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Fajardo C RJ, Clavijo C, Díaz GJ, Cadavid LF. Tissue distribution and expression dynamics of trefoil factor genes in the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Gene 2024:148824. [PMID: 39103057 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Proteins of the trefoil factor family (TFF) participate in mucosal repair and are formed by single or tandemly repeated trefoil domains. TFFs have been extensively studied in mammals and amphibians, but they have not been functionally characterized in other animals. Here we report the identification of two genes expressed in the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, predicted to encode trefoil domain-containing peptides, one with four trefoil domains in tandem and the other one with a trefoil domain flanked by two ShKT domains. Differential expression analyses by qPCR after an immune challenge and an induced mechanical damage, reveal that the former gene (hysyTFF) had no significant changes in expression after the inductions. However, the latter (hysyTFF-like) was overexpressed after three hours post immune challenge and was downregulated after the first hour post epithelial damage. Immunoblot analyses using specific Ig Y antibodies revealed that hysyTFF is secreted as a high molecular weight complex. Finally, whole mount immunofluorescence assays showed that hysyTFF was predominantly expressed in the endoderm of stolons and polyps, and sparsely in the ectoderm of both polyps and larvae. Thus, tissue distribution and expression dynamics of trefoil factor genes in H. symbiolongicarpus suggest that hysyTFF is an ancient mechanism of epithelial restitution, and the newly reported TFF-like might act as an immune effector gene, perhaps encoding an antibacterial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Johana Fajardo C
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Clavijo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo J Díaz
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Luis F Cadavid
- Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia.
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2
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Šešelja K, Bazina I, Vrecl M, Farger J, Schicht M, Paulsen F, Baus Lončar M, Pirman T. Tff3 Deficiency Differentially Affects the Morphology of Male and Female Intestines in a Long-Term High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16342. [PMID: 38003531 PMCID: PMC10671422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family protein 3 (Tff3) protects the gastrointestinal mucosa and has a complex mode of action in different tissues. Here, we aimed to determine the effect of Tff3 deficiency on intestinal tissues in a long-term high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed model. A novel congenic strain without additional metabolically relevant mutations (Tff3-/-/C57Bl6NCrl strain, male and female) was used. Wild type (Wt) and Tff3-deficient mice of both sexes were fed a HFD for 36 weeks. Long-term feeding of a HFD induces different effects on the intestinal structure of Tff3-deficient male and female mice. For the first time, we found sex-specific differences in duodenal morphology. HFD feeding reduced microvilli height in Tff3-deficient females compared to that in Wt females, suggesting a possible effect on microvillar actin filament dynamics. These changes could not be attributed to genes involved in ER and oxidative stress, apoptosis, or inflammation. Tff3-deficient males exhibited a reduced cecal crypt depth compared to that of Wt males, but this was not the case in females. Microbiome-related short-chain fatty acid content was not affected by Tff3 deficiency in HFD-fed male or female mice. Sex-related differences due to Tff3 deficiency imply the need to consider both sexes in future studies on the role of Tff in intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Šešelja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bjenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (I.B.)
| | - Iva Bazina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bjenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (I.B.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jessica Farger
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.F.); (M.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.F.); (M.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.F.); (M.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Mirela Baus Lončar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bjenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (I.B.)
| | - Tatjana Pirman
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Olivo-Martínez Y, Bosch M, Badia J, Baldomà L. Modulation of the Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Repair by Microbiota Extracellular Vesicles through the Differential Regulation of Trefoil Factor 3 in LS174T Goblet Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112437. [PMID: 37299399 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) plays a key role in the maintenance and repair of intestinal mucosa. TFF3 expression is upregulated by the microbiota through TLR2. At the posttranscriptional level, TFF3 is downregulated by miR-7-5p. Reduced TFF3 levels have been detected in the damaged tissue of IBD patients. Here, we investigate the regulation of TFF3 expression by microbiota extracellular vesicles (EVs) in LS174T goblet cells using RT-qPCR and inhibitors of the TLR2 or PI3K pathways. To evaluate the subsequent impact on epithelial barrier function, conditioned media from control and vesicle-stimulated LS174T cells were used to treat Caco-2 monolayers. The barrier-strengthening effects were evaluated by analysing the expression and subcellular distribution of tight junction proteins, and the repairing effects were assessed using wound-healing assays. The results showed a differential regulation of TFF3 in LS174T via EVs from the probiotic EcN and the commensal ECOR12. EcN EVs activated the TFF3 production through TLR2 and downregulated miR7-5-p through PI3K. Consistently, high levels of secreted TFF3 reinforced the tight junctions and stimulated wound healing in the Caco-2 cells. ECOR12 EVs did not cause these effects. TFF3 is a potential therapeutic target in IBD. This study contributes to understanding the molecular players (microbiota EVs) connecting gut microbes to health and may help in designing better nutritional interventions based on microbiota bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenifer Olivo-Martínez
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
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Znalesniak EB, Laskou A, Salm F, Haupenthal K, Harder S, Schlüter H, Hoffmann W. The Forms of the Lectin Tff2 Differ in the Murine Stomach and Pancreas: Indications for Different Molecular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087059. [PMID: 37108221 PMCID: PMC10138697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lectin TFF2 belongs to the trefoil factor family (TFF). This polypeptide is typically co-secreted with the mucin MUC6 from gastric mucous neck cells, antral gland cells, and duodenal Brunner glands. Here, TFF2 fulfills a protective function by forming a high-molecular-mass complex with the MUC6, physically stabilizing the mucus barrier. In pigs and mice, and slightly in humans, TFF2 is also synthesized in the pancreas. Here, we investigated the murine stomach, pancreas, and duodenum by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and proteomics and identified different forms of Tff2. In both the stomach and duodenum, the predominant form is a high-molecular-mass complex with Muc6, whereas, in the pancreas, only low-molecular-mass monomeric Tff2 was detectable. We also investigated the expression of Tff2 and other selected genes in the stomach, pancreas, and the proximal, medial, and distal duodenum (RT-PCR analysis). The absence of the Tff2/Muc6 complex in the pancreas is due to a lack of Muc6. Based on its known motogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, we propose a protective receptor-mediated function of monomeric Tff2 for the pancreatic ductal epithelium. This view is supported by a report that a loss of Tff2 promotes the formation of pancreatic intraductal mucinous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Laskou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Haupenthal
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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5
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Shang B, Wang R, Qiao H, Zhao X, Wang L, Sui S. Multi-omics analysis of pyroptosis regulation patterns and characterization of tumor microenvironment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15340. [PMID: 37193028 PMCID: PMC10183172 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignant tumor of the liver, and pyroptosis has been identified as a novel cellular program that plays a role in numerous diseases including cancer. However, the functional role of pyroptosis in HCC remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the two found hub genes and provide targets for clinical treatment. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to collect the gene data and clinically-related information of patients with HCC. After the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, they were intersected with the genes related to pyroptosis, and a risk prediction model was established to predict the overall survival (OS). Subsequently, drug sensitivity analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) was used to analyze the biological characteristics of the DEGs. Different immune cell infiltration and related pathways were analyzed, and hub genes were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI). Finally, the expression of hub genes was verified by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Results We conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to investigate the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 8,958 differentially expressed genes were identified, and 37 differentially expressed genes were associated with pyroptosis through intersection. Moreover, we developed an OS model with excellent predictive ability and discovered the differences in biological function, drug sensitivity, and immune microenvironment between high-risk and low-risk groups. Through enrichment analysis, we found that the differentially expressed genes are related to various biological processes. Then, 10 hub genes were identified from protein-protein interaction networks. Finally, midkine (MDK) was screened from the 10 hub genes and further verified by PCR and immunohistochemistry, which revealed its high expression in HCC. Conclusion We have developed a reliable and consistent predictive model based on the identification of potential hub genes, which can be used to accurately forecast the prognosis of patients, thus providing direction for further clinical research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Shang
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haiyan Qiao
- Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xixi Zhao
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shaoguang Sui
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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6
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Weste J, Houben T, Harder S, Schlüter H, Lücke E, Schreiber J, Hoffmann W. Different Molecular Forms of TFF3 in the Human Respiratory Tract: Heterodimerization with IgG Fc Binding Protein (FCGBP) and Proteolytic Cleavage in Bronchial Secretions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315359. [PMID: 36499686 PMCID: PMC9737082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The polypeptide TFF3 belongs to the trefoil factor family (TFF) of lectins. TFF3 is typically secreted from mucous epithelia together with mucins. Both intestinal and salivary TFF3 mainly exist as disulfide-linked heterodimers with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). Here, we investigated bronchial tissue specimens, bronchial secretions, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from patients with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) background by fast protein liquid chromatography and proteomics. For the first time, we identified different molecular forms of TFF3 in the lung. The high-molecular mass form represents TFF3-FCGBP oligomers, whereas the low-molecular mass forms are homodimeric and monomeric TFF3 with possibly anti-apoptotic activities. In addition, disulfide-linked TFF3 heterodimers with an Mr of about 60k and 30k were detected in both bronchial secretions and BAL fluid. In these liquids, TFF3 is partly N-terminally truncated probably by neutrophil elastase cleavage. TFF3-FCGBP is likely involved in the mucosal innate immune defense against microbial infections. We discuss a hypothetical model how TFF3 might control FCGBP oligomerization. Furthermore, we did not find indications for interactions of TFF3-FCGBP with DMBT1gp340 or the mucin MUC5AC, glycoproteins involved in mucosal innate immunity. Surprisingly, bronchial MUC5AC appeared to be degraded when compared with gastric MUC5AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Weste
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Till Houben
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Lücke
- Department of Pneumology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Department of Pneumology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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7
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Yang Y, Lin Z, Lin Q, Bei W, Guo J. Pathological and therapeutic roles of bioactive peptide trefoil factor 3 in diverse diseases: recent progress and perspective. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:62. [PMID: 35039476 PMCID: PMC8763889 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is the last small-molecule peptide found in the trefoil factor family, which is mainly secreted by intestinal goblet cells and exerts mucosal repair effect in the gastrointestinal tract. Emerging evidence indicated that the TFF3 expression profile and biological effects changed significantly in pathological states such as cancer, colitis, gastric ulcer, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and nervous system disease. More importantly, mucosal protection would no longer be the only effect of TFF3, it gradually exhibits carcinogenic activity and potential regulatory effect of nervous and endocrine systems, but the inner mechanisms remain unclear. Understanding the molecular function of TFF3 in specific diseases might provide a new insight for the clinical development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the pathological effects of TFF3 in different disease and discusses the binding proteins, signaling pathways, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanyou Lin
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Salivary Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Roles in Oral and Esophageal Protection: Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212221. [PMID: 34830103 PMCID: PMC8624312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva is a complex body fluid with more than 3000 different identified proteins. Besides rheological and lubricating properties, saliva supports wound healing and acts as an antimicrobial barrier. TFF peptides are secreted from the mucous acini of the major and minor salivary glands and are typical constituents of normal saliva; TFF3 being the predominant peptide compared with TFF1 and TFF2. Only TFF3 is easily detectable by Western blotting. It occurs in two forms, a disulfide-linked homodimer (Mr: 13k) and a high-molecular-mass heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). TFF peptides are secretory lectins known for their protective effects in mucous epithelia; the TFF3 dimer probably has wound-healing properties due to its weak motogenic effect. There are multiple indications that FCGBP and TFF3-FCGBP play a key role in the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia. In addition, homodimeric TFF3 interacts in vitro with the salivary agglutinin DMBT1gp340. Here, the protective roles of TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1gp340 in saliva are discussed. TFF peptides are also used to reduce radiotherapy- or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Thus, TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1gp340 are promising candidates for better formulations of artificial saliva, particularly improving wound healing and antimicrobial effects even in the esophagus.
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Hasebe K, Yamaguchi J, Kokuryo T, Yokoyama Y, Ochiai Y, Nagino M, Ebata T. Trefoil factor family 2 inhibits cholangiocarcinogenesis by regulating the PTEN pathway in mice. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1496-1505. [PMID: 34644378 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is one of three trefoil factor family proteins and is expressed abundantly in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Recent studies have shown that TFF2 acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric and pancreatic carcinogenesis; however, little is known about its function in cholangiocarcinogenesis. To investigate the function of TFF2 in cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), immunohistochemistry of surgically resected human CCC samples was performed. TFF2 expression was upregulated in the early stage and lost in the late stage of cholangiocarcinogenesis, suggesting the association of TFF2 and CCC. A TFF2 expression vector was then transfected into a CCC cell line (HuCCT1) in vitro, revealing that TFF2 functions as a tumor suppressor not only by inhibiting proliferation and invasion but also by promoting the apoptosis of cancer cells. In addition, PTEN signaling activity was downregulated by TFF2, suggesting an association between TFF2 and PTEN. Next, hepatic carcinogenesis model mice (KC; albumin-Cre/Lox-Stop-Lox KRAS G12D) were bred with TFF2-knockout mice to generate a TFF2-deficient mouse model (KC/TFF2 -/-). Although the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was not different between KC/TFF2 -/- mice and control mice, biliary intraepithelial neoplasm (BilIN), the precursor of CCC, was frequently found in the biliary epithelium of KC/TFF2 -/- mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that BilIN samples from these mice did not express PTEN. In addition, two KC/TFF2 -/- mice developed CCC adjacent to BilIN, suggesting that TFF2 functions to inhibit the development of CCC in vivo. These results indicate that TFF2 acts as a tumor suppressor to inhibit the development of CCC by regulating PTEN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasebe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshio Kokuryo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ochiai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Lee DY, Song MY, Kim EH. Trefoil Factor 1 Suppresses Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition through Inhibition of TGF-beta Signaling in Gastric Cancer Cells. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:137-144. [PMID: 34258252 PMCID: PMC8249209 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignancy with high incidence and mortality worldwide. In gastric cancer, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis further increase the mortality rate. Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) has been reported as a protective factor in the gastric mucosa. In this study, TFF1 inhibited the migration and invasive capability of gastric cancer cells. Elevated TFF1 levels induced the expression of E-cadherin, the epithelial marker, and reduced the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, Twist, Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB) 1 and ZEB2, well-known repressors of E-cadherin expression. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7 and MMP-9, which are major markers of cancer metastasis, was suppressed by TFF1. Upregulation of TFF1 inhibited TGF-β, a major signaling for EMT induction, and the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 activated by TGF-β in AGS cells. In conclusion, TFF1 inhibits EMT through suppression of TGF-β signaling in AGS cells, which might be used in therapeutic strategies for reducing metastatic potential and invasiveness of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Moon-Young Song
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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11
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Hoffmann W. Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Links to Inflammation: A Re-evaluation and New Medical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094909. [PMID: 34066339 PMCID: PMC8125380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3), together with mucins, are typical exocrine products of mucous epithelia. Here, they act as a gastric tumor suppressor (TFF1) or they play different roles in mucosal innate immune defense (TFF2, TFF3). Minute amounts are also secreted as endocrine, e.g., by the immune and central nervous systems. As a hallmark, TFF peptides have different lectin activities, best characterized for TFF2, but also TFF1. Pathologically, ectopic expression occurs during inflammation and in various tumors. In this review, the role of TFF peptides during inflammation is discussed on two levels. On the one hand, the expression of TFF1-3 is regulated by inflammatory signals in different ways (upstream links). On the other hand, TFF peptides influence inflammatory processes (downstream links). The latter are recognized best in various Tff-deficient mice, which have completely different phenotypes. In particular, TFF2 is secreted by myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages) and lymphocytes (e.g., memory T cells), where it modulates immune reactions triggering inflammation. As a new concept, in addition to lectin-triggered activation, a hypothetical lectin-triggered inhibition of glycosylated transmembrane receptors by TFF peptides is discussed. Thus, TFFs are promising players in the field of glycoimmunology, such as galectins and C-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Ochiai Y, Yamaguchi J, Kokuryo T, Yokoyama Y, Ebata T, Nagino M. Trefoil Factor Family 1 Inhibits the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating β-Catenin Activation. Hepatology 2020; 72:503-517. [PMID: 31733149 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies have suggested that trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric and pancreatic carcinogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS To investigate the role of TFF1 in hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed immunohistochemical staining of surgically resected human liver samples, transfected a TFF1 expression vector into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, and employed a mouse model of spontaneous HCC development (albumin-cyclization recombination/Lox-Stop-Lox sequence-Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologG12D [KC]); the model mouse strain was bred with a TFF1-knockout mouse strain to generate a TFF1-deficient HCC mouse model (KC/TFF1-/- ). TFF1 expression was found in some human samples with HCC. Interestingly, TFF1-positive cancer cells showed a staining pattern contradictory to that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and aberrant DNA hypermethylation in TFF1 promoter lesions was detected in HCC samples, indicating the tumor-suppressive role of TFF1. In vitro, induction of TFF1 expression resulted in impaired proliferative activity and enhanced apoptosis in HCC cell lines (HuH7, HepG2, and HLE). These anticancer effects of TFF1 were accompanied by the loss of nuclear β-catenin expression, indicating inactivation of the β-catenin signaling pathway by TFF1. In vivo, TFF1 deficiency in KC mice accelerated the early development and growth of HCC, resulting in poor survival rates. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed that the amount of nuclear-localized β-catenin was significantly higher in KC/TFF1-/- mice than in KC mice and that human HCC tissue showed contradictory expression patterns for β-catenin and TFF1, confirming the in vitro observations. CONCLUSIONS TFF1 might function as a tumor suppressor that inhibits the development of HCC by regulating β-catenin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ochiai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshio Kokuryo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhuang M, Le J, Zhu B, Zhang W, Yan H, Zhang P, Wang T, Sun Y. JAK/STAT3 Pathway in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells During Trefoil Factor 3(TFF3) Mediated Cell Migration. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666200204104420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:Trefoil factor family is expressed in several tissues of the body and provides gastric and intestinal protection and healing. This research aims to indicate the mechanism involved in its function.Methods:The intestinal epithelial cells were pretreated with JAK inhibitor AG490 or the concentration of 60ug/ml human recombinant trefoil factor, while the levels of phospho-STAT3, E-cadherin and N-cadherin were detected by Western Blotting. The levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Ecadherin and N-cadherin were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. The cell migration was assessed by the transwell assay and the scratch assay. The immunofluorescence method was performed to detect the reduction of molecular E-cadherin.Results:hTFF3 activates the JAK/STAT3 pathway in HT-29 cells. The effect of JAK/STAT3 pathway mechanism on cell migration promoted by hTFF3. TFF3 promoting cell migration is associated with increased gene transcription of MMPs. hTFF3 alters E-cadherin expression. hTFF3 activates the expression of N-cadherin and down-regulates E-cadherin expression in HT-29 Cells.Conclusion:We have shown that TFF3 activated the JAK/STAT3 pathway. TFF3 increased the level of Matrix Metalloproteinases and N-cadherin, decreased that of E-cadherin, while AG490 had the opposite effect. TFF3 accelerated cell migration and the AG490 relieved the migrating rate to control the levels. TFF3 activated JAK/STAT3 pathway which was associated with intestinal epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhuang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Le
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hoffmann W. Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Diverse Molecular Functions in Mucus Barrier Protection and More: Changing the Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124535. [PMID: 32630599 PMCID: PMC7350206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3) are typically co-secreted together with mucins. Tff1 represents a gastric tumor suppressor gene in mice. TFFs are also synthesized in minute amounts in the immune and central nervous systems. In mucous epithelia, they support rapid repair by enhancing cell migration ("restitution") via their weak chemotactic and anti-apoptotic effects. For a long time, as a paradigm, this was considered as their major biological function. Within recent years, the formation of disulfide-linked heterodimers was documented for TFF1 and TFF3, e.g., with gastrokine-2 and IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). Furthermore, lectin activities were recognized as enabling binding to a lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori (TFF1, TFF3) or to a carbohydrate moiety of the mucin MUC6 (TFF2). Only recently, gastric TFF1 was demonstrated to occur predominantly in monomeric forms with an unusual free thiol group. Thus, a new picture emerged, pointing to diverse molecular functions for TFFs. Monomeric TFF1 might protect the gastric mucosa as a scavenger for extracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Whereas, the TFF2/MUC6 complex stabilizes the inner layer of the gastric mucus. In contrast, the TFF3-FCGBP heterodimer (and also TFF1-FCGBP) are likely part of the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia, preventing the infiltration of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Braga Emidio N, Brierley SM, Schroeder CI, Muttenthaler M. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential of the Trefoil Factor Family in the Gastrointestinal Tract. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:583-597. [PMID: 32832864 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) are key players in protecting, maintaining, and repairing the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, they have the therapeutic potential to treat and prevent a variety of gastrointestinal disorders associated with mucosal damage. TFF peptides share a conserved motif, including three disulfide bonds that stabilize a well-defined three-loop-structure reminiscent of a trefoil. Although multiple functions have been described for TFF peptides, their mechanisms at the molecular level remain poorly understood. This review presents the status quo of TFF research relating to gastrointestinal disorders. Putative TFF receptors and protein partners are described and critically evaluated. The therapeutic potential of these peptides in gastrointestinal disorders where altered mucosal biology plays a crucial role in the underlying etiology is discussed. Finally, areas of investigation that require further research are addressed. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive update on TFF literature as well as guidance toward future research to better understand this peptide family and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Braga Emidio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medicial Research Insittitue (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Jahan R, Shah A, Kisling SG, Macha MA, Thayer S, Batra SK, Kaur S. Odyssey of trefoil factors in cancer: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188362. [PMID: 32298747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFFs) are a family of small secretory molecules involved in the protection and repair of the gastrointestinal tract (GI). TFFs maintain and restore epithelial structural integrity via transducing key signaling pathways for epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and invasion. In recent years, TFFs have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, especially cancer. Initially recognized as tumor suppressors, emerging evidence demonstrates their key role in tumor progression and metastasis, extending their actions beyond protection. However, to date, a comprehensive understanding of TFFs' mechanism of action in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis remains obscure. The present review discusses the structural, functional and mechanistic implications of all three TFF family members in tumor progression and metastasis. Also, we have garnered information from studies on their structure and expression status in different organs, along with lessons from their specific knockout in mouse models. In addition, we highlight the emerging potential of using TFFs as a biomarker to stratify tumors for better therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ashu Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sophia G Kisling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India -191201
| | - Sarah Thayer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA.
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Popp J, Schicht M, Garreis F, Klinger P, Gelse K, Sesselmann S, Tsokos M, Etzold S, Stiller D, Claassen H, Paulsen F. Human Synovia Contains Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides 1-3 Although Synovial Membrane Only Produces TFF3: Implications in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236105. [PMID: 31817054 PMCID: PMC6928748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Trefoil factor family peptide 3 (TFF3) has been shown to support catabolic functions in cases of osteoarthritis (OA). As in joint physiology and diseases such as OA, the synovial membrane (SM) of the joint capsule also plays a central role. We analyze the ability of SM to produce TFF compare healthy SM and its secretion product synovial fluid (SF) with SM and SF from patients suffering from OA or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to measure the expression of TFFs in healthy SM and SM from patients suffering from OA or RA. For tissue localization, we investigated TFF1-3 in differently aged human SM of healthy donors by means of immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blot. Results: Only TFF3 but not TFF1 and -2 was expressed in SM from healthy donors as well as cases of OA or RA on protein and mRNA level. In contrast, all three TFFs were detected in all samples of SF on the protein level. No significant changes were observed for TFF1 at all. TFF2 was significantly upregulated in RA samples in comparison to OA samples. TFF3 protein was significantly downregulated in OA samples in comparison to healthy samples and cases of RA significantly upregulated compared to OA. In contrast, in SM TFF3 protein was not significantly regulated. Conclusion: The data demonstrate the production of TFF3 in SM. Unexpectedly, SF contains all three known TFF peptides. As neither articular cartilage nor SM produce TFF1 and TFF2, we speculate that these originate with high probability from blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Popp
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.P.); (M.S.); (F.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Martin Schicht
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.P.); (M.S.); (F.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.P.); (M.S.); (F.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Patricia Klinger
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.P.); (M.S.); (F.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Kolja Gelse
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Trauma Surgery, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Sesselmann
- University of Applied Sciences Amberg-Weiden, Institute for Medical Engineering, 92637 Weiden, Germany;
| | - Michael Tsokos
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.T.); (S.E.)
| | - Saskia Etzold
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.T.); (S.E.)
| | - Dankwart Stiller
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Department of Legal Medicine, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Horst Claassen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.P.); (M.S.); (F.G.); (P.K.)
- Sechenov University, Department of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8522865; Fax: +49-9131-8522862
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Heuer F, Stürmer R, Heuer J, Kalinski T, Lemke A, Meyer F, Hoffmann W. Different Forms of TFF2, A Lectin of the Human Gastric Mucus Barrier: In Vitro Binding Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235871. [PMID: 31771101 PMCID: PMC6928932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) and the mucin MUC6 are co-secreted from human gastric and duodenal glands. TFF2 binds MUC6 as a lectin and is a constituent of the gastric mucus. Herein, we investigated human gastric extracts by FPLC and identified mainly high- but also low-molecular-mass forms of TFF2. From the high-molecular-mass forms, TFF2 can be completely released by boiling in SDS or by harsh denaturing extraction. The low-molecular-mass form representing monomeric TFF2 can be washed out in part from gastric mucosa specimens with buffer. Overlay assays with radioactively labeled TFF2 revealed binding to the mucin MUC6 and not MUC5AC. This binding is modulated by Ca2+ and can be blocked by the lectin GSA-II and the monoclonal antibody HIK1083. TFF2 binding was also inhibited by Me-β-Gal, but not the α anomer. Thus, both the α1,4GlcNAc as well as the juxtaperipheral β-galactoside residues of the characteristic GlcNAcα1→4Galβ1→R moiety of human MUC6 are essential for TFF2 binding. Furthermore, there are major differences in the TFF2 binding characteristics when human is compared with the porcine system. Taken together, TFF2 appears to fulfill an important role in stabilizing the inner insoluble gastric mucus barrier layer, particularly by its binding to the mucin MUC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Heuer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Stürmer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Heuer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antje Lemke
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Krüger K, Schmid S, Paulsen F, Ignatius A, Klinger P, Hotfiel T, Swoboda B, Gelse K. Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) Is Involved in Cell Migration for Skeletal Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174277. [PMID: 31480518 PMCID: PMC6747154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the possible role of Trefoil Factor Family peptide 3 (TFF3) for skeletal repair. The expression of TFF3 was analyzed in human joint tissues as well as in a murine bone fracture model. Serum levels of TFF3 following a defined skeletal trauma in humans were determined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of TFF3 was analyzed under normoxia and hypoxia. Expression analysis after stimulation of human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) with TFF3 was performed by RT2 Profiler PCR Array. The effect of recombinant human (rh)TFF3 on MPCs was analysed by different migration and chemotaxis assays. The effect on cell motility was also visualized by fluorescence staining of F-Actin. TFF3 was absent in human articular cartilage, but strongly expressed in the subchondral bone and periosteum of adult joints. Strong TFF3 immunoreactivity was also detected in murine fracture callus. Serum levels of TFF3 were significantly increased after skeletal trauma in humans. Expression analysis demonstrated that rhTFF3 significantly decreased mRNA of ROCK1. Wound healing assays showed increased cell migration of MPCs by rhTFF3. The F-Actin cytoskeleton was markedly influenced by rhTFF3. Cell proliferation was not increased by rhTFF3. The data demonstrate elevated expression of TFF3 after skeletal trauma. The stimulatory effects on cell motility and migration of MPCs suggest a role of TFF3 in skeletal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krüger
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patricia Klinger
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thilo Hotfiel
- Division of Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Swoboda
- Division of Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kolja Gelse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Deoxynivalenol inhibits the expression of trefoil factors (TFF) by intestinal human and porcine goblet cells. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1039-1049. [PMID: 30854615 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors (TFFs) are bioactive peptides expressed by several epithelia, including the intestine, where they regulate key functions such as tissue regeneration, barrier function and inflammation. Although food-associated mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), are known to impact many intestinal functions, modulation of TFFs during mycotoxicosis has never been investigated. Here, we analyzed the effect of DON on TFFs expression using both human goblet cells (HT29-16E cells) and porcine intestinal explants. Results showed that very low doses of DON (nanomolar range) inhibit the secretion of TFFs by human goblet cells (IC50 of 361, 387 and 243 nM for TFF1, 2 and 3, respectively) and prevent wound healing. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of DON is related to a suppression of TFFs mRNA expression. Experiments conducted on porcine intestinal explants confirmed the results obtained on cells. Finally, the use of specific inhibitors of signal pathways demonstrated that DON-mediated suppression of TFFs expression mainly involved Protein Kinase R and the MAP kinases (MAPK) p38 and ERK1/2. Taken together, our results show for the first time that at very low doses, DON suppresses the expression and production of intestinal TFFs and alters wound healing. Given the critical role of TFFs in tissue repair, our results suggest that DON-mediated suppression of TFFs contributes to the alterations of intestinal integrity the caused by this toxin.
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Trefoil Factor Family: Unresolved Questions and Clinical Perspectives. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:387-390. [PMID: 30792027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The trefoil factor family of peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3) with their lectin activities play important roles in mucosal protection and repair. However, major gaps in understanding their molecular function have hampered therapeutic development for gastrointestinal disorders. We provide here a critical overview of the status quo.
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Stürmer R, Harder S, Schlüter H, Hoffmann W. Commercial Porcine Gastric Mucin Preparations, also Used as Artificial Saliva, are a Rich Source for the Lectin TFF2: In Vitro Binding Studies. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2598-2608. [PMID: 30371971 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucous gels (mucus) cover internal body surfaces. The secretory mucins MUC5AC and MUC6 and the protective peptide TFF2 are characteristic constituents of gastric mucus; TFF2 is co-secreted with MUC6. Herein, we investigated two commercial mucin preparations by FPLC and proteomics, because they are model systems for studying the rheology of gastric mucins. One preparation is also used as a saliva substitute, for example, after radiation therapy. We show that both preparations contain TFF2 (≈0.6 to 1.1 %, w/w). The majority of TFF2 is strongly bound noncovalently to mucin in a manner that is resistant to boiling in SDS. First overlay assays with 125 I-labeled porcine TFF2 revealed that mucin binding is modulated by Ca2+ and can be blocked by the lectin GSA-II and the antibody HIK1083, both recognizing the peripheral GlcNAcα1→4Galβ1→R moiety of MUC6. TFF2 binding was also inhibited in the presence of Me-β-Gal but less so by the α anomer. TFF2 may play a role in the oligomerization and secretion of MUC6, the rheology of gastric mucus, and the adherence of gastric microbiota. TFF2 in artificial saliva may be of benefit. TFF2 might also interact with the sugar moiety of various receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Stürmer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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Duraj-Thatte AM, Praveschotinunt P, Nash TR, Ward FR, Nguyen PQ, Joshi NS. Modulating bacterial and gut mucosal interactions with engineered biofilm matrix proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3475. [PMID: 29472619 PMCID: PMC5823925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular appendages play a significant role in mediating communication between bacteria and their host. Curli fibers are a class of bacterial fimbria that is highly amenable to engineering. We demonstrate the use of engineered curli fibers to rationally program interactions between bacteria and components of the mucosal epithelium. Commensal E. coli strains were engineered to produce recombinant curli fibers fused to the trefoil family of human cytokines. Biofilms formed from these strains bound more mucins than those producing wild-type curli fibers, and modulated mucin rheology as well. When treated with bacteria producing the curli-trefoil fusions mammalian cells behaved identically in terms of their migration behavior as when they were treated with the corresponding soluble trefoil factors. Overall, this demonstrates the potential utility of curli fibers as a scaffold for the display of bioactive domains and an untapped approach to rationally modulating host-microbe interactions using bacterial matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Duraj-Thatte
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pichet Praveschotinunt
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Trevor R Nash
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Frederick R Ward
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Peter Q Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Neel S Joshi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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24
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Amadi B, Besa E, Zyambo K, Kaonga P, Louis-Auguste J, Chandwe K, Tarr PI, Denno DM, Nataro JP, Faubion W, Sailer A, Yeruva S, Brantner T, Murray J, Prendergast AJ, Turner JR, Kelly P. Impaired Barrier Function and Autoantibody Generation in Malnutrition Enteropathy in Zambia. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:191-199. [PMID: 28750860 PMCID: PMC5552244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal damage in malnutrition constitutes a threat to the survival of many thousands of children globally. We studied children in Lusaka, Zambia, with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and persistent diarrhea using endoscopy, biopsy and analysis of markers and protective proteins in blood and intestinal secretions. We carried out parallel investigations in apparently healthy adults, and analyzed biomarkers only in apparently healthy children. Villus height and crypt depth did not differ in children with SAM and adult controls, but epithelial surface was reduced in children with SAM (median 445, interquartile range (IQR) 388, 562 μm per 100 μm muscularis mucosae) compared to adults (578, IQR 465,709; P = 0.004). Histological lesions and disruptions of claudin-4 and E-cadherin were most pronounced in children with SAM. Circulating lipopolysaccharide, a marker of bacterial translocation, was higher in malnourished children (251, IQR 110,460 EU/ml) than in healthy children (51, IQR 0,111; P = 0.0001). Other translocation markers showed similar patterns. Anti-Deamidated Gliadin Peptide IgG concentrations, although within the normal range, were higher in children with SAM (median 2.7 U/ml, IQR 1.5–8.6) than in adults (1.6, 1.4–2.1; P = 0.005), and were inversely correlated with villus height (ρ = − 0.79, n = 13, P = 0.001). Malnutrition enteropathy is associated with intestinal barrier failure and immune dysregulation. Enteropathy in children with severe acute malnutrition is characterized by variable villus blunting and epithelial disruption. Biomarkers indicate very high levels of microbial translocation from intestinal lumen to systemic circulation. Coeliac-type autoantibodies were associated with villus blunting, microbial translocation markers and mortality.
There is abundant evidence that childhood malnutrition is a major contributor to mortality in many low and middle income countries. Mortality remains unacceptably high. Here we show that severe acute malnutrition was characterized by very high levels of microbial translocation and inflammation, and severe mucosal damage with disturbed tight junction protein expression. Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase and deamidated gliadin peptides, although within the normal range, correlated with villus morphology, translocation markers and death. Malnutrition enteropathy permits mucosal inflammation, microbial translocation and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Amadi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ellen Besa
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kanekwa Zyambo
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kaonga
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Louis-Auguste
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kanta Chandwe
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donna M Denno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - James P Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Anne Sailer
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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25
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Znalesniak EB, Fu T, Salm F, Händel U, Hoffmann W. Transcriptional Responses in the Murine Spleen after Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Inflammasome and Mucus-Associated Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061245. [PMID: 28604600 PMCID: PMC5486068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in coordinating both adaptive and innate immune responses. Here, the transcriptional response to T. gondii infection in the murine spleen was characterized concerning inflammasome sensors (two different models: seven days after oral or four weeks after intraperitoneal infection). Additionally, Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice were investigated because TFF genes are often upregulated during inflammation. The expression of the pattern-recognition receptors Nlrp3, Nlrp12, and Nlrp1a was significantly increased after infection. This increase was diminished in Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice pointing towards a positive regulation of the inflammatory response by Tff1 and Tff3. Furthermore, the transcription of Tff1 (encoding a motogenic lectin) and other secretory genes was analyzed, i.e., gastrokines (Gkn), IgG Fc binding protein (Fcgbp), and the mucin Muc2. The corresponding gene products belong to an interactome protecting mucous epithelia. Tff1 was significantly induced after infection, which might increase the motility of immune cells. In contrast, Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 were downregulated seven days after oral infection; whereas four weeks after i.p. infection only Gkn3 remained downregulated. This might be an indication that Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 are involved in the transient disruption of the splenic architecture and its reorganization, which is characteristic after T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ting Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Händel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Ma MJ, Han B, Xu SQ. Trefoil factor 3 related to gastrointestinal failure in pediatric critical illness. Arch Pediatr 2016; 23:681-4. [PMID: 27262626 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the relationship between the serum concentration of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and gastrointestinal failure (GIF) in pediatric critical illness in order to provide knowledge for disease management. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 137 cases and divided them into three groups, including a control group (group A), critical illness without GIF (group B), and critical illness with GIF (group C). The serum TFF3 concentration was determined by ELISA and compared among the groups. RESULTS Serum TFF3 concentrations measured before the occurrence of GIF in group C were significantly higher than in groups A and B (P<0.01). Under the conditions of GIF in group C, serum TFF3 concentration was significantly related to the gastrointestinal tract function score (r=-0.712). Cox's proportional hazards model analysis showed that the serum TFF3 concentrations at the time of occurrence of GIF, and 48hours later, could be used as prognostic factors in critically ill pediatric patients with GIF (r=1.443 and 1.872, respectively). CONCLUSION TFF3 may play an important role in predicting GIF in pediatric critical illness and has a protective function in the mucosal repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Ma
- Department of Thoracic, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 1 Donggang West Road, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| | - B Han
- Department of Thoracic, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 1 Donggang West Road, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - S-Q Xu
- Department of Thoracic, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 1 Donggang West Road, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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27
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Busch M, Dünker N. Trefoil factor family peptides – friends or foes? Biomol Concepts 2015; 6:343-59. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTrefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are a group of molecules bearing a characteristic three-loop trefoil domain. They are mainly secreted in mucous epithelia together with mucins but are also synthesized in the nervous system. For many years, TFF peptides were only known for their wound healing and protective function, e.g. in epithelial protection and restitution. However, experimental evidence has emerged supporting a pivotal role of TFF peptides in oncogenic transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Deregulated expression of TFF peptides at the gene and protein level is obviously implicated in numerous cancers, and opposing functions as oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been described. With regard to the regulation of TFF expression, epigenetic mechanisms as well as the involvement of various miRNAs are new, promising aspects in the field of cancer research. This review will summarize current knowledge about the expression and regulation of TFF peptides and the involvement of TFF peptides in tumor biology and cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Busch
- 1Medical Faculty, Institute for Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Nicole Dünker
- 1Medical Faculty, Institute for Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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28
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Fu T, Znalesniak EB, Kalinski T, Möhle L, Biswas A, Salm F, Dunay IR, Hoffmann W. TFF Peptides Play a Role in the Immune Response Following Oral Infection of Mice with Toxoplasma Gondii. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:221-31. [PMID: 26495133 PMCID: PMC4598890 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) is a major constituent of the intestinal mucus, playing an important role in the repair of epithelial surfaces. To further understand the role of TFF3 in the protection of intestinal epithelium, we tested the influence of TFF3 in a murine Toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis model. Surprisingly, TFF3KO mice showed a reduced immune response in the ileum when compared to wild-type animals. Interleukin-12 and interferon-γ expression levels as well as the number of CD4+ lymphocytes were reduced in the infected TFF3KO mice. These effects were in line with the trend of elevated parasite levels in the ileum. Moreover, TFF1 expression was upregulated in the spleen of infected mice. These initial results indicate that TFF3 is involved in the immune pathology of T. gondii infection-induced intestinal inflammation. Thus far, the mechanisms of how TFF3 influences the immune response are not fully understood. Further studies should identify if TFF3 affects mucus sensing of dendritic cells and how TFF3 is involved in regulating the immune response as an intrinsic secretory peptide of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Luisa Möhle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Aindrila Biswas
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
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29
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Hoffmann W. TFF2, a MUC6-binding lectin stabilizing the gastric mucus barrier and more (Review). Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26201258 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide TFF2 (formerly 'spasmolytic polypeptide'), a member of the trefoil factor family (TFF) containing two TFF domains, is mainly expressed together with the mucin MUC6 in the gastric epithelium and duodenal Brunner's glands. Pathologically, TFF2 expression is observed ectopically during stone diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions and in several metaplastic and neoplastic epithelia; most prominent being the 'spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia' (SPEM), which is an established gastric precancerous lesion. TFF2 plays a critical role in maintaining gastric mucosal integrity and appears to restrain tumorigenesis in the stomach. Recently, porcine TFF2 has been shown to interact with the gastric mucin MUC6 and thus stabilize the gastric mucus barrier. On the one hand, TFF2 binds to MUC6 via non-covalent lectin interactions with the glycotope GlcNAcα1→4Galβ1→R. On the other hand, TFF2 is probably also covalently bound to MUC6 via disulfide bridges. Thus, implications for the complex multimeric assembly, cross-linking, and packaging of MUC6 as well as the rheology of gastric mucus are discussed in detail in this review. Furthermore, TFF2 is also expressed in minor amounts in the immune and nervous systems. Thus, similar to galectins, its lectin activity would perfectly enable TFF2 to form multivalent complexes and cross-linked lattices with a plethora of transmembrane glycoproteins and thus modulate different signal transduction processes. This could explain the multiple and diverse biological effects of TFF2 [e.g., motogenic, (anti)apoptotic, and angiogenic effects]. Finally, a function during fertilization is also possible for TFF domains because they occur as shuffled modules in certain zona pellucida proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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30
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Royce SG, Moodley Y, Samuel CS. Novel therapeutic strategies for lung disorders associated with airway remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:250-60. [PMID: 24513131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine release, epithelial damage, airway/lung remodelling and fibrosis are central features of inflammatory lung disorders, which include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although the lung has some ability to repair itself from acute injury, in the presence of ongoing pathological stimuli and/or insults that lead to chronic disease, it no longer retains the capacity to heal, resulting in fibrosis, the final common pathway that causes an irreversible loss of lung function. Despite inflammation, genetic predisposition/factors, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mechanotransduction being able to independently contribute to airway remodelling and fibrosis, current therapies for inflammatory lung diseases are limited by their ability to only target the inflammatory component of the disease without having any marked effects on remodelling (epithelial damage and fibrosis) that can cause lung dysfunction independently of inflammation. Furthermore, as subsets of patients suffering from these diseases are resistant to currently available therapies (such as corticosteroids), novel therapeutic approaches are required to combat all aspects of disease pathology. This review discusses emerging therapeutic approaches, such as trefoil factors, relaxin, histone deacetylase inhibitors and stem cells, amongst others that have been able to target airway inflammation and airway remodelling while improving related lung dysfunction. A better understanding of the mode of action of these therapies and their possible combined effects may lead to the identification of their clinical potential in the setting of lung disease, either as adjunct or alternative therapies to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Royce
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Yuben Moodley
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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31
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Hanisch FG, Ragge H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Kalbacher H, Hoffmann W. Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide. Glycobiology 2012; 23:2-11. [PMID: 22997242 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human stomach, the peptide trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is secreted together with the mucin MUC6 by mucous neck cells (MNCs) and antral gland cells. TFF2 is strongly associated with the gastric mucus and promotes gastric restitution. Here, TFF2 was purified from the human corpus and antrum, respectively, by size-exclusion chromatography, and the N-linked glycan structure at N-15 of the mature peptide was determined. As a hallmark, the unusual monofucosylated N,N'-diacetylhexosediamine (tentatively assigned as GalNAcβ1 → 4GlcNAc, LacdiNAc) modification was detected as the terminal structure of a bi-antennary complex type N-glycan exhibiting also core fucosylation. Replicate analyses did not show microheterogeneities in the fraction of peptide-N-glycosidase F cleaved and permethylated N-glycans when analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). On the glycopeptide level, a minor glycan microheterogeneity was evident in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, demonstrating the presence of underfucosylated species. The tryptic TFF2 N-glycopeptide p34-39 (LSPHNR N-glycosylated with Fuc3Hex3HexNAc6) was identified by both ESI-tandem mass spectrometry and MALDI-post-source decay analysis. Lectin analyses with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin indicated the potential presence of LacdiNAc terminating glycans and revealed minor differences between TFF2 from fundic units, i.e. MNCs, and antral units, i.e. antral gland cells. Strikingly, on the level of the primary structure, there was no indication that the formation of the proposed LacdiNAc structure is cis-controlled by a peptidic determinant related to the published sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, and Central Bioanalytics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Köln, Germany
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32
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Weise A, Dünker N. High trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) expression in human retinoblastoma cells correlates with low growth kinetics, increased cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor levels and a selective down-regulation of CDK6. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:323-38. [PMID: 22983508 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFFs) peptides facilitate epithelial restitution, but also effect cell proliferation and apoptosis of normal and various cancer cell lines. In a recent study by our group, TFF2 expression was demonstrated in the murine retina, where it exhibits pro-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. In the present study, we investigated the expression and function of TFF peptides in eight human retinoblastoma cell lines. TFF1 was the only TFF peptide expressed at detectable levels in immunoblots of retinoblastoma cells. TFF1 expression levels were highly variable in different retinoblastoma cell lines and negatively correlated with cell growth curves. Recombinant human TFF1 had a negative effect on cell viability and caused a reduction in cell proliferation. Retinoblastoma cell lines with high TFF1 expression levels exhibited a selective down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 6, whereas CDK4 and CDK2 seem to be unaffected by TFF1 expression. In immunocytochemical studies, we observed a nuclear co-localization of TFF1 and CDK2 in Cajal bodies (CBs). In high TFF1 expressing human retinoblastoma cell lines CBs were smaller and higher in number compared to retinoblastoma lines with low TFF1 expression, indicating differences in cell cycle status between the different retinoblastoma cell lines. Our data further support the notion for a potential tumor suppressor function of TFF1. The nuclear localization of TFF1 in CBs--considered to play a role in cell cycle progression, potentially acting as a platform for CDK-cyclin function-offers a new impetus in the ongoing search for potential TFF1 interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weise
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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33
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Schulze U, Hampel U, Sel S, Goecke TW, Thäle V, Garreis F, Paulsen F. Fresh and cryopreserved amniotic membrane secrete the trefoil factor family peptide 3 that is well known to promote wound healing. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Astor BC, Köttgen A, Hwang SJ, Bhavsar N, Fox CS, Coresh J. Trefoil factor 3 predicts incident chronic kidney disease: a case-control study nested within the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:291-7. [PMID: 21829008 DOI: 10.1159/000330699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of individuals at high risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) may aid prevention. Urinary levels of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) are associated with acute kidney injury in animal models, but the association of TFF3 levels with incident CKD in humans is unknown. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and the ARIC Carotid MRI Study to determine whether urinary TFF3 levels predict incident CKD over 8.6 years of follow-up. A total of 143 participants with incident CKD (eGFR decreasing by ≥25% to <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) were matched on age, sex and race to 143 non-cases. RESULTS Higher TFF3 levels at baseline were strongly associated with Black race, diabetes (both p = 0.002), and antihypertensive medication use (p = 0.02). Compared to participants with TFF3 levels in the lowest quartile, the odds ratio (OR) of incident CKD was 1.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80, 4.22) for individuals with TFF3 levels in the second quartile, 2.43 (95% CI: 1.06, 5.53) for the third quartile, and 2.77 (95% CI: 1.22, 6.28) for the fourth quartile (p trend = 0.02). Adjustment for covariates, including urinary albumin: creatinine ratio, did not markedly change the associations. Twofold higher TFF3 levels were strongly associated with incident CKD after adjustment for CKD risk factors (adjusted OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.64). CONCLUSIONS Higher urinary TFF3 levels may indicate ongoing repair of damage in the kidney. Additional studies are needed to confirm whether TFF3 can be useful as a marker of increased risk for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad C Astor
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, 2024 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Yu H, He Y, Zhang X, Peng Z, Yang Y, Zhu R, Bai J, Tian Y, Li X, Chen W, Fang D, Wang R. The rat IgGFcγBP and Muc2 C-terminal domains and TFF3 in two intestinal mucus layers bind together by covalent interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20334. [PMID: 21629776 PMCID: PMC3100329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secreted proteins from goblet cells compose the intestinal mucus. The aims of this study were to determine how they exist in two intestinal mucus layers. Methodology/Principal Findings The intestinal mucosa was fixed with Carnoy solution and immunostained. Mucus from the loose layer, the firm layer was gently suctioned or scraped, respectively, lysed in SDS sample buffer with or without DTT, then subjected to the western blotting of rTFF3, rIgGFcγBP or rMuc2. The non-reduced or reduced soluble mucus samples in RIPA buffer were co-immunoprecipitated to investigate their possible interactions. Polyclonal antibodies for rTFF3, the rIgGFcγBP C-terminal domain and the rMuc2 C-terminal domain confirmed their localization in the mucus layer and in the mucus collected from the rat intestinal loose layer or firm layer in both western blot and immunoprecipitation experiments. A complex of rTFF3, which was approximately 250 kDa, and a monomer of 6 kDa were present in both layers of the intestinal mucus; rIgGFcγBP was present in the complex (250–280 kDa) under non-reducing conditions, but shifted to 164 kDa under reducing conditions in both of the layers. rMuc2 was found mainly in a complex of 214–270 kDa under non-reducing conditions, but it shifted to 140 kDa under reducing conditions. The co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that binding occurs among rTFF3, rIgGFcγBP and rMuc2 in the RIPA buffer soluble intestinal mucus. Blocking the covalent interaction by 100 mM DTT in the RIPA buffer soluble intestinal mucus disassociated their binding. Conclusions/Significance Rat goblet cell-secreted TFF3, IgGFcγBP and Muc2, existing in the two intestinal mucus layers, are bound together by covalent interactions in the soluble fraction of intestinal mucus and form heteropolymers to be one of the biochemical mechanisms of composing the net-like structure of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianchun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Trefoil factor family peptide 2 acts pro-proliferative and pro-apoptotic in the murine retina. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:461-73. [PMID: 21512811 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although expression of trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides has been reported in the brain, nothing is known about TFF expression in the retina. The aim of this study was to test whether TFF peptides are expressed in the murine retina and have any function here. In contrast to most tissues studied, where TFF1 and TFF3 are the predominant peptides, TFF2 is the only peptide expressed in the murine retina. Immunohistochemical studies on murine retinal sections indicate that cells of the ganglion cell layer are the retinal source for murine TFF2 (Tff2). In organotypic murine retina cell cultures recombinant TFF2 exerted a strong pro-apoptotic and pro-proliferative rather than an anti-apoptotic and anti-proliferating effect described in most human cancer cell lines investigated so far. In blockage experiments we were able to demonstrate that the pro-apoptotic effect of TFF2 is caspase-dependent. Western blot analysis of TFF2 treated retinal wholemount homogenates revealed significant reductions in the phosphorylation level of ERK and STAT3 proteins compared to basal conditions, suggesting that in the developing murine retina survival mechanism are down-regulated upon TFF2 administration. Our results suggest that during retinal cell death periods, requiring a tightly regulated balance between cell survival and cell death, TFF2 acts pro-proliferative and pro-apoptotic at least in developing mouse retinae cultured in vivo.
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Albert TK, Laubinger W, Müller S, Hanisch FG, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Hoffmann W. Human intestinal TFF3 forms disulfide-linked heteromers with the mucus-associated FCGBP protein and is released by hydrogen sulfide. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3108-17. [PMID: 20423149 DOI: 10.1021/pr100020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TFF3 is a secretory peptide belonging to the trefoil factor family with a predicted size of 59 amino acid residues containing seven cysteine residues. It is predominantly expressed in intestinal goblet cells where it plays a key role in mucosal regeneration and repair processes. In the course of these studies, human colonic TFF3 was shown to exist mainly as a high molecular weight heteromer. Purification of this heteromer and characterization by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified the IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP) as the disulfide-linked partner protein of TFF3. FCGBP is a constituent of intestinal mucus secreted by goblet cells. Furthermore, low amounts of TFF3/monomer and only little TFF3/dimer were detected in human colonic extracts. Here, we show that these TFF3 forms can be released from the purified TFF3-FCGBP heteromer complex in vitro by reduction with hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S). Such a mechanism would be in line with the high H(2)S concentrations reported to occur in the lumen of the colon. Of special note, this points to intestinal mucus as a reservoir for a biologically active peptide. Also proteolytic processing of FCGBP was observed which is in line with multiple autocatalytic cleavages as proposed earlier by Johansson et al. (J. Proteome Res. 2009 , 8 , 3549 - 3557).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo K Albert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Synthesis and localization of trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides in the human urinary tract and TFF2 excretion into the urine. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 339:639-47. [PMID: 20063012 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides promote regeneration and repair processes of mucous epithelia. They also probably play a key role in the remarkable regenerative capacity of the urinary tract epithelia. We have localized TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 expression systematically in surgical specimens from the urinary tract by reverse transcription with the polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Urine samples from patients suffering from nephrolithiasis have been investigated and compared with those of healthy controls. TFF synthesis is detectable along the entire urinary tract epithelia. TFF3 synthesis is the most pronounced followed by TFF1, whereas TFF2 synthesis is occasionally detectable but only in trace amounts. In contrast, TFF2 is the predominant TFF peptide excreted into the urine, and significantly increased urinary TFF2 levels (together with occasionally raised TFF3 levels) have been observed in patients suffering from nephrolithiasis. Thus, we consider that TFF3 plays a major part in regeneration and restitution processes in urinary tract epithelia. TFF2 and probably also TFF3 are candidate biomarkers for nephrolithiasis and possibly other inflammatory conditions of the urinary tract.
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