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Stepannikova KO, Vashchenko BV, Grygorenko OO, Gorichko MV, Cherepakha AY, Moroz YS, Volovenko YM, Zhersh S. Synthesis of Spirocyclic β- and γ-Sultams by One-Pot Reductive Cyclization of Cyanoalkylsulfonyl Fluorides. European J Org Chem 2020; 2021:6530-6540. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Marian V. Gorichko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Chemspace; Ilukstes iela 38-5 1082 Riga Latvia
| | - Yulian M. Volovenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Serhii Zhersh
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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Xing N, Huang J, Wang P, Luo L, Zheng S, He L. Novel one-pot synthesis of imidazolinones from esters: a concise synthesis of GSK2137305. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2175-2181. [PMID: 32147677 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new copper-catalyzed one-pot reaction resulted in the practical synthesis of imidazolinones in moderate yields from esters. The use of inexpensive copper iodide as the catalyst, (NH4)2CO3 as the nitrogen source and readily available starting materials makes this process economically viable. Applying this protocol to the synthesis of GSK2137305, a concise approach was developed to obtain GSK2137305 from the ester in only three steps with an overall yield of 26.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.
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Kokras N, Hodes GE, Bangasser DA, Dalla C. Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: An obstacle to antidepressant drug development? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4090-4106. [PMID: 31093959 PMCID: PMC6877794 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has long been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, and HPA axis-based compounds have served as potential new therapeutic targets, but with no success. This review details sex differences from animal and human studies in the function of HPA axis elements (glucocorticoids, corticotropin releasing factor, and vasopressin) and related compounds tested as candidate antidepressants. We propose that sex differences contribute to the failure of novel HPA axis-based drugs in clinical trials. Compounds studied preclinically in males were tested in clinical trials that recruited more, if not exclusively, women, and did not control, but rather adjusted, for potential sex differences. Indeed, clinical trials of antidepressants are usually not stratified by sex or other important factors, although preclinical and epidemiological data support such stratification. In conclusion, we suggest that clinical testing of HPA axis-related compounds creates an opportunity for targeted, personalized antidepressant treatments based on sex. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of PharmacologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition HospitalNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Georgia E. Hodes
- School of NeuroscienceVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginia
| | | | - Christina Dalla
- Department of PharmacologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
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Dunlop BW, Binder EB, Iosifescu D, Mathew SJ, Neylan TC, Pape JC, Carrillo-Roa T, Green C, Kinkead B, Grigoriadis D, Rothbaum BO, Nemeroff CB, Mayberg HS. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 Antagonism Is Ineffective for Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:866-874. [PMID: 28793974 PMCID: PMC5683912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication and psychotherapy treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provide insufficient benefit for many patients. Substantial preclinical and clinical data indicate abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, including signaling by corticotropin-releasing factor, in the pathophysiology of PTSD. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, fixed-dose clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of GSK561679, a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1 receptor) antagonist in adult women with PTSD. The trial randomized 128 participants, of whom 96 completed the 6-week treatment period. RESULTS In both the intent-to-treat and completer samples, GSK561679 failed to show superiority over placebo on the primary outcome of change in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale total score. Adverse event frequencies did not significantly differ between GSK561679- and placebo-treated subjects. Exploration of the CRF1 receptor single nucleotide polymorphism rs110402 found that response to GSK561679 and placebo did not significantly differ by genotype alone. However, subjects who had experienced a moderate or severe history of childhood abuse and who were also GG homozygotes for rs110402 showed significant improvement after treatment with GSK561679 (n = 6) but not with placebo (n = 7) on the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trial, the first evaluating a CRF1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of PTSD, combined with other negative trials of CRF1 receptor antagonists for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder, suggest that CRF1 receptor antagonists lack efficacy as monotherapy agents for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boadie W. Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dan Iosifescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay J. Mathew
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine & Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas C. Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco & the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julius C. Pape
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Carrillo-Roa
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Charles Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Becky Kinkead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Barbara O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen S. Mayberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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5
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Murrough JW, Charney DS. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Type 1 Receptor Antagonists for Stress-Related Disorders: Time to Call It Quits? Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:858-860. [PMID: 29129198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Murrough
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Dennis S Charney
- Office of the Dean, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Bezençon O, Heidmann B, Siegrist R, Stamm S, Richard S, Pozzi D, Corminboeuf O, Roch C, Kessler M, Ertel EA, Reymond I, Pfeifer T, de Kanter R, Toeroek-Schafroth M, Moccia LG, Mawet J, Moon R, Rey M, Capeleto B, Fournier E. Discovery of a Potent, Selective T-type Calcium Channel Blocker as a Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Generalized Epilepsies. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9769-9789. [PMID: 29116786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report here the discovery and pharmacological characterization of N-(1-benzyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-phenylacetamide derivatives as potent, selective, brain-penetrating T-type calcium channel blockers. Optimization focused mainly on solubility, brain penetration, and the search for an aminopyrazole metabolite that would be negative in an Ames test. This resulted in the preparation and complete characterization of compound 66b (ACT-709478), which has been selected as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bezençon
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Romain Siegrist
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stamm
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Richard
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Corminboeuf
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Kessler
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Ertel
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Reymond
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Toeroek-Schafroth
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Luca G Moccia
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Mawet
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Richard Moon
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Capeleto
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Elvire Fournier
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Huang A, Wo K, Lee SYC, Kneitschel N, Chang J, Zhu K, Mello T, Bancroft L, Norman NJ, Zheng SL. Regioselective Synthesis, NMR, and Crystallographic Analysis of N1-Substituted Pyrazoles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8864-8872. [PMID: 28718639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the N-substitution reactions of 3-substituted pyrazoles under basic conditions has been undertaken. Regioselective N1-alkylation, -arylation, and -heteroarylation of 3-substituted pyrazoles have been achieved using K2CO3-DMSO. The regioselectivity is justified by the DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G**(d) level. A consistent steric effect on chemical shift has been observed for N-alkyl pyrazole analogues. Twenty-five X-ray crystallographic structures have been obtained to confirm the regiochemistry of the major products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Kellie Wo
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - So Yeun Christine Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Nika Kneitschel
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Jennifer Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Kathleen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Tatsiana Mello
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Natalie J Norman
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College , 106 Central Street, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Bauer B06, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Kassanova AZ, Krasnokutskaya EA, Filimonov VD. Pyridinyl trifluoromethanesulfonates: preparation methods and use in organic synthesis. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ahuja VT, Hartz RA, Molski TF, Mattson GK, Lentz KA, Grace JE, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Synthesis and evaluation of carbamate and aryl ether substituted pyrazinones as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The CRH1 antagonist GSK561679 increases human fear but not anxiety as assessed by startle. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1064-71. [PMID: 25430779 PMCID: PMC4367474 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fear to predictable threat and anxiety to unpredictable threat reflect distinct processes mediated by different brain structures, the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), respectively. This study tested the hypothesis that the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF1) antagonist GSK561679 differentially reduces anxiety but increases fear in humans. A total of 31 healthy females received each of four treatments: placebo, 50 mg GSK561679 (low-GSK), 400 mg GSK561679 (high-GSK), and 1 mg alprazolam in a crossover design. Participants were exposed to three conditions during each of the four treatments. The three conditions included one in which predictable aversive shocks were signaled by a cue, a second during which shocks were administered unpredictably, and a third condition without shock. Fear and anxiety were assessed using the acoustic startle reflex. High-GSK had no effect on startle potentiation during unpredictable threat (anxiety) but increased startle potentiation during the predictable condition (fear). Low-GSK did not affect startle potentiation across conditions. Consistent with previous findings, alprazolam reduced startle potentiation during unpredictable threat but not during predictable threat. The increased fear by high-GSK replicates animal findings and suggests a lift of the inhibitory effect of the BNST on the amygdala by the CRF1 antagonist.
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Xiao JA, Wang CM, Wang J, Ou GC, Zhang XY, Yang H. Highly stereoselective synthesis of novel spiroimidazolidinones directed by pyridine prolinamide. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Lin CP, Florio P, Campi EM, Zhang C, Fredericks DP, Saito K, Jackson WR, Hearn MT. Synthesis of substituted terpyridine ligands for use in protein purification. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Krasnokutskaya EA, Kassanova AZ, Estaeva MT, Filimonov VD. A new synthesis of pyridinyl trifluoromethanesulfonates via one-pot diazotization of aminopyridines in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bourke CH, Glasper ER, Neigh GN. SSRI or CRF antagonism partially ameliorate depressive-like behavior after adolescent social defeat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:295-9. [PMID: 24867331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety during adolescence are complex disorders due to persistent effects on physiology and behavior. Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are currently the most widely used pharmacological intervention for depression. Corticotropin-releasing factor one (CRF1) receptor antagonists represent a novel class of compounds that may have efficacy for depressive and anxiety disorders. This study used an animal model of chronic adolescent stress to determine the efficacy of the SSRI fluoxetine, and a novel CRF1 receptor antagonist, GSK876008, on prevention of the behavioral effects of chronic adolescent stress. Male rats were exposed to chronic social defeat stress, fluoxetine, and/or GSK876008 from postnatal day 28-50. Chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors were partially attenuated by either concurrent fluoxetine or GSK876008. Fluoxetine blunted body mass gain in the adolescents exposed to chronic stress. The collective data demonstrate similar efficacy between a SSRI and a CRF1 receptor antagonist in the attenuation of stress-induced anhedonia but fewer side effects were observed in those rats treated with the CRF1 receptor antagonist. These data suggest that CRF1 receptor antagonists may be a viable alternative for treatment of depressive behaviors in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase H Bourke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica R Glasper
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Labus JS, Hubbard CS, Bueller J, Ebrat B, Tillisch K, Chen M, Stains J, Dukes GE, Kelleher DL, Naliboff BD, Fanselow M, Mayer EA. Impaired emotional learning and involvement of the corticotropin-releasing factor signaling system in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1253-61.e1-3. [PMID: 23954313 PMCID: PMC4069031 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in central corticotropin-releasing factor signaling pathways have been implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to characterize the effects of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-R1) antagonist, GW876008, on brain and skin conductance responses during acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear to the threat of abdominal pain in subjects with IBS and healthy individuals (controls). METHODS We performed a single-center, randomized, double-blind, 3-period crossover study of 11 women with IBS (35.50 ± 12.48 years old) and 15 healthy women (controls) given a single oral dose (20 mg or 200 mg) of the CRF-R1 antagonist or placebo. Blood-oxygen level-dependent responses were analyzed using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a tertiary care setting. RESULTS Controls had greater skin conductance responses during acquisition than extinction, validating the fear-conditioning paradigm. In contrast, during extinction, women with IBS had greater skin conductance responses than controls-an effect normalized by administration of a CRF-R1 antagonist. Although the antagonist significantly reduced activity in the thalamus in patients with IBS and controls during acquisition, the drug produced greater suppression of blood-oxygen level-dependent activity in a wide range of brain regions in IBS patients during extinction, including the medial prefrontal cortex, pons, hippocampus, and anterior insula. CONCLUSIONS Although CRF signaling via CRF-R1 is involved in fear acquisition and extinction learning related to expected abdominal pain in patients with IBS and controls, this system appears to be up-regulated in patients with IBS. This up-regulation might contribute to the previously reported abnormal brain responses to expected abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Labus
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine S. Hubbard
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joshua Bueller
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bahar Ebrat
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jean Stains
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Bruce D. Naliboff
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Fanselow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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17
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Aubry JM. CRF system and mood disorders. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 54:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zorrilla EP, Heilig M, de Wit H, Shaham Y. Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on targeting CRF(1) receptor antagonists to treat alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:175-86. [PMID: 23294766 PMCID: PMC3596012 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders are chronic disabling conditions for which existing pharmacotherapies have only modest efficacy. In the present review, derived from the 2012 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry "Translational Research in Addiction" symposium, we summarize the anti-relapse potential of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists to reduce negative emotional symptoms of acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal and stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking. METHODS We review the biology of CRF(1) systems, the activity of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, and experimental findings in alcohol addiction models. We also update the clinical trial status of CRF(1) receptor antagonists, including pexacerfont (BMS-562086), emicerfont (GW876008), verucerfont (GSK561679), CP316311, SSR125543A, R121919/NBI30775, R317573/19567470/CRA5626, and ONO-2333Ms. Finally, we discuss the potential heterogeneity and pharmacogenomics of CRF(1) receptor pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence. RESULTS The evidence suggests that brain penetrant-CRF(1) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential for alcohol dependence. Lead compounds with clinically desirable pharmacokinetic properties now exist, and longer receptor residence rates (i.e., slow dissociation) may predict greater CRF(1) receptor antagonist efficacy. Functional variants in genes that encode CRF system molecules, including polymorphisms in Crhr1 (rs110402, rs1876831, rs242938) and Crhbp genes (rs10055255, rs3811939) may promote alcohol seeking and consumption by altering basal or stress-induced CRF system activation. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing clinical trials with pexacerfont and verucerfont in moderately to highly severe dependent anxious alcoholics may yield insight as to the role of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in a personalized medicine approach to treat drug or alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037 USA,Correspondence: Eric P. Zorrilla, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA, tel: 858-784-7416, fax: 858-784-7405,
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Sink KS, Chung A, Ressler KJ, Davis M, Walker DL. Anxiogenic effects of CGRP within the BNST may be mediated by CRF acting at BNST CRFR1 receptors. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:286-93. [PMID: 23376701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) acting within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) increases anxiety as well as neural activation in anxiety-related structures, and mediates behavioral stress responses. Similar effects have been described following intra-ventricular as well as intra-BNST infusions of the stress-responsive neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Interestingly, CGRP-positive terminals within the lateral division of the BNST form perisomatic baskets around neurons that express CRF, suggesting that BNST CGRP could exert its anxiogenic effects by increasing release of CRF from these neurons. With this in mind, the present set of experiments was designed to examine the role of CRFR1 signaling in the anxiogenic effects of CGRP within the BNST and to determine whether CRF from BNST neurons contributes to these effects. Consistent with previous studies, we found that 400 ng CGRP infused bilaterally into the BNST increased the acoustic startle response and induced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze compared to vehicle. Both of these effects were attenuated by 10mg/kg PO of the CRFR1 antagonist, GSK876008. GSK876008 alone did not affect startle. An intra-BNST infusion of the CRFR1 antagonist CP376395 (2 μg) also blocked increases in acoustic startle induced by intra-BNST infusion of CGRP, as did virally-mediated siRNA knockdown of CRF expression locally within the BNST. Together, these results suggest that the anxiogenic effects of intra-BNST CGRP may be mediated by CRF from BNST neurons acting at local CRFR1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sink
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist alters regional activation and effective connectivity in an emotional-arousal circuit during expectation of abdominal pain. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12491-500. [PMID: 21880911 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1860-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling pathways have been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology. We aimed to (1) determine the effect of the selective CRF receptor 1 antagonist (CRF(1)) GW876008 relative to placebo, on regional activation and effective connectivity of a stress-related emotional-arousal circuit during expectation of abdominal pain using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human subjects with a diagnosis of IBS and healthy controls (HCs), and (2) examine GW876008 effects on state-trait anxiety and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response. Although there were no drug-related effects on peripheral HPA activity, significant central effects were observed in brain regions associated with the stress response. Effective connectivity analysis showed drug-induced normalizations between key regions of the emotional-arousal circuit in patients. During pain expectation, orally administered GW876008 relative to placebo produced significant blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal reductions in the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate, and orbitomedial prefrontal cortices across groups. Patients showed significantly greater BOLD responses in the left locus coeruleus and hypothalamus after placebo compared with HCs, and BOLD signal decreases in the left hypothalamus after drug. The inhibitory effects of GW876008 in the hypothalamus in patients were moderated by anxiety; patients having average and high levels of state anxiety showed drug-related BOLD decreases. GW876008 represents a novel tool for elucidating the neuronal mechanisms and circuitry underlying hyperactivation of CRF/CRF(1) signaling and its role in IBS pathophysiology. The unique state anxiety effects observed suggest a potential pathway for therapeutic benefit of CRF(1) receptor antagonism for patients with stress-sensitive disorders.
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de Graaf C, Rein C, Piwnica D, Giordanetto F, Rognan D. Structure-based discovery of allosteric modulators of two related class B G-protein-coupled receptors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2159-69. [PMID: 21994134 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of X-ray crystal structure data for several members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, structure-based discovery of GPCR ligands has been exclusively restricted to class A (rhodopsin-like) receptors. Herein we report the identification, by a docking-based virtual screening approach, of noncompetitive ligands for two related class B (secretin-like) GPCRs: the glucagon receptor (GLR) and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R). Starting from a knowledge-based three-dimensional model of the GLR, a database of 1.9 million commercially available drug-like compounds was screened for chemical similarity to existing GLR noncompetitive antagonists and docked to the transmembrane cavity of the GLR; 23 compounds were then selected based on protein-ligand interaction fingerprints, and were then purchased and evaluated for in vitro binding to GLR and modulation of glucagon-induced cAMP release. Two of the 23 compounds inhibited the effect of glucagon in a dose-dependent manner, with one inhibitor exhibiting the same potency as L-168 049, a reference noncompetitive GLR antagonist, in a whole-cell-based functional assay. Interestingly, one virtual hit that was inactive at the GLR was shown to bind to GLP-1R and potentiate the response to the endogenous GLP-1 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Structural Chemogenomics Group, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-UdS, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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22
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Paez-Pereda M, Hausch F, Holsboer F. Corticotropin releasing factor receptor antagonists for major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:519-35. [PMID: 21395482 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.565330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder is a serious and common psychiatric illness, and many of the depressive patients benefit from pharmacological treatment. Available antidepressants produce remission in only about 30 -- 40% of the patients. Therefore, new concepts are being explored for the development of innovative antidepressants with higher efficacy. AREAS COVERED The use of corticotropin releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists for depression is supported by abundant evidence of target validation, the availability of in vitro and in vivo assays and specific small ligands. Some of these compounds have advanced to clinical studies, with discouraging results so far in depression. This review covers the development of CRF1 receptor antagonists at different stages of the development pipeline of the pharmaceutical industry and its bottlenecks. Most of the available CRF1 receptor antagonists known so far share a common chemical scaffold. We present possible strategies to overcome obstacles in the discovery and development process at the levels of library screenings and clinical studies to find more diverse compounds. EXPERT OPINION CRF1 receptor antagonists are expected to be beneficial only for those patients with CRF overexpression and the need for tests to identify these individuals is discussed. New technical developments and diagnostic tools might eventually lead to a more successful treatment of major depression with CRF1 receptor antagonists.
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Ji N, Meredith E, Liu D, Adams CM, Artman GD, Jendza KC, Ma F, Mainolfi N, Powers JJ, Zhang C. Syntheses of 1-substituted-3-aminopyrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Provera S, Rovatti L, Turco L, Mozzo S, Spezzaferri A, Bacchi S, Ribecai A, Guelfi S, Mingardi A, Marchioro C, Papini D. A multi-technique approach using LC–NMR, LC–MS, semi-preparative HPLC, HR–NMR and HR–MS for the isolation and characterization of low-level unknown impurities in GW876008, a novel corticotropin-release factor 1 antagonist. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:517-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Ribecai A, Bacchi S, Delpogetto M, Guelfi S, Manzo AM, Perboni A, Stabile P, Westerduin P, Hourdin M, Rossi S, Provera S, Turco L. Identification of a Manufacturing Route of Novel CRF-1 Antagonists Containing a 2,3-Dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine Moiety. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Ribecai
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Bacchi
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Delpogetto
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Guelfi
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Angelo Maria Manzo
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Alcide Perboni
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Stabile
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Pieter Westerduin
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Marie Hourdin
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Rossi
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Provera
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Lucilla Turco
- Chemical Development Department and Analytical Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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26
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Progress in corticotropin-releasing factor-1 antagonist development. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:371-83. [PMID: 20206287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists have been sought since the stress-secreted peptide was isolated in 1981. Although evidence is mixed concerning the efficacy of CRF(1) antagonists as antidepressants, CRF(1) antagonists might be novel pharmacotherapies for anxiety and addiction. Progress in understanding the two-domain model of ligand-receptor interactions for CRF family receptors might yield chemically novel CRF(1) receptor antagonists, including peptide CRF(1) antagonists, antagonists with signal transduction selectivity and nonpeptide CRF(1) antagonists that act via the extracellular (rather than transmembrane) domains. Novel ligands that conform to the prevalent pharmacophore and exhibit drug-like pharmacokinetic properties have been identified. The therapeutic utility of CRF(1) antagonists should soon be clearer: several small molecules are currently in Phase II/III clinical trials for depression, anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome.
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27
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Davis M, Walker DL, Miles L, Grillon C. Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:105-35. [PMID: 19693004 PMCID: PMC2795099 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1021] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety are very similar, they also differ. Fear is a generally adaptive state of apprehension that begins rapidly and dissipates quickly once the threat is removed (phasic fear). Anxiety is elicited by less specific and less predictable threats, or by those that are physically or psychologically more distant. Thus, anxiety is a more long-lasting state of apprehension (sustained fear). Rodent studies suggest that phasic fear is mediated by the amygdala, which sends outputs to the hypothalamus and brainstem to produce symptoms of fear. Sustained fear is also mediated by the amygdala, which releases corticotropin-releasing factor, a stress hormone that acts on receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a part of the so-called 'extended amygdala.' The amygdala and BNST send outputs to the same hypothalamic and brainstem targets to produce phasic and sustained fear, respectively. In rats, sustained fear is more sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. In humans, symptoms of clinical anxiety are better detected in sustained rather than phasic fear paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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28
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Walker DL, Miles LA, Davis M. Selective participation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and CRF in sustained anxiety-like versus phasic fear-like responses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1291-308. [PMID: 19595731 PMCID: PMC2783512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The medial division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA(M)) and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST(L)) are closely related. Both receive projections from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and both project to brain areas that mediate fear-influenced behaviors. In contrast to CeA(M) however, initial attempts to implicate the BNST in conditioned fear responses were largely unsuccessful. More recent studies have shown that the BNST does participate in some types of anxiety and stress responses. Here, we review evidence suggesting that the CeA(M) and BNST(L) are functionally complementary, with CeA(M) mediating short- but not long-duration threat responses (i.e., phasic fear) and BNST(L) mediating long- but not short-duration responses (sustained fear or 'anxiety'). We also review findings implicating the stress-related peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in sustained but not phasic threat responses, and attempt to integrate these findings into a neural circuit model which accounts for these and related observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: David L. Walker, Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Yerkes Neurosci Bldg – Rm 5214, Atlanta, GA 30329, Ph: (404) 727-3587, Fax: (404) 727-8070,
| | | | - M. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,The Center for Behavior Neurosci, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Miller DC, Klute W, Calabrese A, Brown AD. Optimising metabolic stability in lipophilic chemical space: The identification of a metabolically stable pyrazolopyrimidine CRF-1 receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6144-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Walker D, Yang Y, Ratti E, Corsi M, Trist D, Davis M. Differential effects of the CRF-R1 antagonist GSK876008 on fear-potentiated, light- and CRF-enhanced startle suggest preferential involvement in sustained vs phasic threat responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:1533-42. [PMID: 19078950 PMCID: PMC3586210 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The amplitude of the acoustic startle response is increased when elicited in the presence of brief cues that predict shock (fear-potentiated startle) and also when elicited during sustained exposure to bright light (light-enhanced startle). Although both effects are thought to reflect fear or anxiety, their neuroanatomical substrates differ. Although fear-potentiated startle is disrupted by reversible inactivation of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) but not the closely related bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), light-enhanced startle is disrupted by BNST inactivation but not by CeA inactivation. Intraventricular infusions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) also increase startle (CRF-enhanced startle) and this effect is mediated by CRF receptors within the BNST, with no involvement of the CeA. Together, these observations suggest that CeA- and BNST-dependent fear and anxiety may be differentially sensitive to CRF receptor blockade. We tested this by orally administering the novel, potent, and selective CRF-R1 antagonist GSK876008 to rats before CRF-enhanced, light-enhanced, or fear-potentiated startle testing. GSK876008 disrupted CRF-enhanced startle with a linear dose-response curve, and light-enhanced startle with a U-shaped dose-response curve, but did not disrupt fear-potentiated startle to a visual stimulus at any dose tested, and even augmented the response in some animals. GSK876008 also disrupted shock-related 'baseline' startle increases, which may have reflected context conditioning (shown elsewhere to also be BNST-dependent). Overall, these results suggest that short-duration CeA-dependent threat responses can be pharmacologically dissociated from longer duration BNST-dependent responses in terms of their sensitivity to CRF1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Y. Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E. Ratti
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - M. Corsi
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - D. Trist
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - M. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,The Center for Behavior Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hopper DW, Crombie AL, Clemens JJ, Kwon S. Chapter 6.1: Six-Membered Ring Systems: Pyridine and Benzo Derivatives. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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