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Yang X, Wu H, Zhou G, Zhang D, Yang Q, Liu Y, Li Y. Autosis: a new form of cell death in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04988-0. [PMID: 38594455 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes undergo a variety of cell death events during myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion injury (MIRI). Understanding the causes of cardiomyocyte mortality is critical for the prevention and treatment of MIRI. Among the various types of cell death, autosis is a recently identified type of autophagic cell death with distinct morphological and chemical characteristics. Autosis can be attenuated by autophagy inhibitors but not reversed by apoptosis or necrosis inhibitors. In recent years, it has been shown that during the late phase of reperfusion, autosis is activated, which exacerbates myocardial injury. This article describes the characteristics of autosis, autophagic cell death, and the relationship between autophagic cell death and autosis; reviews the mechanism of autosis in MIRI; and discusses its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China.
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China.
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China.
| | - Gang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
| | - Qingzhuo Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, HuBei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443000, HuBei Province, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, HuBei Province, China
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Jia J, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Chen R, Chen X. Formal Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743 from N-Cbz-l-tyrosine. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A formal total synthesis of ecteinascidin 743 and lurbinectedin is achieved. Key features involve a Pictet-Spengler cyclization coupling of the tetrahydroisoquinoline and phenylalaninol moieties prepared by a common route with high yield and selectivity, a Parikh-Doering oxidation with good chemoselectivity and functionality tolerance, and a light-mediated A-ring elaboration of pentacyclic methoxyquinone substrates. By the approach, the known advanced intermediate (4-step conversion to Et-743) can be obtained conveniently in 21 total steps from N-Cbz-l-tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | | | - Xiaochuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
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Jiang C, Liu K, Zhang L, Liu T, Zhang N, Xu Y. Ni(II) Salt-catalyzed Direct Aryl Thioetherification of 1-Naphthylamine and its Derivative with Disulfides. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R.China
- Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, P.R.China
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R.China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R.China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R.China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, P.R.China
| | - Youjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R.China
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Jia J, Chen R, Jia Y, Gu H, Zhou Q, Chen X. Convergent Formal Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13696-13706. [PMID: 31523959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A concise formal synthesis of ecteinascidin 743 is described. Key features involve the coupling of the multisubstituted tetrahydroisoquinoline and phenylalaninol moieties via a regio- and stereoselective Pictet-Spengler cyclization as well as the subsequent chemoselective MOM protection of the phenol group, which opens a rapid access to the desirable pentacycle. The synthesis successfully delivered the advanced intermediate with the characteristic macrolactone from sesamol in 23 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P.R. China
| | - Ruijiao Chen
- Jining Medical College , Jining 272067 , P.R. China
| | - Yuanliang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P.R. China
| | - He Gu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P.R. China
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Development of Biotransamination Reactions towards the 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3-amine Enantiomers. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of chiral amines is an appealing task nowadays. In this context, biocatalysis plays a crucial role due to the straightforward conversion of prochiral and racemic ketones into enantiopure amines by means of a series of enzyme classes such as amine dehydrogenases, imine reductases, reductive aminases and amine transaminases. In particular, the stereoselective synthesis of 1,5-benzoxathiepin-3-amines have attracted particular attention since they possess remarkable biological profiles; however, their access through biocatalytic methods is unexplored. Amine transaminases are applied herein in the biotransamination of 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3-one, finding suitable enzymes for accessing both target amine enantiomers in high conversion and enantiomeric excess values. Biotransamination experiments have been analysed, trying to optimise the reaction conditions in terms of enzyme loading, temperature and reaction times.
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Rajamani S, Liu G, El-Bizri N, Guo D, Li C, Chen XL, Kahlig KM, Mollova N, Elzein E, Zablocki J, Belardinelli L. The novel late Na + current inhibitor, GS-6615 (eleclazine) and its anti-arrhythmic effects in rabbit isolated heart preparations. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3088-3098. [PMID: 27449698 PMCID: PMC5056228 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enhanced late Na+ current (late INa ) in the myocardium is pro-arrhythmic. Inhibition of this current is a promising strategy to stabilize ventricular repolarization and suppress arrhythmias. Here, we describe GS-6615, a selective inhibitor of late INa , already in clinical development for the treatment of long QT syndrome 3 (LQT3). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of GS-6615 to inhibit late INa , versus other ion currents to shorten the ventricular action potential duration (APD), monophasic APD (MAPD) and QT interval, and decrease to the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was determined in rabbit cardiac preparations. To mimic the electrical phenotype of LQT3, late INa was increased using the sea anemone toxin (ATX-II). KEY RESULTS GS-6615 inhibited ATX-II enhanced late INa in ventricular myocytes (IC50 = 0.7 μM), shortened the ATX-II induced prolongation of APD, MAPD, QT interval, and decreased spatiotemporal dispersion of repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias. Inhibition by GS-6615 of ATX-II enhanced late INa was strongly correlated with shortening of myocyte APD and isolated heart MAPD (R2 = 0.94 and 0.98 respectively). In contrast to flecainide, GS-6615 had the minimal effects on peak INa . GS-6615 did not decrease the maximal upstroke velocity of the action potential (Vmax) nor widen QRS intervals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GS-6615 was a selective inhibitor of late INa , stabilizes the ventricular repolarization and suppresses arrhythmias in a model of LQT3. The concentrations at which the electrophysiological effects of GS-6615 were observed are comparable to plasma levels associated with QTc shortening in patients with LQT3, indicating that these effects are clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gongxin Liu
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Nesrine El-Bizri
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Donglin Guo
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Li
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Liang Chen
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Nevena Mollova
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Elfatih Elzein
- Department of Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Department of Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Luiz Belardinelli
- Department of Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA.
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Zablocki JA, Elzein E, Li X, Koltun DO, Parkhill EQ, Kobayashi T, Martinez R, Corkey B, Jiang H, Perry T, Kalla R, Notte GT, Saunders O, Graupe M, Lu Y, Venkataramani C, Guerrero J, Perry J, Osier M, Strickley R, Liu G, Wang WQ, Hu L, Li XJ, El-Bizri N, Hirakawa R, Kahlig K, Xie C, Li CH, Dhalla AK, Rajamani S, Mollova N, Soohoo D, Lepist EI, Murray B, Rhodes G, Belardinelli L, Desai MC. Discovery of Dihydrobenzoxazepinone (GS-6615) Late Sodium Current Inhibitor (Late I Nai), a Phase II Agent with Demonstrated Preclinical Anti-Ischemic and Antiarrhythmic Properties. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9005-9017. [PMID: 27690427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Late sodium current (late INa) is enhanced during ischemia by reactive oxygen species (ROS) modifying the Nav 1.5 channel, resulting in incomplete inactivation. Compound 4 (GS-6615, eleclazine) a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of late INa, is currently in clinical development for treatment of long QT-3 syndrome (LQT-3), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and ventricular tachycardia-ventricular fibrillation (VT-VF). We will describe structure-activity relationship (SAR) leading to the discovery of 4 that is vastly improved from the first generation late INa inhibitor 1 (ranolazine). Compound 4 was 42 times more potent than 1 in reducing ischemic burden in vivo (S-T segment elevation, 15 min left anteriorior descending, LAD, occlusion in rabbits) with EC50 values of 190 and 8000 nM, respectively. Compound 4 represents a new class of potent late INa inhibitors that will be useful in delineating the role of inhibitors of this current in the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gongxin Liu
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Wei-Qun Wang
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Lufei Hu
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Xiao-Jun Li
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Nesrine El-Bizri
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Ryoko Hirakawa
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Kris Kahlig
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Cheng Xie
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Cindy Hong Li
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Arvinder K Dhalla
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Sridharan Rajamani
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Belardinelli
- Biology, Gilead Sciences Inc. , 7601 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, United States
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D'Elia E, Fiocca L, Ferrero P, Iacovoni A, Baio P, Medolago G, Duino V, Gori M, Gavazzi A, Senni M. Ranolazine in Heart Failure With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Microvascular Dysfunction: Case Report and Literature Review. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:665-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia D'Elia
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Luigi Fiocca
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Paolo Ferrero
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Attilio Iacovoni
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Pierangelo Baio
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Giuseppe Medolago
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Vincenzo Duino
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | - Mauro Gori
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
| | | | - Michele Senni
- Cardiovascular Department; AO Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo; Italy
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Disruption of chronic cariporide treatment abrogates myocardial ion homeostasis during acute ischemia reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:284-94. [PMID: 21697734 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318223ebb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cariporide, an Na/H exchanger inhibitor, is a drug with cardioprotective properties. However, chronic treatment with cariporide may modify the protein phenotype of the cardiomyocytes. Disruption of the equilibrium between a cariporide-modified phenotype and the supply of cariporide could be deleterious. The aim of this study was to test the effects of this equilibrium rupture (EqR) on cardiac function at baseline and acute ischemia reperfusion. Rats were chronically treated with cariporide (2.5 mg·kg·d) or with placebo for 21 days, after which isolated Langendorff-mode heart perfusion experiments utilized cariporide-free buffer. During this type of perfusion, the drug is rapidly cleared from the cellular environment. After 30 minutes of stabilization, the hearts were subjected to global zero-flow ischemia (25 minutes) followed by reperfusion (45 minutes). Measures of mechanical function, oxygen consumption, lactate plus pyruvate, CO2 and proton release into the coronary effluent were determined. The gene and protein expression of proton extruders was also evaluated. Chronic cariporide administration followed by EqR reduced the expression of the Na/H exchanger, increased the expression of the HCO3 or Na exchanger, decreased monocarboxylate/H carrier expression, reduced the lactate plus pyruvate release but did not change the glucose oxidation rate and mechanical function compared with baseline conditions. The resulting low glycolytic rate was associated with a stronger contracture during ischemia. During reperfusion, the early release of acidic forms was higher and redirected toward the use of the Na/H and HCO3 /Na exchangers to the detriment of the safe monocarboxylate/H carrier. Both phenomena were assumed to increase the Na uptake and activate the Na/Ca exchanger, resulting in Na and Ca overload and further cellular damage. This explains the impaired recovery of the contractile function observed in the EqR group during reperfusion. In conclusion, although cariporide is usually cardioprotective, a disruption of its chronic treatment followed by an ischemia/reperfusion event can become deleterious.
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Abstract
Since the sentinel discovery of long QT syndrome as a channelopathy in 1995, many significant strides have been made related to exposing the pathogenic mechanisms underlying sudden cardiac death. However, elucidating the most influential genetic and environmental determinants that underlie the variable penetrance and expressivity of the primary syndrome-associated mutation remains a daunting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vatta
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Smith JA, Molesworth PP, Hyland CJ, Ryan JH. Seven-Membered Rings. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(11)22016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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