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Broberg MN, Ohlsson RT, Bondesson U, Pettersson C, Tidstedt B, Thevis M, Hedeland M. A multivariate data analysis approach for the investigation of in vitro derived metabolites of ACP-105 in comparison with human in vivo metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1231:123927. [PMID: 37972465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) such as ACP-105 are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic properties. ACP-105 has in previous equine studies shown to undergo extensive metabolism, which makes its metabolite profile important to investigate in humans, since the metabolism is unknown in this species. The aims of the study were to systematically optimize in vitro microsome incubations for improved metabolite yield and to utilize a multivariate data analysis (MVDA) approach to aid the metabolite discovery. Microsomes together with S9 fractions were used at optimal conditions, both with and without phase II additives. Furthermore, the relevance of the in vitro derived metabolites was evaluated as analytical targets in doping control by comparison with results from a human post-administration urine sample collected after a single dose of 100 µg ACP-105. All samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The use of the systematical optimization and MVDA greatly simplified the search and a total of 18 in vitro metabolites were tentatively identified. The yield of the two main monohydroxylated isomers increased by 24 and 10 times, respectively. In the human urine sample, a total of seven metabolites of ACP-105, formed by a combination of hydroxylations and glucuronic acid conjugations, were tentatively identified. The main metabolites were two monohydroxylated forms that are suggested as analytical targets for human doping control after hydrolysis. All the in vivo metabolites could be detected with the MVDA approach on the in vitro models, demonstrating its usefulness for prediction of the in vivo metabolite profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson Broberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Börje Tidstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Lamhauge JN, McLeod DA, Barløse CL, Oliver GA, Viborg L, Warburg T, Anker Jørgensen K. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tropane Scaffolds by an Organocatalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 3-Oxidopyridinium Betaines and Dienamines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301830. [PMID: 37318111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids constitute a compound-class which is structurally defined by a central 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core. A diverse bioactivity profile combined with an unusual aza-bridged bicyclic framework has made tropanes molecules-of-interest within organic chemistry. Enantioselective examples of (5+2) cycloadditions between 3-oxidopyridinium betaines and olefins remain unexplored, despite 3-oxidopyridinium betaines being useful reagents in organic synthesis. The first asymmetric (5+2) cycloaddition of 3-oxidopyridinium betaines is reported, affording tropane derivatives in up to quantitative yield and with excellent control of peri-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. The reactivity is enabled by dienamine-activation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes combined with in situ formation of the pyridinium reaction-partner. A simple N-deprotection protocol allows for liberation of the tropane alkaloid motif, and synthetic elaborations of the cycloadducts demonstrate their synthetic utility to achieve highly diastereoselective modification around the bicyclic framework. DFT computations suggest a stepwise mechanism where regio- and stereoselectivity are defined during the first bond-forming step in which the pyridinium dipole exerts critical conformational control over its dienamine partner. In the second bond-forming step, a kinetic preference toward an initial (5+4) cycloadduct was identified; however, a lack of catalyst turn-over, reversibility, and thermodynamic bias favoring a (5+2) cycloadduct rendered the reaction fully periselective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes N Lamhauge
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David A McLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Casper L Barløse
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laura Viborg
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias Warburg
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Karatt TK, Muhammed Ajeebsanu M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, Sathiq MA, Laya S. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry adduct formation by mobile phase additives: A case study using nitrile functional groups containing selective androgen receptor modulators. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9530. [PMID: 37125537 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The formation of mass adducts is common during electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). However, the mechanism that leads to adduct formation is poorly understood and difficult to control. Multiplication of mass adducts at once will adversely impact the sensitivity of mass analysis and cause misinterpretation of the level of detection. Prior studies on selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) revealed an immense mass adduct formation in both positive and negative ESI modes. METHODS In this study, additives in the mobile phases are investigated as a potential means of controlling mass adduct formation in various SARMs. RESULTS The first evidence of chloride adduct formation when SARMs are detected via ESI-MS has been reported in this research. A series of mobile phase combinations were tested to achieve the optimal condition for HPLC-MS. A comparison was also made between adduct formation on various grades of water used for preparing the mobile phase. A validation study using equine urine and plasma was also conducted to assess the suitability of the developed method. CONCLUSION The results of this study will allow for a more accurate identification of SARMs, which will make it easier to investigate their illicit use in horse racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen Kunhamu Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | | | - Mohamedkhani Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Pedrucci F, Pappalardo C, Marzaro G, Ferri N, Ferlin A, De Toni L. Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric Molecules: Tuning Molecular Strategies for a Clinically Sound Listening. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6630. [PMID: 35743070 PMCID: PMC9223854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
From seminal evidence in the early 2000s, the opportunity to drive the specific knockdown of a protein of interest (POI) through pharmacological entities called Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric molecules, or PROTACs, has become a possible therapeutic option with the involvement of these compounds in clinical trials for cancers and autoimmune diseases. The fulcrum of PROTACs pharmacodynamics is to favor the juxtaposition between an E3 ligase activity and the POI, followed by the ubiquitination of the latter and its degradation by the proteasome system. In the face of an apparently modular design of these drugs, being constituted by an E3 ligase binding moiety and a POI-binding moiety connected by a linker, the final structure of an efficient PROTAC degradation enhancer often goes beyond the molecular descriptors known to influence the biological activity, specificity, and pharmacokinetics, requiring a rational improvement through appropriate molecular strategies. Starting from the description of the basic principles underlying the activity of the PROTACs to the evaluation of the strategies for the improvement of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and rational design, this review examines the molecular elements that have been shown to be effective in allowing the evolution of these compounds from interesting proof of concepts to potential aids of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pedrucci
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia Pappalardo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (A.F.)
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Tropane and related alkaloid skeletons via a radical [3+3]-annulation process. Commun Chem 2022; 5:57. [PMID: 36697883 PMCID: PMC9814087 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropanes and related bicyclic alkaloids are highly attractive compounds possessing a broad biological activity. Here we report a mild and simple protocol for the synthesis of N-arylated 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives. It provides these valuable bicyclic alkaloid skeletons in good yields and high levels of diastereoselectivity from simple and readily available starting materials using visible-light photoredox catalysis. These bicyclic aniline derivatives are hardly accessible via the classical Robinson tropane synthesis and represent a particularly attractive scaffold for medicinal chemistry. This unprecedented annulation process takes advantage of the unique reactivity of ethyl 2-(acetoxymethyl)acrylate as a 1,3-bis radical acceptor and of cyclic N,N-dialkylanilines as radical 1,3-bis radical donors. The success of this process relies on efficient electron transfer processes and highly selective deprotonation of aminium radical cations leading to the key α-amino radical intermediates.
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Overview of the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis (1998–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Hincks P, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Identification of equine in vitro metabolites of seven non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:349-370. [PMID: 34714606 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs, are a large class of compounds developed to provide therapeutic anabolic effects with minimal androgenic side effects. A wide range of these compounds are available to purchase online and thus provide the potential for abuse in sports. Knowledge of the metabolism of these compounds is essential to aid their detection in doping control samples. In vitro models allow a quick, cost-effective response where administration studies are yet to be carried out. In this study, the equine phase I metabolism of the non-steroidal SARMs GSK2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303, PF-06260414, ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 was investigated using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography coupled to a QExactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed identification of metabolites with high resolution and mass accuracy. Three metabolites were identified for both GSK2881078 and LGD-2226, four for LGD-3303 and RAD-140, five for PF-06260414, twelve for ACP-105 and ten for S-23. The equine metabolism of GSK-2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303 and PF-06260414 is reported for the first time. Although the equine metabolism of ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 has previously been reported, the results obtained in this study have been compared with published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, UK.,Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Broberg MN, Knych H, Bondesson U, Pettersson C, Stanley S, Thevis M, Hedeland M. Investigation of Equine In Vivo and In Vitro Derived Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) ACP-105 for Improved Doping Control. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020085. [PMID: 33535528 PMCID: PMC7912737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) have anabolic properties but less adverse effects than anabolic androgenic steroids. They are prohibited in both equine and human sports and there have been several cases of SARMs findings reported over the last few years. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolite profile of the SARM ACP-105 (2-chloro-4-[(3-endo)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-3-methylbenzonitrile) in order to find analytical targets for doping control. Oral administration of ACP-105 was performed in horses, where blood and urine samples were collected over a time period of 96 h. The in vivo samples were compared with five in vitro incubation models encompassing Cunninghamella elegans, microsomes and S9 fractions of both human and equine origin. The analyses were performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Q ExactiveTM OrbitrapTM mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). A total of 21 metabolites were tentatively identified from the in vivo experiments, of which several novel glucuronides were detected in plasma and urine. In hydrolyzed urine, hydroxylated metabolites dominated. The in vitro models yielded several biotransformation products, including a number of monohydroxylated metabolites matching the in vivo results. The suggested analytical target for equine doping control in plasma is a dihydroxylated metabolite with a net loss of two hydrogens. In urine, the suggested targets are two monohydroxylated metabolites after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase, selected both due to prolongation of the detection time and the availability of reference material from the in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson Broberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Heather Knych
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Scott Stanley
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4340
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10
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator AC-262536 in vitro and in urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:369-385. [PMID: 32959959 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AC-262536 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of a range of clinical conditions including androgen replacement therapy. Though not available therapeutically, selective androgen receptor modulators are widely available to purchase online as (illegal) supplement products. The growth- and bone-promoting effects, along with fewer associated negative side effects compared with anabolic-androgenic steroids, make these compounds a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of AC-262536 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred horses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for in vitro metabolite identification and in urine and plasma samples. Nine phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; four of these were subsequently detected in urine and three in plasma, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma samples, the longest detection window was observed for an epimer of the parent compound, which is suggested as the best target for detection of AC-262536 administration. AC-262536 and metabolites were found to be primarily glucuronide conjugates in both urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of post-administration hair samples indicated incorporation of parent AC-262536 into the hair following oral administration. No metabolites were detected in the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,Racing Victoria Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Biddle
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Laboratory of Doping Control, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Subhahar MB, Karakka Kal AK, Philip M, K Karatt T, N I, Vazhat RA, M P MA. Detection and identification of ACP-105 and its metabolites in equine urine using LC/MS/MS after oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:299-317. [PMID: 32852865 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ACP-105 is a novel nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) with a tissue-specific agonist effect and does not have side effects associated with the use of common androgens. This research reports a comprehensive study for the detection of ACP-105 and its metabolites in racehorses after oral administration (in vivo) and postulating its structures using mass spectrometric techniques. To obtain the metabolic profile of ACP-105, a selective and reliable LC-MS/MS method was developed. The chemical structures of the metabolites were determined based on their fragmentation pattern, accurate mass, and retention time. Under the current experimental condition, a total of 19 metabolites were detected in ACP-105 drug administered equine urine samples. The study results suggest the following: (1) ACP-105 is prone to oxidation, which gives corresponding monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, and trihydroxylated metabolites; (2) along with oxidation, there is a possibility of elimination of water molecule (dehydration) from the third position of the tropine moiety, resulting in the dehydrated analogs of corresponding monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, and trihydroxylated metabolites; (3) from the study on the metabolites using LC-MS/MS, it is clear that the fragmentation pattern is identical and a great number of fragment ions are common in all the metabolites and the parent drug. (4) The ACP-105 and its metabolites were detected for up to 72 h; thus, the result is a valuable tool for evaluating its use and/or misuse in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahimwaseem N
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramees Abdulla Vazhat
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammed Ajeebsanu M P
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Miller SL, Chotana GA, Fritz JA, Chattopadhyay B, Maleczka RE, Smith MR. C-H Borylation Catalysts that Distinguish Between Similarly Sized Substituents Like Fluorine and Hydrogen. Org Lett 2019; 21:6388-6392. [PMID: 31393137 PMCID: PMC9864527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By modifying ligand steric and electronic profiles it is possible to C-H borylate ortho or meta to substituents in aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds, where steric differences between accessible C-H sites are small. Dramatic effects on selectivities between reactions using B2pin2 or 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (HBpin) are described for the first time. Judicious ligand and borane combinations give highly regioselective C-H borylations on substrates where typical borylation protocols afford poor selectivities.
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13
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Mandzhulo A, Vashchenko I, Gerasov A, Vovk M, Rusanov E, Fetyukhin V, Lukin O, Shivanyuk A. Selective synthesis of N-protected exo-spiro[oxirane-3,2′-tropanes]. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Cbz- and N-Boc-protected exo-spiro[oxirane-3,2′-tropanes] were selectively synthesized via either epoxidation or hydroxybromination/dehydrobromination of the corresponding alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Mandzhulo
- Life Chemicals Inc
- Kyiv
- Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | | | | | - Mykhaylo Vovk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kyiv
- Ukraine
| | - Eduard Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kyiv
- Ukraine
| | | | | | - Alexander Shivanyuk
- Life Chemicals Inc
- Kyiv
- Ukraine
- The Institute of High Technologies
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
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14
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Detection of SARMs in doping control analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:34-45. [PMID: 28137616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The class of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has been the subject of intense and dedicated clinical research over the past two decades. Potential therapeutic applications of SARMs are manifold and focus particularly on the treatment of conditions manifesting in muscle loss such as general sarcopenia, cancer-associated cachexia, muscular dystrophy, etc. Consequently, based on the substantial muscle- and bone-anabolic properties of SARMs, these agents constitute substances with significant potential for misuse in sport and have therefore been added to the Word Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA's) Prohibited List in 2008. Since then, numerous adverse analytical findings have been reported for various different SARMs, which has underlined the importance of proactive and preventive anti-doping measures concerning emerging drugs such as these anabolic agents, which have evidently been misused in sport despite the fact that none of these SARMs has yet received full clinical approval. In this review, analytical data on SARMs generated in the context of research conducted for sports drug testing purposes are summarized and state-of-the-art test methods aiming at intact drugs as well as diagnostic urinary metabolites are discussed. Doping control analytical approaches predominantly rely on chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry, which have allowed for appropriately covering the considerable variety of pharmacophores present in SARMs such as the non-steroidal representatives ACP-105, BMS-564929, GLPG0492 (DT-200), LG-121071, LGD-2226, LGD-4033/VK 5211, ostarine/enobosarm, RAD-140, S-40503, etc. as well as steroidal compounds such as MK-0773 and YK-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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15
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Gupta S, Pandey D, Mandalapu D, Sharma V, Shukla M, Singh S, Singh N, Yadav SK, Tanpula DK, Singh S, Maikhuri JP, Shukla S, Lal J, Siddiqi MI, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Novel aryl piperazines for alleviation of ‘andropause’ associated prostatic disorders and depression. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:204-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Mandzhulo AY, Mel’nichuk NA, Fetyukhin VN, Vovk MV. Synthesis of 4′-alkyl-8-azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3,2′-morpholin]-5′-ones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Saeed A, Vaught GM, Gavardinas K, Matthews D, Green JE, Losada PG, Bullock HA, Calvert NA, Patel NJ, Sweetana SA, Krishnan V, Henck JW, Luz JG, Wang Y, Jadhav P. 2-Chloro-4-[[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl]amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile: A Transdermal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) for Muscle Atrophy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:750-5. [PMID: 26683992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A transdermal SARM has a potential to have therapeutic benefit through anabolic activity in muscle while sparing undesired effects of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and liver-mediated decrease in HDL-C. 2-Chloro-4-[(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl)amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile 6 showed the desired muscle and prostate effects in a preclinical ORX rat model. Compound 6 had minimal effect on HDL-C levels in cynomolgus monkeys and showed human cadaver skin permeability, thus making it an effective tool for proof-of-concept studies in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Saeed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Grant M Vaught
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kostas Gavardinas
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Donald Matthews
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jonathan E Green
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Pablo Garcia Losada
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Heather A Bullock
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nathan A Calvert
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nita J Patel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stephanie A Sweetana
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Judith W Henck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John G Luz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prabhakar Jadhav
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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18
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Gupta S, Pandey D, Mandalapu D, Bala V, Sharma V, Shukla M, Yadav SK, Singh N, Jaiswal S, Maikhuri JP, Lal J, Siddiqi MI, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Design, synthesis and biological profiling of aryl piperazine based scaffolds for the management of androgen sensitive prostatic disorders. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00426a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six piperazine derivatives were synthesized and findings revealed that compound9ais promising candidate for management of prostatic disorders.
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19
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Sundén H, Holland MC, Poutiainen PK, Jääskeläinen T, Pulkkinen JT, Palvimo JJ, Olsson R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Second-Generation Tropanol-Based Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1569-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501995n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Sundén
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pekka K. Poutiainen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Harvard
Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute
of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha T. Pulkkinen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J. Palvimo
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC DIO, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Screening of synthetic and natural product databases: Identification of novel androgens and antiandrogens. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:267-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Piper T, Krug O, Delahaut P, Schänzer W. Liquid chromatography-high resolution/ high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry-based identification of in vivo generated metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulator ACP-105 for doping control purposes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:73-83. [PMID: 24881457 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent an emerging class of therapeutics which have been prohibited in sport as anabolic agents according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2008. Within the past three years, numerous adverse analytical findings with SARMs in routine doping control samples have been reported despite missing clinical approval of these substances. Hence, preventive doping research concerning the metabolism and elimination of new therapeutic entities of the class of SARMs are vital for efficient and timely sports drug testing programs as banned compounds are most efficiently screened when viable targets (for example, characteristic metabolites) are identified. In the present study, the metabolism of ACP-105, a novel SARM drug candidate, was studied in vivo in rats. Following oral administration, urine samples were collected over a period of seven days and analyzed for metabolic products by Liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry. Samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis prior to liquid-liquid extraction and a total of seven major phase-I metabolites were detected, three of which were attributed to monohydroxylated and four to bishydroxylated ACP-105. The hydroxylation sites were assigned by means of diagnostic product ions and respective dissociation pathways of the analytes following positive or negative ionization and collisional activation as well as selective chemical derivatization. The identified metabolites were used as target compounds to investigate their traceability in a rat elimination urine samples study and monohydroxylated and bishydroxylated species were detectable for up to four and six days post-administration, respectively.
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George S, Petit GH, Gouras GK, Brundin P, Olsson R. Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators and selective estrogen receptor β agonists moderate cognitive deficits and amyloid-β levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1537-48. [PMID: 24020966 DOI: 10.1021/cn400133s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases of the sex steroids, testosterone and estrogen, are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Testosterone and estrogen supplementation improves cognitive deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Sex hormones play a role in the regulation of amyloid-β via induction of the amyloid-β degrading enzymes neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme. To mimic the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), we administered a selective androgen receptor agonist, ACP-105, alone and in combination with the selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist AC-186 to male gonadectomized triple transgenic mice. We assessed long-term spatial memory in the Morris water maze, spontaneous locomotion, and anxiety-like behavior in the open field and in the elevated plus maze. We found that ACP-105 given alone decreases anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, when ACP-105 is administered in combination with AC-186, they increase the amyloid-β degrading enzymes neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme and decrease amyloid-β levels in the brain as well as improve cognition. Interestingly, the androgen receptor level in the brain was increased by chronic treatment with the same combination treatment, ACP-105 and AC-186, not seen with DHT or ACP-105 alone. Based on these results, the beneficial effect of the selective ERβ agonist as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia George
- Neuronal Survival
Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience
Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
| | - Géraldine H. Petit
- Neuronal Survival
Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience
Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department
of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival
Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience
Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand
Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Roger Olsson
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
- ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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23
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Zefirova ON, Zefirov NS. Targeted application of bridged fragments in the design of physiologically active compounds. Russ Chem Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Thevis M, Piper T, Beuck S, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Expanding sports drug testing assays: mass spectrometric characterization of the selective androgen receptor modulator drug candidates RAD140 and ACP-105. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1173-1182. [PMID: 23650030 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anabolic agents have been top-ranked for many years among statistics of adverse analytical findings compiled by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Besides archetypical anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), alternative substances with similar effects concerning bone and muscle anabolism have been therapeutically pursued. A prominent emerging class of drugs is the chemically heterogeneous group of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), some of which have been detected in doping control samples between 2009 and 2012 despite missing clinical approval. METHODS In order to support the momentum of expanding the preventive and proactive measures among anti-doping laboratories, the analytical characterization of substances with misuse potential is of great importance. In the present study, the SARM drug candidates RAD140 (comprising a 5-phenyloxadiazole nucleus) and ACP-105 (bearing an N-substituted tropanol pharmacophore) were studied regarding their mass spectrometric behavior under ESI-MS(/MS) and EI-MS(/MS) conditions. Reference material was synthesized according to established protocols and dissociation pathways of RAD140 and ACP-105 were elucidated with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole/time-of-flight or iontrap/orbitrap and gas chromatography/electron ionization quadrupole/time-of-flight high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. RESULTS Fragmentation pathways to diagnostic product ions of RAD140 (e.g. m/z 223 and 205 using ESI-MS/MS and m/z 421 and 349 using EI-MS/MS) and ACP-105 (such as m/z 233 and 193 or 231 and 217 for ESI-MS/MS and EI-MS/MS measurements, respectively) were proposed as substantiated by determined elemental compositions and MS(n) experiments as well as comparison to spectra of a structural analog. Notably, for the formation of the characteristic fragment ion at m/z 421 of RAD140, the comparably seldom intramolecular migration of a trimethylsilyl residue triggered by electron ionization was suggested as corroborated by all of the above-mentioned analytical means. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data will support future sports drug testing methods and facilitate and accelerate the implementation of this analyte and related compounds or metabolites in both GC/MS(/MS)- and LC/MS(/MS)-based routine doping control procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry-Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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25
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Zhang X, Allan GF, Tannenbaum P, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lai MT, Haynes-Johnson D, Bhattacharjee S, Lundeen SG, Sui Z. Pharmacological characterization of an imidazolopyrazole as novel selective androgen receptor modulator. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 134:51-8. [PMID: 23098693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are androgens with tissue-selective activity. SARMs that have anabolic activity on muscle while having minimal stimulatory activity on prostate are classified as SARM agonists. They can be used to prevent the loss of lean body mass that is associated with cancer, immunodeficiency, renal disease and aging. They may also have anabolic activity on bone; thus, unlike estrogens, they may reverse the loss of bone strength associated with aging or hypogonadism. Our in-house effort on SARM program discovers a nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligand with a unique imidazolopyrazole moiety in its structure. In vitro, this compound is a weak androgen receptor binder and a weak androgen agonist. Despite this, in orchidectomized mature rats it is an effective SARM agonist, with an ED(50) on levator ani muscle of 3.3mg/kg and an ED(50) on ventral prostate of >30mg/kg. It has its maximal effect on muscle at the dose of 10mg/kg. In addition, this compound has mixed agonistic and antagonistic activities on prostate, reducing the weight of that tissue in intact rats by 22% at 10mg/kg. The compound does not have significant effect on gonadotropin levels or testosterone levels in both orchidectomized and intact male rats. It does not have notable progestin, estrogen or glucocorticoid agonistic or antagonistic activity in rats. In a female sexual behavior model, it improves the sexual desire of ovariectomized female rats for sexually mature intact males over nonsexually ovariectomized females. Overall, the imidazolopyrazole is a potent prostate-sparing candidate for development as a SARM agonist with an appropriate pharmacological profile for clinical benefit in muscle-wasting conditions and female sexual function disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Welsh&McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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26
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Zhang X, Sui Z. Deciphering the selective androgen receptor modulators paradigm. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:191-218. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.741582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR)-targeted therapies comprise a large class of clinically employed drugs. A number of drugs currently being used against this protein class were designed as structural analogs of the endogenous ligand of these receptors. In recent years, there has been significant interest in developing newer strategies to target NRs, especially those that rely on mechanistic pathways of NR function. Prominent among these are noncanonical means of targeting NRs, which include selective NR modulation, NR coactivator interaction inhibition, inhibition of NR DNA binding, modulation of NR cellular localization, modulation of NR ligand biosynthesis and downregulation of NR levels in target tissues. This article reviews each of these promising emerging strategies for NR drug development and highlights some of most significant successes achieved in using them.
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Poutiainen PK, Oravilahti T, Peräkylä M, Palvimo JJ, Ihalainen JA, Laatikainen R, Pulkkinen JT. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Nonsteroidal Cycloalkane[d]isoxazole-Containing Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6316-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University
of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Miller CP, Shomali M, Lyttle CR, O’Dea LSL, Herendeen H, Gallacher K, Paquin D, Compton DR, Sahoo B, Kerrigan SA, Burge MS, Nickels M, Green JL, Katzenellenbogen JA, Tchesnokov A, Hattersley G. Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD140. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:124-9. [PMID: 24900290 PMCID: PMC4018048 DOI: 10.1021/ml1002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the discovery of RAD140, a potent, orally bioavailable, nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). The characterization of RAD140 in several preclinical models of anabolic androgen action is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P. Miller
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maysoun Shomali
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - C. Richard Lyttle
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis St. L. O’Dea
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hillary Herendeen
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kyla Gallacher
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dottie Paquin
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dennis R. Compton
- Obiter Research, 2809 Gemini Court, Champaign, Illinois 61822-9647, United States
| | - Bishwabhusan Sahoo
- Obiter Research, 2809 Gemini Court, Champaign, Illinois 61822-9647, United States
| | - Sean A. Kerrigan
- Obiter Research, 2809 Gemini Court, Champaign, Illinois 61822-9647, United States
| | - Matthew S. Burge
- Obiter Research, 2809 Gemini Court, Champaign, Illinois 61822-9647, United States
| | - Michael Nickels
- Obiter Research, 2809 Gemini Court, Champaign, Illinois 61822-9647, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Green
- Obiter Research, 2809 Gemini Court, Champaign, Illinois 61822-9647, United States
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexei Tchesnokov
- Cambridge Major Laboratories, Inc., W130 N10497 Washington Drive, Germantown, Wisconsin 53022, United States
| | - Gary Hattersley
- Radius Health, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Dayger C, Villasana L, Pfankuch T, Davis M, Raber J. Effects of the SARM ACP-105 on rotorod performance and cued fear conditioning in sham-irradiated and irradiated female mice. Brain Res 2011; 1381:134-40. [PMID: 21219889 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Female mice are more susceptible to radiation-induced cognitive changes than male mice. Previously, we showed that, in female mice, androgens antagonize age-related cognitive decline in aged wild-type mice and androgens and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) antagonize cognitive changes induced by human apolipoprotein E4, a risk factor for developing age-related cognitive decline. In this study, the potential effects of the SARM ACP-105 were assessed in female mice that were either sham-irradiated or irradiated with ¹³⁷Cesium at a dose of 10Gy. Behavioral testing started 2 weeks following irradiation. Irradiation impaired sensorimotor function in vehicle-treated mice but not in ACP-105-treated mice. Irradiation impaired cued fear conditioning and ACP-105 enhanced fear conditioning in sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. When immunoreactivity for microtubule-associated protein 2 was assessed in the cortex of sham-irradiated mice, there was a brain area × ACP-105 interaction. While ACP-105 reduced MAP-2 immunoreactivity in the sensorimotor cortex, there was a trend towards increased MAP-2 immunoreactivity in the enthorhinal cortex. No effect on MAP-2 immunoreactivity was seen in the irradiated cortex or sham-irradiated or irradiated hippocampus. Thus, there are relatively early radiation-induced behavioral changes in female mice and reduced MAP-2 levels in the sensorimotor cortex following ACP-105 treatment might contribute to enhanced rotorod performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dayger
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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31
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Kanno Y, Hikosaka R, Zhang SY, Inoue Y, Nakahama T, Kato K, Yamaguchi A, Tominaga N, Kohra S, Arizono K, Inouye Y. (17.ALPHA.,20E)-17,20-[(1-Methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester (YK11) Is a Partial Agonist of the Androgen Receptor. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:318-23. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Keisuke Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Akemi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Ariake National College of Technology
| | - Nobuaki Tominaga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Ariake National College of Technology
| | - Shinya Kohra
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University
| | - Koji Arizono
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto
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Sarswat A, Kumar R, Kumar L, Lal N, Sharma S, Prabhakar YS, Pandey SK, Lal J, Verma V, Jain A, Maikhuri JP, Dalela D, Kirti, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Arylpiperazines for Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Design, Synthesis, Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationships, and Pharmacokinetic Studies. J Med Chem 2010; 54:302-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101163m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nand Lal
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diwakar Dalela
- Department of Urology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Kirti
- Department of Urology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow-226001, India
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