1
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Tanaka K, Hashimoto Y, Morita N, Tamura O. Directing-Group-Free Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Arylation of Aldoxime Using Oxime’s Umpolung Properties. Org Lett 2022; 24:8954-8958. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Tanaka
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Hashimoto
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Morita
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Osamu Tamura
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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2
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Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a therapeutic strategy for cognitive improvement. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Xi M, Sun T, Chai S, Xie M, Chen S, Deng L, Du K, Shen R, Sun H. Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for cognitive amelioration in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Paes D, Schepers M, Rombaut B, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J. The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1016-1049. [PMID: 34233947 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to enhance cAMP signaling in a broad range of diseases, including several types of cancers, as well as in various neurologic, dermatological, and inflammatory diseases. Despite their widespread therapeutic potential, the progression of PDE4 inhibitors into the clinic has been hampered because of their related relatively small therapeutic window, which increases the chance of producing adverse side effects. Interestingly, the PDE4 enzyme family consists of several subtypes and isoforms that can be modified post-translationally or can engage in specific protein-protein interactions to yield a variety of conformational states. Inhibition of specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, or conformational states may lead to more precise effects and hence improve the safety profile of PDE4 inhibition. In this review, we provide an overview of the variety of PDE4 isoforms and how their activity and inhibition is influenced by post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. Furthermore, we describe the importance of screening potential PDE4 inhibitors in view of different PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and conformational states rather than testing compounds directed toward a specific PDE4 catalytic domain. Lastly, potential mechanisms underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects are outlined. In this review, we illustrate that PDE4 inhibitors retain their therapeutic potential in myriad diseases, but target identification should be more precise to establish selective inhibition of disease-affected PDE4 isoforms while avoiding isoforms involved in adverse effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the PDE4 enzyme family is a therapeutic target in an extensive range of disorders, clinical use of PDE4 inhibitors has been hindered because of the adverse side effects. This review elaborately shows that safer and more effective PDE4 targeting is possible by characterizing 1) which PDE4 subtypes and isoforms exist, 2) how PDE4 isoforms can adopt specific conformations upon post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions, and 3) which PDE4 inhibitors can selectively bind specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and/or conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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5
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Brullo C, Rapetti F, Abbate S, Prosdocimi T, Torretta A, Semrau M, Massa M, Alfei S, Storici P, Parisini E, Bruno O. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and structural characterization of novel GEBR library PDE4D inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113638. [PMID: 34171658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Memory and cognitive functions depend on the cerebral levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which are regulated by the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family of enzymes. Selected rolipram-related PDE4 inhibitors, members of the GEBR library, have been shown to increase hippocampal cAMP levels, providing pro-cognitive benefits with a safe pharmacological profile. In a recent SAR investigation involving a subset of GEBR library compounds, we have demonstrated that, depending on length and flexibility, ligands can either adopt a twisted, an extended or a protruding conformation, the latter allowing the ligand to form stabilizing contacts with the regulatory domain of the enzyme. Here, based on those findings, we describe further chemical modifications of the protruding subset of GEBR library inhibitors and their effects on ligand conformation and potency. In particular, we demonstrate that the insertion of a methyl group in the flexible linker region connecting the catechol portion and the basic end of the molecules enhances the ability of the ligand to interact with both the catalytic and the regulatory domains of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Rapetti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Abbate
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Prosdocimi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Archimede Torretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Semrau
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Massa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Storici
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy; Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV, 1006, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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Xie C, Lin PJ, Hao J. Eggmanone Effectively Overcomes Prostate Cancer Cell Chemoresistance. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050538. [PMID: 34066000 PMCID: PMC8151738 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer chemoresistance is a major therapeutic problem, and the underlying mechanism is not well understood and effective therapies to overcome this problem are not available. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), a main intracellular enzyme for cAMP hydrolysis, has been previously shown to involve in the early chemo-sensitive prostate cancer cell proliferation and progression, but its role in the more-advanced chemo-resistant prostate cancer is completely unknown. Here we found that the expression of PDE4 subtype, PDE4D, is highly elevated in the chemo-resistant prostate cancer cells (DU145-TxR and PC3-TxR) in comparison to the chemo-sensitive prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3). Inhibition of PDE4D with a potent and selective PDED4 inhibitor, Eggmanone, effectively decreases the invasion and proliferation as well as induces cell death of the chemo-resistant prostate cancer cells (DU145-TxR and PC3-TxR). These results were confirmed by siRNA knockdown of PDE4D. We and colleagues previously reported that Eggmanone can effectively blocked sonic Hedgehog signaling via PDE4D inhibition, and here our study suggests that that Eggmanone downregulated proliferation of the chemo-resistant prostate cancer cells via sonic Hedgehog signaling. In addition, Eggmanone treatment dose-dependently increases docetaxel cytotoxicity to DU145-TxR and PC3-TxR. As cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be implicated in cancer chemoresistance, we further examined Eggmanone impacts on CSC-like properties in the chemo-resistant prostate cancer cells. Our study shows that Eggmanone effectively down-regulates the expression of CSCs’ marker genes Nanog and ABC sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) and attenuates sphere formation in DU145-TxR and PC3-TxR cells. In summary, our work shows that Eggmanone effectively overcomes the chemoresistance of prostate cancer cells presumably through sonic Hedgehog signaling and targeting CSCs, suggesting that Eggmanone may serve as a novel agent for chemo-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Pen-Jen Lin
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(909)-469-8686; Fax: +1-909-469-5635
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7
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Phosphodiesterase 4D Depletion/Inhibition Exerts Anti-Oncogenic Properties in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092182. [PMID: 34062786 PMCID: PMC8125776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Drug resistance is a serious problem in the treatment of HCC. Therefore, it is of high clinical impact to discover targeted therapies that may overcome drug-related resistance and improve the survival of patients affected by HCC. In the present study, we investigated the role of Isoform D of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4D) in HCC development and progression. We found that PDE4D is over-expressed HCCs in vitro and in vivo and the depletion of the gene by silencing or the pharmacological inhibition of protein activity exerted anti-tumorigenic activities. Abstract Isoform D of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4D) has recently been associated with several human cancer types with the exception of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we explored the role of PDE4D in HCC. We found that PDE4D gene/protein were over-expressed in different samples of human HCCs compared to normal livers. Accordingly, HCC cells showed higher PDE4D activity than non-tumorigenic cells, accompanied by over-expression of the PDE4D isoform. Silencing of PDE4D gene and pharmacological inhibition of protein activity by the specific inhibitor Gebr-7b reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in HCC cells, with a decreased fraction of cells in S phase and a differential modulation of key regulators of cell cycle and apoptosis. PDE4D silencing/inhibition also affected the gene expression of several cancer-related genes, such as the pro-oncogenic insulin growth factor (IGF2), which is down-regulated. Finally, gene expression data, available in the CancerLivER data base, confirm that PDE4D over-expression in human HCCs correlated with an increased expression of IGF2, suggesting a new possible molecular network that requires further investigations. In conclusion, intracellular depletion/inhibition of PDE4D prevents the growth of HCC cells, displaying anti-oncogenic effects. PDE4D may thus represent a new biomarker for diagnosis and a potential adjuvant target for HCC therapy.
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Lu J, Chen C, Deng X, Mak MSH, Zhu Z, He X, Liang J, Maddili SK, Tsim KWK, Han Y, Pi R. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Multifunctional Rolipram-Tranilast Hybrids As Potential Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2348-2360. [PMID: 32644771 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent public healthcare concern frequently instigated by mechanical shock, traffic, or violence incidents, leading to permanent nerve damage, and there is no ideal treatment for it yet. In this study, a series of Rolipram-Tranilast hybrids were designed and synthesized. The neuroprotective activities of the Rolipram-Tranilast hybrids were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 5 has been identified as the strongest neuroprotective molecule among the series with robust anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Compound 5 significantly increased the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels and the phosphorylated cAMP response elements binding protein (p-CREB) while it down-regulated phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) expression in vitro. Furthermore, compound 5 remarkably attenuated TBI and had a good safety profile in mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that compound 5 could serve as a novel promising lead compound in the treatment of TBI and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases associated with PDE4B and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Marvin SH Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinhao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 518000, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Drugability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Peng T, Qi B, He J, Ke H, Shi J. Advances in the Development of Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10594-10617. [PMID: 32255344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) specifically hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and plays vital roles in biological processes such as cancer development. To date, PDE4 inhibitors have been widely studied as therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many of them have progressed to clinical trials or have been approved as drugs. Herein, we review the advances in the development of PDE4 inhibitors in the past decade and will focus on their pharmacophores, PDE4 subfamily selectivity, and therapeutic potential. Hopefully, this analysis will lead to a strategy for development of novel therapeutics targeting PDE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Baowen Qi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun He
- Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hengming Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
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10
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Mossa A, Manzini MC. Molecular causes of sex-specific deficits in rodent models of neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurosci Res 2019; 99:37-56. [PMID: 31872500 PMCID: PMC7754327 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder consistently show a male bias in prevalence, but it remains unclear why males and females are affected with different frequency. While many behavioral studies of transgenic NDD models have focused only on males, the requirement by the National Institutes of Health to consider sex as a biological variable has promoted the comparison of male and female performance in wild-type and mutant animals. Here, we review examples of rodent models of NDDs in which sex-specific deficits were identified in molecular, physiological, and/or behavioral responses, showing sex differences in susceptibility to disruption of genes mutated in NDDs. Haploinsufficiency in genes involved in mechanisms such as synaptic function (GABRB3 and NRXN1), chromatin remodeling (CHD8, EMHT1, and ADNP), and intracellular signaling (CC2D1A and ERK1) lead to more severe behavioral outcomes in males. However, in the absence of behavioral deficits, females can still present with cellular and electrophysiological changes that could be due to compensatory mechanisms or differential allocation of molecular and cellular functions in the two sexes. By contrasting these findings with mouse models where females are more severely affected (MTHFR and AMBRA1), we propose a framework to approach the study of sex-specific deficits possibly leading to sex bias in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mossa
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M Chiara Manzini
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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11
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Massimi M, Ragusa F, Cardarelli S, Giorgi M. Targeting Cyclic AMP Signalling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121511. [PMID: 31775395 PMCID: PMC6952960 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major healthcare problem worldwide, representing one of the leading causes of cancer mortality. Since there are currently no predictive biomarkers for early stage diagnosis, HCC is detected only in advanced stages and most patients die within one year, as radical tumour resection is generally performed late during the disease. The development of alternative therapeutic approaches to HCC remains one of the most challenging areas of cancer. This review focuses on the relevance of cAMP signalling in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and identifies the modulation of this second messenger as a new strategy for the control of tumour growth. In addition, because the cAMP pathway is controlled by phosphodiesterases (PDEs), targeting these enzymes using PDE inhibitors is becoming an attractive and promising tool for the control of HCC. Among them, based on current preclinical and clinical findings, PDE4-specific inhibitors remarkably demonstrate therapeutic potential in the management of cancer outcomes, especially as adjuvants to standard therapies. However, more preclinical studies are warranted to ascertain their efficacy during the different stages of hepatocyte transformation and in the treatment of established HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Massimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.G.); Tel.: +39-0862-433219 (M.M.); +39-06-49912308 (M.G.)
| | - Federica Ragusa
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Silvia Cardarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Giorgi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.G.); Tel.: +39-0862-433219 (M.M.); +39-06-49912308 (M.G.)
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12
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Pan T, Xie S, Zhou Y, Hu J, Luo H, Li X, Huang L. Dual functional cholinesterase and PDE4D inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Design, synthesis and evaluation of tacrine-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2150-2152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Phosphodiesterase 4D, miR-203 and selected cytokines in the peripheral blood are associated with canine atopic dermatitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218670. [PMID: 31226136 PMCID: PMC6588236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common complex and multifactorial disease involving immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, skin barrier defects, environmental factors and allergic sensitization. To date, diagnosis of canine AD relies on a combination of patient history, clinical examination, allergy testing and response to diet trials/therapies with no reliable biomarkers available to distinguish AD from other diseases with similar clinical presentations. A handful of studies to identify potential biomarkers in the peripheral blood of AD dogs and healthy controls have been performed with some showing inconsistent and contradictory results. In this study, we, for the first time, report statistically significant increases in expression of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and miR-203 in plasma from AD dogs compared to healthy controls. In addition, we report a statistically non-significant change of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, a dramatic decrease of three gene markers (PIAS1, RORA and SH2B1) as well as a panel of differential expression of cytokines in AD dogs in comparison to the healthy controls. Our study provides important insight into the complexities of canine AD, and further studies to verify the specificity of these findings for canine AD at a larger-scale are warranted.
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14
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Takano A, Uz T, Garcia-Segovia J, Tsai M, Lahu G, Amini N, Nakao R, Jia Z, Halldin C. A Nonhuman Primate PET Study: Measurement of Brain PDE4 Occupancy by Roflumilast Using (R)-[ 11C]Rolipram. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:615-622. [PMID: 29441434 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition in the brain has been reported to improve cognitive function in animal models. Therefore, PDE4 inhibitors are one of key targets potential for drug development. Investigation of brain PDE4 occupancy would help to understand the effects of PDE4 inhibition to cognitive functions. Roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor used clinically for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the effects to the brain have not been well investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether roflumilast entered the brain and occupied PDE4 in nonhuman primates. PROCEDURES Positron emission tomography (PET) measurements with (R)-[11C]rolipram were performed at baseline and after intravenous (i.v.) administration of roflumilast (3.6 to 200 μg/kg) in three female rhesus monkeys. Arterial blood samples were taken to obtain the input function. Protein binding was measured to obtain the free fraction (fp) of the radioligand. Total distribution volume (VT) and VT/fp were calculated as outcome measures from two tissue compartment model. Lassen plot approach was taken to estimate the target occupancy. RESULTS The brain uptake of (R)-[11C]rolipram decreased after roflumilast administration. PDE 4 occupancy by roflumilast showed dose- and plasma concentration-dependent increase, although PDE4 occupancy did not reach 50 % even after the administration of up to 200 μg/kg of roflumilast, regardless of outcome measures, VT or VT/fp. CONCLUSIONS This PET study showed that the brain PDE4 binding was blocked to a certain extent after i.v. administration of clinical relevant doses of roflumilast in nonhuman primates. Further clinical PET evaluation is needed to understand the relationship between PDE4 inhibition and potential improvement of cognitive function in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tolga Uz
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA
| | - Jesus Garcia-Segovia
- Takeda Development Center, London, UK.,Orchard Therapeuitcs, Birchin Lane, London, UK
| | - Max Tsai
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA.,Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gezim Lahu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryuji Nakao
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhisheng Jia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Prosdocimi T, Mollica L, Donini S, Semrau MS, Lucarelli AP, Aiolfi E, Cavalli A, Storici P, Alfei S, Brullo C, Bruno O, Parisini E. Molecular Bases of PDE4D Inhibition by Memory-Enhancing GEBR Library Compounds. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2876-2888. [PMID: 29652483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selected members of the large rolipram-related GEBR family of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors have been shown to facilitate long-term potentiation and to improve memory functions without causing emetic-like behavior in rodents. Despite their micromolar-range binding affinities and their promising pharmacological and toxicological profiles, few if any structure-activity relationship studies have been performed to elucidate the molecular bases of their action. Here, we report the crystal structure of a number of GEBR library compounds in complex with the catalytic domain of PDE4D as well as their inhibitory profiles for both the long PDE4D3 isoform and the catalytic domain alone. Furthermore, we assessed the stability of the observed ligand conformations in the context of the intact enzyme using molecular dynamics simulations. The longer and more flexible ligands appear to be capable of forming contacts with the regulatory portion of the enzyme, thus possibly allowing some degree of selectivity between the different PDE4 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Prosdocimi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Luca Mollica
- Computational Sciences , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Marta S Semrau
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , SS 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park , 34149 Trieste , Italy
| | - Anna Paola Lucarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Egidio Aiolfi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational Sciences , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , via Belmeloro 6 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Paola Storici
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , SS 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park , 34149 Trieste , Italy
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Genova , Viale Benedetto XV 3 , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Genova , Viale Benedetto XV 3 , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Genova , Viale Benedetto XV 3 , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @ PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
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16
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Xie C, Ramirez A, Wang Z, Chow MSS, Hao J. A simple and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of eggmanone in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 153:37-43. [PMID: 29459234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are highly sought after due to their important anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapeutic effects. We recently identified Eggmanone, an extraordinarily selective allosteric PDE4 inhibitor displaying favorable drug properties. However, a specific analytic method of Eggmanone in serum and its pharmacokinetics have not been reported yet. In this study, we developed a rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method to determine Eggmanone concentrations in rat plasma. This assay method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery and stability, and was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats following intravenous injection of Eggmanone at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of this assay was 5 ng/mL and the linear calibration curve was acquired with R2 > 0.99 between 5 and 1000 ng/m. The intra-day and inter-day precision was evaluated with the coefficient of variations less than 11.09%, whereas the mean accuracy ranged from 98.38% to 105.13%. The assay method exhibited good recovery and negligible matrix effect. The samples were stable under all the experimental conditions. The plasma concentrations of Eggmanone were detected and quantified over 24 h with the terminal elimination half-live of 3.57 ± 1.80 h and 5.92 ± 3.34 h for the low dose (1 mg/kg) and high dose (3 mg/kg) respectively. In summary, the present method provides a robust, fast and sensitive analytical approach for quantification of Eggmanone in plasma and was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Ana Ramirez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; Department of Biology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Moses S S Chow
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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17
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Wu Y, Li Z, Huang YY, Wu D, Luo HB. Novel Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Cognitive Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5467-5483. [PMID: 29363967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the greatest public health challenges. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superenzyme family responsible for the hydrolysis of two second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Since several PDE subfamilies are highly expressed in the human brain, the inhibition of PDEs is involved in neurodegenerative processes by regulating the concentration of cAMP and/or cGMP. Currently, PDEs are considered as promising targets for the treatment of AD since many PDE inhibitors have exhibited remarkable cognitive improvement effects in preclinical studies and over 15 of them have been subjected to clinical trials. The aim of this review is to summarize the outstanding progress that has been made by PDE inhibitors as anti-AD agents with encouraging results in preclinical studies and clinical trials. The binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, underlying mechanisms, and limitations of these PDE inhibitors in the treatment of AD are also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-You Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Deyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
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18
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Mishra RR, Belder N, Ansari SA, Kayhan M, Bal H, Raza U, Ersan PG, Tokat ÜM, Eyüpoğlu E, Saatci Ö, Jandaghi P, Wiemann S, Üner A, Cekic C, Riazalhosseini Y, Şahin Ö. Reactivation of cAMP Pathway by PDE4D Inhibition Represents a Novel Druggable Axis for Overcoming Tamoxifen Resistance in ER-positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1987-2001. [PMID: 29386221 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Tamoxifen remains an important hormonal therapy for ER-positive breast cancer; however, development of resistance is a major obstacle in clinics. Here, we aimed to identify novel mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance and provide actionable drug targets overcoming resistance.Experimental Design: Whole-transcriptome sequencing, downstream pathway analysis, and drug repositioning approaches were used to identify novel modulators [here: phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D)] of tamoxifen resistance. Clinical data involving tamoxifen-treated patients with ER-positive breast cancer were used to assess the impact of PDE4D in tamoxifen resistance. Tamoxifen sensitization role of PDE4D was tested in vitro and in vivo Cytobiology, biochemistry, and functional genomics tools were used to elucidate the mechanisms of PDE4D-mediated tamoxifen resistance.Results: PDE4D, which hydrolyzes cyclic AMP (cAMP), was significantly overexpressed in both MCF-7 and T47D tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) cells. Higher PDE4D expression predicted worse survival in tamoxifen-treated patients with breast cancer (n = 469, P = 0.0036 for DMFS; n = 561, P = 0.0229 for RFS) and remained an independent prognostic factor for RFS in multivariate analysis (n = 132, P = 0.049). Inhibition of PDE4D by either siRNAs or pharmacologic inhibitors (dipyridamole and Gebr-7b) restored tamoxifen sensitivity. Sensitization to tamoxifen is achieved via cAMP-mediated induction of unfolded protein response/ER stress pathway leading to activation of p38/JNK signaling and apoptosis. Remarkably, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) was predicted to be a tamoxifen sensitizer using a drug repositioning approach and was shown to reverse resistance by targeting PDE4D/cAMP/ER stress axis. Finally, combining PDE4D inhibitors and tamoxifen suppressed tumor growth better than individual groups in vivoConclusions: PDE4D plays a pivotal role in acquired tamoxifen resistance via blocking cAMP/ER stress/p38-JNK signaling and apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1987-2001. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmi R Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Belder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suhail A Ansari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Kayhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hilal Bal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin G Ersan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ünal M Tokat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erol Eyüpoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pouria Jandaghi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayşegül Üner
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caglar Cekic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Özgür Şahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Memory-enhancing effects of GEBR-32a, a new PDE4D inhibitor holding promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46320. [PMID: 28402318 PMCID: PMC5389348 DOI: 10.1038/srep46320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory loss characterizes several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) and elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to treat cognitive deficits. However, PDE4 exists in several isoforms and pan inhibitors cannot be used in humans due to severe emesis. Here, we present GEBR-32a, a new PDE4D full inhibitor that has been characterized both in vitro and in vivo using biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioural analyses. GEBR-32a efficiently enhances cAMP in neuronal cultures and hippocampal slices. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis shows that GEBR-32a is rapidly distributed within the central nervous system with a very favourable brain/blood ratio. Specific behavioural tests (object location and Y-maze continuous alternation tasks) demonstrate that this PDE4D inhibitor is able to enhance memory in AD transgenic mice and concomitantly rescues their hippocampal long-term potentiation deficit. Of great relevance, our preliminary toxicological analysis indicates that GEBR-32a is not cytotoxic and genotoxic, and does not seem to possess emetic-like side effects. In conclusion, GEBR-32a could represent a very promising cognitive-enhancing drug with a great potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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20
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D'Ursi P, Guariento S, Trombetti G, Orro A, Cichero E, Milanesi L, Fossa P, Bruno O. Further Insights in the Binding Mode of Selective Inhibitors to Human PDE4D Enzyme Combining Docking and Molecular Dynamics. Mol Inform 2016; 35:369-81. [PMID: 27546041 PMCID: PMC5094559 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201501033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease has recently emerged as a possible field of application for PDE4D inhibitors (PDE4DIs). The great structure similarity among the various PDE4 isoforms and, furthermore, the lack of the full length crystal structure of the enzyme, impaired the rational design of new selective PDE4DIs. In this paper, with the aim of exploring new insights into the PDE4D binding, we tackled the problem by performing a computational study based on docking simulations combined with molecular dynamics (D-MD). Our work uniquely identified the binding mode and the key residues involved in the interaction with a number of in-house catechol iminoether derivatives, acting as PDE4DIs. Moreover, the new binding mode was tested using a series of analogues previously reported by us and it was used to confirm their key structural features to allow PDE4D inhibition. The binding model disclosed within the current computational study may prove to be useful to further advance the design and synthesis of novel, more potent and selective, PDE4D inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina D'Ursi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Sara Guariento
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy
| | - Gabriele Trombetti
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy
| | - Luciano Milanesi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy .
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy
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21
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New insights into selective PDE4D inhibitors: 3-(Cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzaldehyde O-(2-(2,6-dimethylmorpholino)-2-oxoethyl) oxime (GEBR-7b) structural development and promising activities to restore memory impairment. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:82-102. [PMID: 27560284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 4D (PDE4D) has been indicated as a promising target for treating neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). By preventing cAMP hydrolysis, PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) increase the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Pharmacological and behavioral studies on our hit GEBR-7b demonstrated that selective PDE4DIs could improve memory without causing emesis and sedation. The hit development led to new molecule series, herein reported, characterized by a catechol structure bonded to five member heterocycles. Molecular modeling studies highlighted the pivotal role of a polar alkyl chain in conferring selective enzyme interaction. Compound 8a showed PDE4D3 selective inhibition and was able to increase intracellular cAMP levels in neuronal cells, as well as in the hippocampus of freely moving rats. Furthermore, 8a was able to readily cross the blood-brain barrier and enhanced memory performance in mice without causing any emetic-like behavior. These data support the view that PDE4D is an adequate molecular target to restore memory deficits in different neuropathologies, including AD, and also indicate compound 8a as a promising candidate for further preclinical development.
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22
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Zhou ZZ, Ge BC, Chen YF, Shi XD, Yang XM, Xu JP. Catecholic amides as potential selective phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitors: Design, synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and structure–activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang B, Li W, Huang L, Li X. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Orally Available Clioquinol-Moracin M Hybrids as Multitarget-Directed Ligands for Cognitive Improvement in a Rat Model of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8616-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenrui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingshu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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24
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Brullo C, Massa M, Villa C, Ricciarelli R, Rivera D, Pronzato MA, Fedele E, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Flammini L, Bruno O. Synthesis, biological activities and pharmacokinetic properties of new fluorinated derivatives of selective PDE4D inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3426-35. [PMID: 25936260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new series of selective PDE4D inhibitors has been designed and synthesized by replacing 3-methoxy group with 3-difluoromethoxy isoster moiety in our previously reported cathecolic structures. All compounds showed a good PDE4D3 inhibitory activity, most of them being inactive toward other PDE4 isoforms (PDE4A4, PDE4B2 and PDE4C2). Compound 3b, chosen among the synthesized compounds as the most promising in terms of inhibitory activity, selectivity and safety, showed an improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to its non fluorinated analogue. Spontaneous locomotor activity, assessed in an open field apparatus, showed that, differently from rolipram and diazepam, selective PDE4D inhibitors, such as compounds 3b, 5b and 7b, did not affect locomotion, whereas compound 1b showed a tendency to reduce the distance traveled and to prolong the immobility period, possibly due to a poor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Massa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Villa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Via LB Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Rivera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Via LB Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Pronzato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Via LB Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barocelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Flammini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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25
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PDE4D inhibitors: A potential strategy for the treatment of memory impairment? Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:290-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Brullo C, Massa M, Rocca M, Rotolo C, Guariento S, Rivera D, Ricciarelli R, Fedele E, Fossa P, Bruno O. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of new 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzaldehyde O-(2-(2,6-dimethylmorpholino)-2-oxoethyl) Oxime (GEBR-7b) related phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7061-72. [PMID: 25126889 DOI: 10.1021/jm500855w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl derivatives, structurally related to our hit GEBR-4a (1) and GEBR-7b (2), has been designed by changing length and functionality of the chain linking the catecholic moiety to the terminal cycloamine portion. Among the numerous molecules synthesized, compounds 8, 10a, and 10b showed increased potency as PDE4D enzyme inhibitors with respect to 2 and a good selectivity against PDE4A4, PDE4B2, and PDE4C2 enzymes, without both cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The ability to enhance cAMP level in neuronal cells was assessed for compound 8. SAR considerations, also confirmed by in silico docking simulations, evidenced that both chain and amino terminal function characterized by higher hydrophilicity are required for a good and selective inhibitor-catalytic pocket interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa , Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Darout E, Menhaji‐Klotz E, Chappie TA. PDE4: Recent Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Mitigate Adverse Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527682348.ch04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee ASY, Chang YT, Su FY. Chemoselective Synthesis of β-Amino Ester or β-Lactam via Sonochemical Reformatsky Reaction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Phosphodiesterase inhibition rescues chronic cognitive deficits induced by traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5216-26. [PMID: 23516287 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5133-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) modulates several cell signaling pathways in the hippocampus critical for memory formation. Previous studies have found that the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway is downregulated after TBI and that treatment with a phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor rolipram rescues the decrease in cAMP. In the present study, we examined the effect of rolipram on TBI-induced cognitive impairments. At 2 weeks after moderate fluid-percussion brain injury or sham surgery, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received vehicle or rolipram (0.03 mg/kg) 30 min before water maze acquisition or cue and contextual fear conditioning. TBI animals treated with rolipram showed a significant improvement in water maze acquisition and retention of both cue and contextual fear conditioning compared with vehicle-treated TBI animals. Cue and contextual fear conditioning significantly increased phosphorylated CREB levels in the hippocampus of sham animals, but not in TBI animals. This deficit in CREB activation during learning was rescued in TBI animals treated with rolipram. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was reduced in TBI animals, and this was also rescued with rolipram treatment. These results indicate that the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram rescues cognitive impairments after TBI, and this may be mediated through increased CREB activation during learning.
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García-Osta A, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, García-Barroso C, Oyarzábal J, Franco R. Phosphodiesterases as therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:832-44. [PMID: 23173065 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. In AD patients, memory loss is accompanied by the formation of beta-amyloid plaques and the appearance of tau in a pathological form. Given the lack of effective treatments for AD, the development of new management strategies for these patients is critical. The continued failure to find effective therapies using molecules aimed at addressing the anti-beta amyloid pathology has led researchers to focus on other non-amyloid-based approaches to restore memory function. Promising non-amyloid related candidate targets include phosphosdiesterases (PDEs), and indeed, Rolipram, a specific PDE4 inhibitor, was the first compound found to effectively restore cognitive deficits in animal models of AD. More recently, PDE5 inhibitors have also been shown to effectively restore memory function. Accordingly, inhibitors of other members of the PDE family may also improve memory performance in AD and non-AD animal models. Hence, in this review, we will summarize the data supporting the use of PDE inhibitors as cognitive enhancers and we will discuss the possible mechanisms of action underlying these effects. We shall also adopt a medicinal chemistry perspective that leads us to propose the most promising PDE candidates on the basis of inhibitor selectivity, brain distribution, and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-Osta
- Molecular and Cell Neuropharmacology
Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, CIMA (Centro de investigación Médica Aplicada), Avda Pio
XII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Molecular and Cell Neuropharmacology
Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, CIMA (Centro de investigación Médica Aplicada), Avda Pio
XII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina García-Barroso
- Molecular and Cell Neuropharmacology
Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, CIMA (Centro de investigación Médica Aplicada), Avda Pio
XII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzábal
- Molecular and Cell Neuropharmacology
Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, CIMA (Centro de investigación Médica Aplicada), Avda Pio
XII, Pamplona, Spain
- Small
Molecule Discovery Platform, CIMA (Centro
de investigación Médica
Aplicada), Avda Pio XII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular and Cell Neuropharmacology
Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, CIMA (Centro de investigación Médica Aplicada), Avda Pio
XII, Pamplona, Spain
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Oliva AA, Kang Y, Furones C, Alonso OF, Bruno O, Dietrich WD, Atkins CM. Phosphodiesterase isoform-specific expression induced by traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2012; 123:1019-29. [PMID: 23057870 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in significant inflammation which contributes to the evolving pathology. Previously, we have demonstrated that cyclic AMP (cAMP), a molecule involved in inflammation, is down-regulated after TBI. To determine the mechanism by which cAMP is down-regulated after TBI, we determined whether TBI induces changes in phosphodiesterase (PDE) expression. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats received moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury (FPI) or sham injury, and the ipsilateral, parietal cortex was analyzed by western blotting. In the ipsilateral parietal cortex, expression of PDE1A, PDE4B2, and PDE4D2, significantly increased from 30 min to 24 h post-injury. PDE10A significantly increased at 6 and 24 h after TBI. Phosphorylation of PDE4A significantly increased from 6 h to 7 days post-injury. In contrast, PDE1B, PD4A5, and PDE4A8 significantly decreased after TBI. No changes were observed with PDE1C, PDE3A, PDE4B1/3, PDE4B4, PDE4D3, PDE4D4, PDE8A, or PDE8B. Co-localization studies showed that PDE1A, PDE4B2, and phospho-PDE4A were neuronally expressed, whereas PDE4D2 was expressed in neither neurons nor glia. These findings suggest that therapies to reduce inflammation after TBI could be facilitated with targeted therapies, in particular for PDE1A, PDE4B2, PDE4D2, or PDE10A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Oliva
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Bruno O, Fedele E, Prickaerts J, Parker LA, Canepa E, Brullo C, Cavallero A, Gardella E, Balbi A, Domenicotti C, Bollen E, Gijselaers HJM, Vanmierlo T, Erb K, Limebeer CL, Argellati F, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, Ricciarelli R. GEBR-7b, a novel PDE4D selective inhibitor that improves memory in rodents at non-emetic doses. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:2054-63. [PMID: 21649644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Strategies designed to enhance cerebral cAMP have been proposed as symptomatic treatments to counteract cognitive deficits. However, pharmacological therapies aimed at reducing PDE4, the main class of cAMP catabolizing enzymes in the brain, produce severe emetic side effects. We have recently synthesized a 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde derivative, structurally related to rolipram, and endowed with selective PDE4D inhibitory activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the new drug, namely GEBR-7b, on memory performance, nausea, hippocampal cAMP and amyloid-β (Aβ) levels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To measure memory performance, we performed object recognition tests on rats and mice treated with GEBR-7b or rolipram. The emetic potential of the drug, again compared with rolipram, was evaluated in rats using the taste reactivity test and in mice using the xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia test. Extracellular hippocampal cAMP was evaluated by intracerebral microdialysis in freely moving rats. Levels of soluble Aβ peptides were measured in hippocampal tissues and cultured N2a cells by elisa. KEY RESULTS GEBR-7b increased hippocampal cAMP, did not influence Aβ levels and improved spatial, as well as object memory performance in the object recognition tests. The effect of GEBR-7b on memory was 3 to 10 times more potent than that of rolipram, and its effective doses had no effect on surrogate measures of emesis in rodents. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that GEBR-7b enhances memory functions at doses that do not cause emesis-like behaviour in rodents, thus offering a promising pharmacological perspective for the treatment of memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bruno
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Predictive QSAR modeling of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 32:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Soares DC, Carlyle BC, Bradshaw NJ, Porteous DJ. DISC1: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential for Major Mental Illness. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:609-632. [PMID: 22116789 PMCID: PMC3222219 DOI: 10.1021/cn200062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is well established
as a genetic risk factor across a spectrum of psychiatric disorders,
a role supported by a growing body of biological studies, making the
DISC1 protein interaction network an attractive therapeutic target.
By contrast, there is a relative deficit of structural information
to relate to the myriad biological functions of DISC1. Here, we critically
appraise the available bioinformatics and biochemical analyses on
DISC1 and key interacting proteins, and integrate this with the genetic
and biological data. We review, analyze, and make predictions regarding
the secondary structure and propensity for disordered regions within
DISC1, its protein-interaction domains, subcellular localization motifs,
and the structural and functional implications of common and ultrarare DISC1 variants associated with major mental illness. We
discuss signaling pathways of high pharmacological potential wherein
DISC1 participates, including those involving phosphodiesterase 4
(PDE4) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). These predictions and
priority areas can inform future research in the translational and
potentially guide the therapeutic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh C. Soares
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular
Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital,
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Becky C. Carlyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street,
Suite 901, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular
Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital,
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular
Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital,
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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Rutten K, Wallace TL, Works M, Prickaerts J, Blokland A, Novak TJ, Santarelli L, Misner DL. Enhanced long-term depression and impaired reversal learning in phosphodiesterase 4B-knockout (PDE4B-/-) mice. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:138-47. [PMID: 21458469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is known to be an important regulator of synaptic plasticity. The effects of cAMP are mediated through downstream effectors such as protein kinase A (PKA), Ca(2+) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family of enzymes, which is comprised of four genes and at least 25 protein isoforms, mediates the hydrolysis of cAMP, yet little is presently known about the contribution of specific PDE4 isoforms to synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavior. The purpose of the present studies was to determine the contribution of the PDE4B gene in mediating synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavior. Electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal slice preparations of mice deficient in the PDE4B gene (PDE4B(-/-)) showed that knockout animals displayed markedly enhanced basal postsynaptic responses to stimulation and long-term depression as compared to wild-type littermates. Interestingly, no genotypic differences were noted in long-term potentiation experiments following several different induction protocols. On the behavioral level PDE4B(-/-) mice displayed impaired reversal learning in the Morris water maze compared to wild-type littermates, but no differences in acquisition and retention of spatial memory and fear conditioning. Taken together, these results suggest that the PDE4B gene may play a role in synaptic activity and long-term depression and is involved in spatial reversal memory. Our findings support the view that various PDE4 isoforms are non-redundant and have distinct neurological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Rutten
- CNS Discovery Research, Roche Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Sengupta R, Sun T, Warrington NM, Rubin JB. Treating brain tumors with PDE4 inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:337-44. [PMID: 21450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Speculation regarding dysregulation of cAMP metabolism in oncogenesis has existed since the discovery of cAMP more than 50 years ago. Recent data confirm the relevance of disordered cAMP metabolism to the genesis of multiple cancers and suggest that the mechanism might involve altered expression and activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These discoveries coincide with the rapid development and clinical evaluation of PDE inhibitors for non-cancer indications. Thus, the time is ripe to evaluate PDE inhibitors as cancer chemotherapeutics. Here we highlight recent evidence that abnormal regulation of cAMP levels might be a determinant of brain tumorigenesis and that altered PDE expression is one the mechanisms of its dysregulation. Recent preclinical and clinical experience with inhibitors of PDE4 indicates that this might be a promising approach to brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sengupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Ave, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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