46 and 23. Molecular dynamics simulations provided an insight of binding modes between ENPP1 and compounds (46 and 23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Jung
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseong Jang
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jeong
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Txinno Bioscience INC, 338 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Park
- OZIWORX. R&D Laboratory, 130-2, Donghwagongdan-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26365, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hee Oh
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahran Yu
- Txinno Bioscience INC, 338 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sun Park
- Txinno Bioscience INC, 338 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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3
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De R, Sengupta U, Antony Savarimuthu S, Misra S, Nanda J, Bera MK. A practical and cost-effective approach to polysubstituted pyrimidine derivatives via DBU mediated redox isomerization of propargyl alcohol and subsequent N-C-N fragment condensation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00586g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward, efficient yet effortless approach for the synthesis of structurally important triarylated pyrimidine derivatives has been successfully developed using secondary propargyl alcohol and commercially available amidines under mild basic...
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4
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Zhang MM, Zhan ZZ, Wang M, Wang HS, Huang GS. Direct Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyrimidines
via
Base‐Mediated One‐Pot Multicomponent Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming M. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhen Z. Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - He S. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Guo S. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
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5
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Bafna D, Ban F, Rennie PS, Singh K, Cherkasov A. Computer-Aided Ligand Discovery for Estrogen Receptor Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4193. [PMID: 32545494 PMCID: PMC7352601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is one of the most predominantly diagnosed cancers in women. Notably, 70% of BCa diagnoses are Estrogen Receptor α positive (ERα+) making it a critical therapeutic target. With that, the two subtypes of ER, ERα and ERβ, have contrasting effects on BCa cells. While ERα promotes cancerous activities, ERβ isoform exhibits inhibitory effects on the same. ER-directed small molecule drug discovery for BCa has provided the FDA approved drugs tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene and fulvestrant that all bind to the estrogen binding site of the receptor. These ER-directed inhibitors are non-selective in nature and may eventually induce resistance in BCa cells as well as increase the risk of endometrial cancer development. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs with alternative ERα targeting mechanisms that can overcome the limitations of conventional anti-ERα therapies. Several functional sites on ERα, such as Activation Function-2 (AF2), DNA binding domain (DBD), and F-domain, have been recently considered as potential targets in the context of drug research and discovery. In this review, we summarize methods of computer-aided drug design (CADD) that have been employed to analyze and explore potential targetable sites on ERα, discuss recent advancement of ERα inhibitor development, and highlight the potential opportunities and challenges of future ERα-directed drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (D.B.); (F.B.); (P.S.R.); (K.S.)
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6
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Shen J, Meng X. Selective synthesis of pyrimidines from cinnamyl alcohols and amidines using the heterogeneous OMS-2 catalyst. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Allosteric Binding Sites On Nuclear Receptors: Focus On Drug Efficacy and Selectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020534. [PMID: 31947677 PMCID: PMC7014104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are highly relevant drug targets in major indications such as oncologic, metabolic, reproductive, and immunologic diseases. However, currently, marketed drugs designed towards the orthosteric binding site of NRs often suffer from resistance mechanisms and poor selectivity. The identification of two superficial allosteric sites, activation function-2 (AF-2) and binding function-3 (BF-3), as novel drug targets sparked the development of inhibitors, while selectivity concerns due to a high conservation degree remained. To determine important pharmacophores and hydration sites among AF-2 and BF-3 of eight hormonal NRs, we systematically analyzed over 10 μ s of molecular dynamics simulations including simulations in explicit water and solvent mixtures. In addition, a library of over 300 allosteric inhibitors was evaluated by molecular docking. Based on our results, we suggest the BF-3 site to offer a higher potential for drug selectivity as opposed to the AF-2 site that is more conserved among the selected receptors. Detected similarities among the AF-2 sites of various NRs urge for a broader selectivity assessment in future studies. In combination with the Supplementary Material, this work provides a foundation to improve both selectivity and potency of allosteric inhibitors in a rational manner and increase the therapeutic applicability of this promising compound class.
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8
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Chai SC, Wright WC, Chen T. Strategies for developing pregnane X receptor antagonists: Implications from metabolism to cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1061-1083. [PMID: 31782213 DOI: 10.1002/med.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor (NR) that was originally identified as a master regulator of xenobiotic detoxification. It regulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters to control the degradation and excretion of endobiotics and xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. The metabolism and disposition of drugs might compromise their efficacy and possibly cause drug toxicity and/or drug resistance. Because many drugs can promiscuously bind and activate PXR, PXR antagonists might have therapeutic value in preventing and overcoming drug-induced PXR-mediated drug toxicity and drug resistance. Furthermore, PXR is now known to have broader cellular functions, including the regulation of cell proliferation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Thus, PXR might be involved in human diseases such as cancer and metabolic diseases. The importance of PXR antagonists is discussed in the context of the role of PXR in xenobiotic sensing and other disease-related pathways. This review focuses on the development of PXR antagonists, which has been hampered by the promiscuity of PXR ligand binding. However, substantial progress has been made in recent years, suggesting that it is feasible to develop selective PXR antagonists. We discuss the current status, challenges, and strategies in developing selective PXR antagonists. The strategies are based on the molecular mechanisms of antagonism in related NRs that can be applied to the design of PXR antagonists, primarily driven by structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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9
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Kamal R, Kumar R, Kumar V, Kumar V, Bansal KK, Sharma PC. Synthesis, Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New 2‐Arylidene‐1‐(4‐methyl‐6‐phenylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)hydrazines. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana India)- 136119
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana India)- 136119
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana India)- 136119
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of BiotechnologyMaharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Haryana India)- 133207
| | - Kushal K. Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana India)- 136119
| | - Prabodh C. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana India)- 136119
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10
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Qin W, Xie M, Qin X, Fang Q, Yin F, Li Z. Recent advances in peptidomimetics antagonists targeting estrogen receptor α-coactivator interaction in cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2827-2836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Piontek A, Bisz E, Szostak M. Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals: In Pursuit of Sustainability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11116-11128. [PMID: 29460380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of precious metals has led to the development of sustainable strategies for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The establishment of new catalytic methods using iron is attractive owing to the low cost, abundance, ready availability, and very low toxicity of iron. In the last few years, sustainable methods for iron-catalyzed cross-couplings have entered the critical area of pharmaceutical research. Most notably, iron is one of the very few metals that have been successfully field-tested as highly effective base-metal catalysts in practical, kilogram-scale industrial cross-couplings. In this Minireview, we critically discuss the strategic benefits of using iron catalysts as green and sustainable alternatives to precious metals in cross-coupling applications for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The Minireview provides an essential introduction to the fundamental aspects of practical iron catalysis, highlights areas for improvement, and identifies new fields to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Piontek
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Elwira Bisz
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, 45-052, Opole, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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12
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Piontek A, Bisz E, Szostak M. Eisenkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen in der Synthese von Pharmazeutika: Streben nach Nachhaltigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Piontek
- Department of Chemistry Opole University 48 Oleska Street 45-052 Opole Polen
| | - Elwira Bisz
- Department of Chemistry Opole University 48 Oleska Street 45-052 Opole Polen
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry Opole University 48 Oleska Street 45-052 Opole Polen
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
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13
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Harutyunyan AA, Gukasyan GT, Panosyan HA, Tamazyan RA, Aivazyan AG, Danagulyan GG. Synthesis and Structure of New Substituted Pyrimidinone with Unsaturated Side Chain. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Xu C, Jiang SF, Wen XH, Zhang Q, Zhou ZW, Wu YD, Jia FC, Wu AX. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Serves as a Dual Synthon: Construction of 5-Methyl Pyrimidine Derivatives via Four Component Oxidative Annulation. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Fen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Cheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan 430205 Poeple's Republic of China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 Poeple's Republic of China
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15
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Cao H, Li X, Zhang W, Wang L, Pan Y, Zhou Z, Chen M, Zhang A, Liang Y, Song M. Anti-estrogenic activity of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate through disruption of co-activator recruitment: experimental and computational studies. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1471-1482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Tressler CM, Zondlo NJ. Perfluoro-tert-butyl Homoserine Is a Helix-Promoting, Highly Fluorinated, NMR-Sensitive Aliphatic Amino Acid: Detection of the Estrogen Receptor·Coactivator Protein-Protein Interaction by 19F NMR. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1062-1074. [PMID: 28165218 PMCID: PMC5894335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly fluorinated amino acids can stabilize proteins and complexes with proteins, via enhanced hydrophobicity, and provide novel methods for identification of specific molecular events in complex solutions, via selective detection by 19F NMR and the absence of native 19F signals in biological contexts. However, the potential applications of 19F NMR in probing biological processes are limited both by the strong propensities of most highly fluorinated amino acids for the extended conformation and by the relatively modest sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy, which typically constrains measurements to mid-micromolar concentrations. Herein, we demonstrate that perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine exhibits a propensity for compact conformations, including α-helix and polyproline helix (PPII), that is similar to that of methionine. Perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine has nine equivalent fluorines that do not couple to any other nuclei, resulting in a sharp singlet that can be sensitively detected rapidly at low micromolar concentrations. Perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine was incorporated at sites of leucine residues within the α-helical LXXLL short linear motif of estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator peptides. A peptide containing perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine at position i + 3 of the ER coactivator LXXLL motif exhibited a Kd of 2.2 μM for the estradiol-bound estrogen receptor, similar to that of the native ligand. 19F NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the sensitive detection (5 μM concentration, 128 scans) of binding of the peptide to the ER and of inhibition of protein-protein interaction by the native ligand or by the ER antagonist tamoxifen. These results suggest diverse potential applications of perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine in probing protein function and protein-protein interfaces in complex solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Tressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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17
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Zhan JL, Wu MW, Chen F, Han B. Cu-Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation for the Synthesis of Pyrimidines via β-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Ketones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11994-12000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Long Zhan
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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18
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Pollock JA, Wardell SE, Parent AA, Stagg DB, Ellison SJ, Alley HM, Chao CA, Lawrence SA, Stice JP, Spasojevic I, Baker JG, Kim SH, McDonnell DP, Katzenellenbogen JA, Norris JD. Inhibiting androgen receptor nuclear entry in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:795-801. [PMID: 27501397 PMCID: PMC5030124 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinical resistance to the second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), despite persistent androgen receptor (AR) activity in tumors, highlights an unmet medical need for next-generation antagonists. We have identified and characterized tetra-aryl cyclobutanes (CBs) as a new class of competitive AR antagonists that exhibit a unique mechanism of action. These CBs are structurally distinct from current antiandrogens (hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide, and enzalutamide) and inhibit AR-mediated gene expression, cell proliferation, and tumor growth in several models of CRPC. Conformational profiling revealed that CBs stabilize an AR conformation resembling an unliganded receptor. Using a variety of techniques, it was determined that the AR-CB complex was not recruited to AR-regulated promoters and, like apo AR, remains sequestered in the cytoplasm, bound to heat shock proteins. Thus, we have identified third-generation AR antagonists whose unique mechanism of action suggests that they may have therapeutic potential in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Pollock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Suzanne E. Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Alexander A. Parent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David B. Stagg
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Stephanie J. Ellison
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Holly M. Alley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christina A. Chao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Scott A. Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - James P. Stice
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Cancer Institute, Pharmaceutical Research – PK/PD Core Laboratory, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jennifer G. Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - John D. Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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19
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Smirnova OV. Competitive Agonists and Antagonists of Steroid Nuclear Receptors: Evolution of the Concept or Its Reversal. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1227-34. [PMID: 26567566 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791510003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms displaying pure and mixed steroid agonist/antagonist activity as well as principles underlying in vivo action of selective steroid receptor modulators dependent on tissue or cell type including interaction with various types of nuclear receptors are analyzed in this work. Mechanisms of in vitro action for mixed agonist/antagonist steroids are discussed depending on: specific features of their interaction with receptor hormone-binding pocket; steroid-dependent allosteric modulation of interaction between hormone-receptor complex and hormone response DNA elements; features of interacting hormone-receptor complex with protein transcriptional coregulators; level and tissue-specific composition of transcriptional coregulators. A novel understanding regarding context-selective modulators replacing the concept of steroid agonists and antagonists is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Smirnova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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20
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Jawale DV, Pratap UR, Bhosale MR, Mane RA. One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Amino Pyrimidines in Aqueous PEG-400 at Ambient Temperature. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaji V. Jawale
- Department of Chemistry; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad 431004 Maharashtra India
| | - Umesh R. Pratap
- Department of Chemistry; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad 431004 Maharashtra India
| | - Manisha R. Bhosale
- Department of Chemistry; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad 431004 Maharashtra India
| | - Ramrao A. Mane
- Department of Chemistry; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad 431004 Maharashtra India
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21
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Biron E, Bédard F. Recent progress in the development of protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting androgen receptor-coactivator binding in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26196120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key regulator for the growth, differentiation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Identified as a primary target for the treatment of prostate cancer, many therapeutic strategies have been developed to attenuate AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. While frontline androgen-deprivation therapies targeting either the production or action of androgens usually yield favorable responses in prostate cancer patients, a significant number acquire treatment resistance. Known as the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the treatment options are limited for this advanced stage. It has been shown that AR signaling is restored in CRPC due to many aberrant mechanisms such as AR mutations, amplification or expression of constitutively active splice-variants. Coregulator recruitment is a crucial regulatory step in AR signaling and the direct blockade of coactivator binding to AR offers the opportunity to develop therapeutic agents that would remain effective in prostate cancer cells resistant to conventional endocrine therapies. Structural analyses of the AR have identified key surfaces involved in protein-protein interaction with coregulators that have been recently used to design and develop promising AR-coactivator binding inhibitors. In this review we will discuss the design and development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the AR-coactivator interactions for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biron
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de recherche en endocrinologie moléculaire et oncologique et génomique humaine, Université Laval, Canada; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Centre, G1 V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - François Bédard
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de recherche en endocrinologie moléculaire et oncologique et génomique humaine, Université Laval, Canada; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Centre, G1 V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada
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22
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Kuz’menko TA, Divaeva LN, Morkovnik AS. 4-substituted 2-chloromethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazoles and their transformations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Munuganti RSN, Hassona MDH, Leblanc E, Frewin K, Singh K, Ma D, Ban F, Hsing M, Adomat H, Lallous N, Andre C, Jonadass JPS, Zoubeidi A, Young RN, Guns ET, Rennie PS, Cherkasov A. Identification of a potent antiandrogen that targets the BF3 site of the androgen receptor and inhibits enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1476-85. [PMID: 25459660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest in the development of androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors with alternative modes of action to overcome the development of resistance to current therapies. We demonstrated previously that one promising strategy for combatting mutation-driven drug resistance is to target the Binding Function 3 (BF3) pocket of the receptor. Here we report the development of a potent BF3 inhibitor, 3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-yl)-1H-indole, which demonstrates excellent antiandrogen potency and anti-PSA activity and abrogates the androgen-induced proliferation of androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and enzalutamide-resistant (MR49F) PCa cell lines. Moreover, this compound effectively reduces the expression of AR-dependent genes in PCa cells and effectively inhibits tumor growth in vivo in both LNCaP and MR49F xenograft models. These findings provide evidence that targeting the AR BF3 pocket represents a viable therapeutic approach to treat patients with advanced and/or resistant prostate cancer.
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24
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Helzer KT, Hooper C, Miyamoto S, Alarid ET. Ubiquitylation of nuclear receptors: new linkages and therapeutic implications. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:R151-67. [PMID: 25943391 PMCID: PMC4457637 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is a group of transcriptional regulators that control multiple aspects of both physiology and pathology and are broadly recognized as viable therapeutic targets. While receptor-modulating drugs have been successful in many cases, the discovery of new drug targets is still an active area of research, because resistance to NR-targeting therapies remains a significant clinical challenge. Many successful targeted therapies have harnessed the control of receptor activity by targeting events within the NR signaling pathway. In this review, we explore the role of NR ubiquitylation and discuss how the expanding roles of ubiquitin could be leveraged to identify additional entry points to control receptor function for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Helzer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Christopher Hooper
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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25
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Singh K, Munuganti RSN, Leblanc E, Lin YL, Leung E, Lallous N, Butler M, Cherkasov A, Rennie PS. In silico discovery and validation of potent small-molecule inhibitors targeting the activation function 2 site of human oestrogen receptor α. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:27. [PMID: 25848700 PMCID: PMC4360945 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current approaches to inhibit oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) are focused on targeting its hormone-binding pocket and have limitations. Thus, we propose that inhibitors that bind to a coactivator-binding pocket on ERα, called activation function 2 (AF2), might overcome some of these limitations. Methods In silico virtual screening was used to identify small-molecule ERα AF2 inhibitors. These compounds were screened for inhibition of ERα transcriptional activity using stably transfected T47D-KBluc cell line. A direct physical interaction between the AF2 binders and the ERα protein was measured using biolayer interferometry (BLI) and an ERα coactivator displacement assay. Cell viability was assessed by MTS assay in ERα-positive MCF7 cells, tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) cell lines TamR3 and TamR6, and ERα-negative MDA-MB-453 and HeLa cell lines. In addition, ERα inhibition in TamR cells and the effect of compounds on mRNA and protein expression of oestrogen-dependent genes, pS2, cathepsin D and cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) were determined. Results Fifteen inhibitors from two chemical classes, derivatives of pyrazolidine-3,5-dione and carbohydrazide, were identified. In a series of in vitro assays, VPC-16230 of the carbohydrazide chemical class emerged as a lead ERα AF2 inhibitor that significantly downregulated ERα transcriptional activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 5.81 μM). By directly binding to the ERα protein, as confirmed by BLI, VPC-16230 effectively displaced coactivator peptides from the AF2 pocket, confirming its site-specific action. VPC-16230 selectively suppressed the growth of ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited ERα mediated transcription in TamR cells. More importantly, it reduced mRNA and protein levels of pS2, cathepsin D and CDC2, validating its ER-directed activity. Conclusion We identified VPC-16230 as an ERα AF2-specific inhibitor that demonstrated promising antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cell lines, including TamR cells. VPC-16230 reduced the expression of ERα-inducible genes, including CDC2, which is involved in cell division. We anticipate that the application of ERα AF2 inhibitors will provide a novel approach that can act as a complementary therapeutic to treat ERα-positive, tamoxifen-resistant and metastatic breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0529-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Rodriguez-Marin S, Murphy NS, Shepherd HJ, Wilson AJ. Design, synthesis and conformational analyses of bifacial benzamide based foldamers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bifacial oligobenzamide based scaffolds that mimic the side chains at i, i + 3 and i + 4 positions of an alpha helix are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Marin
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Natasha S. Murphy
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | | | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
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27
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Moore TW, Gunther JR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Estrogen receptor alpha/co-activator interaction assay: TR-FRET. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1278:545-53. [PMID: 25859975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2425-7_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer, TR-FRET, is a time-gated fluorescence intensity measurement which defines the relative proximity of two biomolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, or DNA) based on the extent of non-radiative energy transfer between two fluorophores with overlapping emission/excitation spectra. In these assays, an excited lanthanide ion acts as a "donor" that transfers energy to an "acceptor" fluorophore through dipole-dipole interactions. A FRET signal is reported as the ratio of acceptor to donor emission following donor excitation. When a donor-conjugated protein interacts with an acceptor-conjugated protein, the donor and acceptor fluorophores are brought in close proximity allowing energy transfer from the donor to the acceptor resulting in a FRET signal. Because the lanthanide donors have a long emission half-life, the energy transfer measurement can be time-gated, which dramatically reduces assay interference (due to background autofluorescence and direct acceptor excitation) and thereby increases data quality. Here, we describe a TR-FRET assay that monitors the interaction of the estrogen receptor (ER) α ligand binding domain (labeled with a terbium chelate via a streptavidin-biotin interaction) with a sequence of coactivator protein SRC3 (labeled directly with fluorescein) and the disruption of this interaction with a peptide and a small molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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28
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Christopoulos A, Changeux JP, Catterall WA, Fabbro D, Burris TP, Cidlowski JA, Olsen RW, Peters JA, Neubig RR, Pin JP, Sexton PM, Kenakin TP, Ehlert FJ, Spedding M, Langmead CJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XC. multisite pharmacology: recommendations for the nomenclature of receptor allosterism and allosteric ligands. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:918-47. [PMID: 25026896 PMCID: PMC11060431 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric interactions play vital roles in metabolic processes and signal transduction and, more recently, have become the focus of numerous pharmacological studies because of the potential for discovering more target-selective chemical probes and therapeutic agents. In addition to classic early studies on enzymes, there are now examples of small molecule allosteric modulators for all superfamilies of receptors encoded by the genome, including ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases. As a consequence, a vast array of pharmacologic behaviors has been ascribed to allosteric ligands that can vary in a target-, ligand-, and cell-/tissue-dependent manner. The current article presents an overview of allostery as applied to receptor families and approaches for detecting and validating allosteric interactions and gives recommendations for the nomenclature of allosteric ligands and their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - William A Catterall
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Richard W Olsen
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - John A Peters
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Frederick J Ehlert
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Michael Spedding
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
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29
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Sinegovskaya LM, Shagun VA, Levanova EP, Korchevin NA, Rozentsveig IB, Smirnov VI. Spectral and Quantum-Chemical Study of Acid-Catalyzed Heterocyclization of S-(2-Chloroprop-2-EN-1-YL)Isothiuronium Chloride with Acetylacetone. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Blackford JA, Brimacombe KR, Dougherty EJ, Pradhan M, Shen M, Li Z, Auld DS, Chow CC, Austin CP, Simons SS. Research resource: modulators of glucocorticoid receptor activity identified by a new high-throughput screening assay. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1194-206. [PMID: 24850414 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids affect almost every type of tissue and thus are widely used to treat a variety of human pathological conditions. However, the severity of numerous side effects limits the frequency and duration of glucocorticoid treatments. Of the numerous approaches to control off-target responses to glucocorticoids, small molecules and pharmaceuticals offer several advantages. Here we describe a new, extended high-throughput screen in intact cells to identify small molecule modulators of dexamethasone-induced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional activity. The novelty of this assay is that it monitors changes in both GR maximal activity (A(max)) and EC(50) (the position of the dexamethasone dose-response curve). Upon screening 1280 chemicals, 10 with the greatest changes in the absolute value of A(max) or EC(50) were selected for further examination. Qualitatively identical behaviors for 60% to 90% of the chemicals were observed in a completely different system, suggesting that other systems will be similarly affected by these chemicals. Additional analysis of the 10 chemicals in a recently described competition assay determined their kinetically defined mechanism and site of action. Some chemicals had similar mechanisms of action despite divergent effects on the level of the GR-induced product. These combined assays offer a straightforward method of identifying numerous new pharmaceuticals that can alter GR transactivation in ways that could be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Blackford
- Steroid Hormones Section (J.A.B., E.J.D., M.P., S.S.S.), Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, and Laboratory of Biological Modeling (C.C.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (K.R.B., M.S., Z.L., D.S.A., C.P.A.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892
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31
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Levanova EP, Grabel’nykh VA, Vakhrina VS, Russavskaya NV, Albanov AI, Korchevin NA, Rozentsveig IB. Synthesis of new 2-(alkenylsulfanyl)pyrimidine derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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33
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Tints K, Prink M, Neuman T, Palm K. LXXLL peptide converts transportan 10 to a potent inducer of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5680-98. [PMID: 24705462 PMCID: PMC4013589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerate expression of transcription coregulator proteins is observed in most human cancers. Therefore, in targeted anti-cancer therapy development, intervention at the level of cancer-specific transcription is of high interest. The steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) is highly expressed in breast, endometrial, and prostate cancer. It is present in various transcription complexes, including those containing nuclear hormone receptors. We examined the effects of a peptide that contains the LXXLL-motif of the human SRC-1 nuclear receptor box 1 linked to the cell-penetrating transportan 10 (TP10), hereafter referred to as TP10-SRC1LXXLL, on proliferation and estrogen-mediated transcription of breast cancer cells in vitro. Our data show that TP10-SRC1LXXLL induced dose-dependent cell death of breast cancer cells, and that this effect was not affected by estrogen receptor (ER) status. Surprisingly TP10-SRC1LXXLL severely reduced the viability and proliferation of hormone-unresponsive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, the regulation of the endogenous ERα direct target gene pS2 was not affected by TP10-SRC1LXXLL in estrogen-stimulated MCF-7 cells. Dermal fibroblasts were similarly affected by treatment with higher concentrations of TP10-SRC1LXXLL and this effect was significantly delayed. These results suggest that the TP10-SRC1LXXLL peptide may be an effective drug candidate in the treatment of cancers with minimal therapeutic options, for example ER-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairit Tints
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Madis Prink
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | | | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
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34
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Weiser PT, Chang CY, McDonnell DP, Hanson RN. 4,4'-Unsymmetrically substituted 3,3'-biphenyl alpha helical proteomimetics as potential coactivator binding inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:917-26. [PMID: 24360824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of unsymmetrically substituted biphenyl compounds was designed as alpha helical proteomimetics with the aim of inhibiting the binding of coactivator proteins to the nuclear hormone receptor coactivator binding domain. These compounds were synthesized in good overall yields in seven steps starting from 2-bromoanisole. The final products were evaluated using cotransfection reporter gene assays and mammalian two-hybrid competitive inhibition assays to demonstrate their effectiveness as competitive binding inhibitors. The results from this study indicate that these proteomimetics possess the ability to inhibit coactivator-receptor interactions, but via a mixed mode of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Weiser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Naduthambi D, Bhor S, Elbaum MB, Zondlo NJ. Synthesis of a tetrasubstituted tetrahydronaphthalene scaffold for α-helix mimicry via a MgBr2-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts epoxide cycloalkylation. Org Lett 2013; 15:4892-5. [PMID: 24016333 DOI: 10.1021/ol402334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
α-Helices are ubiquitous protein recognition elements that bind diverse biomolecular targets. The synthesis of a small molecule scaffold to present the side chains of an α-helix is described. The 1,3,5,7-tetrasubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene scaffold, providing mimicry of the i, i+3, and i+4 positions of an α-helix, was synthesized using a novel MgBr2-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts epoxide cycloalkylation as the key step. Each position may be differentiated via O-alkylation after scaffold synthesis, generating a diversity-oriented approach to readily synthesize proteomimetics for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan Naduthambi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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36
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Guz NR, Leuser H, Goldman E. Process Development and Multikilogram Syntheses of XL228 Utilizing a Regioselective Isoxazole Formation and a Selective SNAr Reaction to a Pyrimidine Core. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400137m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Guz
- Chemical Development, Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
| | - Helena Leuser
- Chemical Development, CARBOGEN-AMCIS, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Erick Goldman
- Chemical Development, Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
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37
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Bayly AR, White AJP, Spivey AC. Design and Synthesis of a Prototype Scaffold for Five-Residue α-Helix Mimetics. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Delia
- Department of Chemistry; Central Michigan University; Mt. Pleasant; Michigan; 48859
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39
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Nguyen HD, Phan TTP, Carraz M, Brunsveld L. Estrogen receptor α/β-cofactor motif interactions; interplay of tyrosine 537/488 phosphorylation and LXXLL motifs. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:3134-41. [PMID: 22930062 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Estrogen Receptors ERα and ERβ bind cofactor proteins via short LXXLL motifs. The exact regulation and selectivity of these interactions remains an open question and the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) is virtually unexplored. Here, we designed an X(7)-LXXLL-X(7) T7 phage display library and screened this against four ER protein constructs: the 'naked' ERα and ERβ Ligand Binding Domains (LBDs) and the tyrosine phosphorylated ERα (pY537) and ERβ (pY488) LBDs. The site-selective tyrosine phosphorylated protein constructs were obtained via a protein semi-synthesis approach. Phage display screening yielded preferential sets of peptides. LXXLL peptides with a low pI/acidic C-terminus prefer binding to the naked ERβ over the phosphorylated ERβ analogue and ERα constructs. Peptides with a high pI/basic C-terminus show the opposite behaviour. These findings not only show regulation of the ERβ-cofactor interaction via tyrosine phosphorylation, but also suggest that ERβ and its tyrosine 488 phosphorylation play crucial roles in modulating interactions of coactivators to ERα since the natural Steroid Receptor Coactivators (SRCs) feature LXXLL motifs with acidic C-termini, while the repressor protein RIP140 features LXXLL motifs with basic C-termini. This insight provides explanation for ER transcriptional activity and can lead to more focussed targeting of the ER-coactivator interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang D Nguyen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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40
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Shan M, Carlson KE, Bujotzek A, Wellner A, Gust R, Weber M, Katzenellenbogen JA, Haag R. Nonsteroidal bivalent estrogen ligands: an application of the bivalent concept to the estrogen receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:707-15. [PMID: 23312071 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a hormone-regulated transcription factor that binds, as a dimer, to estrogens and to specific DNA sequences. To explore at a fundamental level the geometric and topological features of bivalent-ligand binding to the ER dimer, dimeric ER crystal structures were used to rationally design nonsteroidal bivalent estrogen ligands. Guided by this structure-based ligand design, we prepared two series of bivalent ligands (agonists and antagonists) tethered by flexible spacers of varying lengths (7-47 Å) and evaluated their ER-binding affinities for the two ER subtypes and their biological activities in cell lines. Bivalent ligands based on the agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES) proved to be poor candidates, but bivalent ligands based on the antagonist hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) were well suited for intensive study. Binding affinities of the OHT-based bivalent ligands were related to spacer length in a distinctive fashion, reaching two maximum values at 14 and 29 Å in both ER subtypes. These results demonstrate that the bivalent concept can operate in determining ER-ligand binding affinity and suggest that two distinct modes operate for the binding of bivalent estrogen ligands to the ER dimers, an intermolecular as well as an intramolecular mode. Our insights, particularly the possibility of intramolecular bivalent binding on a single ER monomer, may provide an alternative strategy for preparing more selective and active ER antagonists for endocrine therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shan
- Institut für
Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign,
600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Anja Wellner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcus Weber
- Zuse Institut Berlin, Takustrasse 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign,
600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für
Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Fuchs S, Nguyen HD, Phan TTP, Burton MF, Nieto L, de Vries-van Leeuwen IJ, Schmidt A, Goodarzifard M, Agten SM, Rose R, Ottmann C, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L. Proline primed helix length as a modulator of the nuclear receptor-coactivator interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4364-71. [PMID: 23437920 DOI: 10.1021/ja311748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor binding to coactivator proteins is an obligate first step in the regulation of gene transcription. Nuclear receptors preferentially bind to an LXXLL peptide motif which is highly conserved throughout the 300 or so natural coactivator proteins. This knowledge has shaped current understanding of this fundamental protein-protein interaction, and continues to inspire the search for new drug therapies. However, sequence specificity beyond the LXXLL motif and the molecular functioning of flanking residues still requires urgent addressing. Here, ribosome display has been used to reassess the estrogen receptor for new and enlarged peptide recognition motifs, leading to the discovery of a potent and highly evolved PXLXXLLXXP binding consensus. Molecular modeling and X-ray crystallography studies have provided the molecular insights on the role of the flanking prolines in priming the length of the α-helix and enabling optimal interactions of the α-helix dipole and its surrounding amino acids with the surface charge clamp and the receptor activation function 2. These findings represent new structural parameters for modulating the nuclear receptor-coactivator interaction based on linear sequences of proteinogenic amino acids and for the design of chemically modified inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Fuchs
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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42
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Seoane MD, Petkau-Milroy K, Vaz B, Möcklinghoff S, Folkertsma S, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L. Structure–activity relationship studies of miniproteins targeting the androgen receptor–coactivator interaction. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Miniproteins featuring a stable α-helical motif allow exploring point mutations in and around FXXLF motifs to improve androgen receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Petkau-Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Belen Vaz
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Sabine Möcklinghoff
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Simon Folkertsma
- Computational Drug Discovery
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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43
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Caboni L, Lloyd DG. Beyond the ligand-binding pocket: targeting alternate sites in nuclear receptors. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:1081-118. [PMID: 23344935 DOI: 10.1002/med.21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-modulated transcription factors with significant therapeutic relevance from metabolic disorders and inflammation to cancer, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Drug discovery efforts are typically concentrated on modulating the natural ligand action within the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Drawbacks of LBP-based strategies include physiological alterations due to disruption of ligand binding and difficulties in achieving tissue specificity. Furthermore, the lack of a "pure" and predictable mechanism of action predisposes such intervention toward drug resistance. Recent outstanding progress in our understanding of NR biology has shifted the focus of drug discovery efforts from inside to outside the LBP, affording consideration to the interaction between NRs and coactivator proteins, the interaction between NRs and DNA and the NRs' ligand-independent functions. This review encompasses such currently available NR non-LBP-based interventions and their potential application in therapy or as specific tools to probe NR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caboni
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Cho YW, Chow CC, Simons SS. PA1 protein, a new competitive decelerator acting at more than one step to impede glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transactivation. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:42-58. [PMID: 23161582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cofactors modulate the gene regulatory activity of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) by affecting one or more of the following three major transcriptional properties: the maximal activity of agonists (A(max)), the potency of agonists (EC(50)), and the partial agonist activity of antisteroids (PAA). Here, we report that the recently described nuclear protein, Pax2 transactivation domain interaction protein (PTIP)-associated protein 1 (PA1), is a new inhibitor of GR transactivation. PA1 suppresses A(max), increases the EC(50), and reduces the PAA of an exogenous reporter gene in a manner that is independent of associated PTIP. PA1 is fully active with, and strongly binds to, the C-terminal half of GR. PA1 reverses the effects of the coactivator TIF2 on GR-mediated gene induction but is unable to augment the actions of the corepressor SMRT. Analysis of competition assays between PA1 and TIF2 with an exogenous reporter indicates that the kinetic definition of PA1 action is a competitive decelerator at two sites upstream from where TIF2 acts. With the endogenous genes IGFBP1 and IP6K3, PA1 also represses GR induction, increases the EC(50), and decreases the PAA. ChIP and re-ChIP experiments indicate that PA1 accomplishes this inhibition of the two genes via different mechanisms as follows: PA1 appears to increase GR dissociation from and reduce GR transactivation at the IGFBP1 promoter regions but blocks GR binding to the IP6K3 promoter. We conclude that PA1 is a new competitive decelerator of GR transactivation and can act at more than one molecularly defined step in a manner that depends upon the specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Zhang
- Steroid Hormones Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR)-targeted therapies comprise a large class of clinically employed drugs. A number of drugs currently being used against this protein class were designed as structural analogs of the endogenous ligand of these receptors. In recent years, there has been significant interest in developing newer strategies to target NRs, especially those that rely on mechanistic pathways of NR function. Prominent among these are noncanonical means of targeting NRs, which include selective NR modulation, NR coactivator interaction inhibition, inhibition of NR DNA binding, modulation of NR cellular localization, modulation of NR ligand biosynthesis and downregulation of NR levels in target tissues. This article reviews each of these promising emerging strategies for NR drug development and highlights some of most significant successes achieved in using them.
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Awasthi S, Simons SS. Separate regions of glucocorticoid receptor, coactivator TIF2, and comodulator STAMP modify different parameters of glucocorticoid-mediated gene induction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:121-34. [PMID: 22342989 PMCID: PMC3312974 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased specificity in steroid-regulated gene expression is a long-sought goal of endocrinologists. Considerable progress has resulted from the discovery of coactivators, corepressors, and comodulators that adjust the total activity (A(max)) of gene induction. Two less frequently quantitated, but equally potent, means of improving specificity are the concentration of agonist steroid required for half-maximal activity (EC(50)) and the residual or partial agonist activity displayed by most antisteroids (PAA). It is usually assumed that the modulatory activity of transcriptional cofactors coordinately regulates A(max), EC(50), and PAA. Here we examine the hypothesis that these three parameters can be independently modified by separate protein domains. The test system involves three differently sized fragments of each of three factors (glucocorticoid receptor [GR], coactivator TIF2, and comodulator STAMP), which are shown to form a ternary complex and similarly affect the induction properties of transfected and endogenous genes. Twenty-five different fragment combinations of the ternary complex are examined for their ability to modulate the A(max), EC(50), and PAA of a transiently transfected synthetic reporter gene. Different combinations selectively alter one, two, or all three parameters. These results clearly demonstrate that A(max), EC(50), and PAA can be independently regulated under some conditions by different pathways or molecular interactions. This new mechanistic insight suggests that selected activities of individual transcription factors are attractive targets for small molecules, which would have obvious clinical applications for increasing the specificity of steroids during endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Awasthi
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Simons SS, Chow CC. The road less traveled: new views of steroid receptor action from the path of dose-response curves. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:373-82. [PMID: 21664235 PMCID: PMC3184374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional studies of steroid hormone action proceed via quantitation of the maximal activity for gene induction at saturating concentrations of agonist steroid (i.e., A(max)). Less frequently analyzed parameters of receptor-mediated gene expression are EC(50) and PAA. The EC(50) is the concentration of steroid required for half-maximal agonist activity and is readily determined from the dose-response curve. The PAA is the partial agonist activity of an antagonist steroid, expressed as percent of A(max) under the same conditions. Recent results demonstrate that new and otherwise inaccessible mechanistic information is obtained when the EC(50) and/or PAA are examined in addition to the A(max). Specifically, A(max), EC(50), and PAA can be independently regulated, which suggests that novel pathways and factors may preferentially modify the EC(50) and/or PAA with little effect on A(max). Other approaches indicate that the activity of receptor-bound factors can be altered without changing the binding of factors to receptor. Finally, a new theoretical model of steroid hormone action not only permits a mechanistically based definition of factor activity but also allows the positioning of when a factor acts, as opposed to binds, relative to a kinetically defined step. These advances illustrate some of the benefits of expanding the mechanistic studies of steroid hormone action to routinely include EC(50) and PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/CEB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1772, United States.
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Sadana P, Hwang JY, Attia RR, Arnold LA, Neale G, Guy RK. Similarities and differences between two modes of antagonism of the thyroid hormone receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1096-106. [PMID: 21815645 DOI: 10.1021/cb200092v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) mediates diverse physiological functions including growth, differentiation, and energy homeostasis through the thyroid hormone receptors (TR). The TR binds DNA at specific recognition sequences in the promoter regions of their target genes known as the thyroid hormone response elements (TREs). Gene expression at TREs regulated by TRs is mediated by coregulator recruitment to the DNA bound receptor. This TR-coregulator interaction controls transcription of target genes by multiple mechanisms including covalent histone modifications and chromatin remodeling. Our previous studies identified a β-aminoketone as a potent inhibitor of the TR-coactivator interaction. We describe here the activity of one of these inhibitors in modulating effects of T3 signaling in comparison to an established ligand-competitive inhibitor of TR, NH-3. The β-aminoketone was found to reverse thyroid hormone induced gene expression by inhibiting coactivator recruitment at target gene promoters, thereby regulating downstream effects of thyroid hormone. While mimicking the downstream effects of NH-3 at the molecular level, the β-aminoketone affects only a subset of the thyroid responsive signaling network. Thus antagonists directed to the coregulator binding site have distinct pharmacological properties relative to ligand-based antagonists and may provide complementary activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodh Sadana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, United States
| | | | | | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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McDonnell DP, Wardell SE. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of ER modulators: implications for new drug discovery in breast cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 10:620-8. [PMID: 20926342 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of estrogen receptor (ER) ligands has evolved considerably in recent years. Much of this knowledge has come from a detailed dissection of the mechanism(s) of action of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene, so called for their ability to function as ER agonists or antagonists depending on the tissue in which they operate. These mechanistic insights have had a significant impact on the discovery of second generation SERMs, some of which are in late stage clinical development for the treatment/prevention of breast cancer as well as other estrogenopathies. In addition to the SERMs, however, have emerged the Selective Estrogen Degraders (SERDs), which as their name suggests, interact with and facilitate ER turnover in cells. One drug of this class, fulvestrant, has been approved as a third line treatment for ER-positive metastatic breast cancer. Whereas the first generation SERMs/SERDs were discovered in a serendipitous manner, this review will highlight how our understanding of the molecular pharmacology of ER ligands has been utilized in the development of the next generation of SERMs/SERDs, some of which are likely to have a major impact on the pharmacotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Sun A, Moore TW, Gunther JR, Kim MS, Rhoden E, Du Y, Fu H, Snyder JP, Katzenellenbogen JA. Discovering small-molecule estrogen receptor α/coactivator binding inhibitors: high-throughput screening, ligand development, and models for enhanced potency. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:654-66. [PMID: 21365764 PMCID: PMC3177402 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules, namely coactivator binding inhibitors (CBIs), that block estrogen signaling by directly inhibiting the interaction of the estrogen receptor (ER) with coactivator proteins act in a fundamentally different way to traditional antagonists, which displace the endogenous ligand estradiol. To complement our prior efforts at CBI discovery by de novo design, we used high-throughput screening (HTS) to identify CBIs of novel structure and subsequently investigated two HTS hits by analogue synthesis, finding many compounds with low micromolar potencies in cell-based reporter gene assays. We examined structure-activity trends in both series, using induced-fit computational docking to propose binding poses for these molecules in the coactivator binding groove. Analysis of the structure of the ER-steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) complex suggests that all four hydrophobic residues within the SRC nuclear receptor box sequence are important binding elements. Thus, insufficient water displacement upon binding of the smaller CBIs in the expansive complexation site may be limiting the potency of the compounds in these series, which suggests that higher potency CBIs might be found by screening compound libraries enriched with larger molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Jillian R. Gunther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Eric Rhoden
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA)
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
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