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1,3-Phenylene-based symmetrical bis(urea-1,2,3-triazole) hybrids: Synthesis, antimicrobial and in silico studies as 14α-sterol demethylase inhibitors. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Li J, He W, Lei P, Song J, Huo J, Wei H, Bai H, Xie W. 2,2,2-Trifluroenthanol promoted synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas from dioxazolones and amines via tandem lossen rearrangement/condensation process. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1983605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wang He
- Engineeing Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Basin, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Pan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiyou Huo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongjin Bai
- Engineeing Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Basin, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Weiqing Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Chhatwal AR, Lomax HV, Blacker AJ, Williams JMJ, Marcé P. Direct synthesis of amides from nonactivated carboxylic acids using urea as nitrogen source and Mg(NO 3) 2 or imidazole as catalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5808-5818. [PMID: 32832055 PMCID: PMC7416778 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method for the direct synthesis of primary and secondary amides from carboxylic acids is described using Mg(NO3)2·6H2O or imidazole as a low-cost and readily available catalyst, and urea as a stable, and easy to manipulate nitrogen source. This methodology is particularly useful for the direct synthesis of primary and methyl amides avoiding the use of ammonia and methylamine gas which can be tedious to manipulate. Furthermore, the transformation does not require the employment of coupling or activating agents which are commonly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosie Chhatwal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Helen V Lomax
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK
| | - A John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research & Development , School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Jonathan M J Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Patricia Marcé
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
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Krivoshein AV. α-Substituted Lactams and Acetamides: Ion Channel Modulators that Show Promise in Treating Drug-resistant Epilepsy. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:79-87. [PMID: 32386500 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200510005458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The two main problems in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy are resistance to currently available first-line medications (which occurs in about one third of patients) and the high incidence of side effects. To address these two challenges, extensive efforts are being undertaken to design new, structurally distinct antiepileptic drugs with a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity. Tests in animal models of epilepsy indicate that α-substituted lactams and acetamides show a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity (including very promising activity in drug-resistant models) as well as an excellent safety profile. Limited clinical results confirm these preclinical findings. In the first part of this review, pharmacology and toxicology of α-substituted lactams and acetamides and their putative protein targets in the brain have been discussed. This is followed by a discussion of structure-activity relationships among α-alkyl-, α-aryl-, and α-aryl-α-alkyl-substituted derivatives. The most promising structures seem to be those related to 3-ethyl-3-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2-phenylbutyramide, and 2- sec-butylvaleramide. The information presented in this review is expected to facilitate rational drug design and development efforts for α-substituted lactams and acetamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadius V Krivoshein
- Chemistry Program, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058, United States
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Wang K, Zhu H, Zhao H, Zhang K, Tian Y. Application of carbamyl in structural optimization. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103757. [PMID: 32217370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbamyl is considered a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. It has a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-epilepsy, for which the best evidence is a number of marketed carbamyl-containing drugs. Carbamyl is formed of primary amine and carbonyl moieties that act as hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen acceptors with residues of targets respectively, which are benefit for improving pharmacological activities. In other cases, the introduced carbamyl improves drug-like properties including oral bioavailability. In this review, we introduce the carbamyl-containing drugs and the application of carbamyl in structural optimization as a result of enhancing activities or/and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanglei Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongxi Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongqian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yongshou Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Malygin A, Demidova M, Skachilova S, Shilova E. Synthesis of a novel amide derivative of valproic acid and 1,3,4-thiadiazole with antiepileptic activity. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Valproates are commonly used to treat various forms of epilepsy. Problems accompanying their clinical application include drug resistance, adverse effects, acute and chronic toxicity. Safer anticonvulsants with improved efficacy can be obtained through the chemical modification of valproic acid structure. Thiadiazole-linked amide derivatives of valproates hold great promise because 1,3,4-thiadiazole can improve the drug’s bioavailability and reduce its toxicity. The aim of this work was to synthesize a novel amide derivative of valproic acid and 1,3,4-thiadiazole exerting antiepileptic activity. The chemical structure of the synthesized valproate was studied by IR, proton NMR and 13С-NMR-spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The purity and individuality of the compound was confirmed by thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Its antiepileptic activity was assessed in the test with intraperitoneally injected 250 mg/kg isoniazid and subsequent Probit analysis. The synthesized N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-propyl pentane amide (valprazolamide) had the following characteristics. ESI+MS: m/z 256.1 [M + H]+; MRM transitions: m/z 256.1 — m/z 81.0 and m/z 130.1. The valproate exerted antiepileptic activity against isoniazid-induced seizures in mice. In the test with isoniazid, ED50 of intraperitoneally injected VPZ was 126.8 mg/kg (95% CI: 65.5–245.4). Its therapeutic index was 7.3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S.Ya. Skachilova
- All-Russian Research Center for the Safety of Bioactive Substances, Staraya Kupavna, Moscow region, Russia
| | - E.V. Shilova
- All-Russian Research Center for the Safety of Bioactive Substances, Staraya Kupavna, Moscow region, Russia
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Muthukumar A, Rao GN, Sekar G. Zn(OTf) 2-catalyzed access to symmetrical and unsymmetrical bisindoles from α-keto amides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3921-3933. [PMID: 30941387 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed synthesis of 3,3'-bisindolyl acetamides from α-keto amides is developed. Both aromatic α-keto amides substituted with electron-donating as well as -withdrawing groups and aliphatic α-keto amides are well tolerated to provide symmetrical bisindoles in moderate to excellent yields. The chemoselective bisindolylation of the keto group of α-keto amides in the presence of a simple keto functionality is successfully achieved in good yields. The transformation is further extended to the synthesis of challenging unsymmetrical bisindoles by treating indolyl α-hydroxy amides with substituted indoles. The unsymmetrical bisindoles are isolated in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagesan Muthukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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Haines KM, Matson LM, Dunn EN, Ardinger CE, Lee-Stubbs R, Bibi D, McDonough JH, Bialer M. Comparative efficacy of valnoctamide and sec-butylpropylacetamide (SPD) in terminating nerve agent-induced seizures in pediatric rats. Epilepsia 2019; 60:315-321. [PMID: 30615805 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children and adults are likely to be among the casualties in a civilian nerve agent exposure. This study evaluated the efficacy of valnoctamide (racemic-VCD), sec-butylpropylacetamide (racemic-SPD), and phenobarbital for stopping nerve agent seizures in both immature and adult rats. METHODS Female and male postnatal day (PND) 21, 28, and 70 (adult) rats, previously implanted with electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes were exposed to seizure-inducing doses of the nerve agents sarin or VX and EEG was recorded continuously. Five minutes after seizure onset, animals were treated with SPD, VCD, or phenobarbital. The up-down method was used over successive animals to determine the anticonvulsant median effective dose (ED50 ) of the drugs. RESULTS SPD-ED50 values in the VX model were the following: PND21, 53 mg/kg (male) and 48 mg/kg (female); PND28, 108 mg/kg (male) and 43 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 101 mg/kg (male) and 40 mg/kg (female). SPD-ED50 values in the sarin model were the following: PND21, 44 mg/kg (male) and 28 mg/kg (female); PND28, 79 mg/kg (male) and 34 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 53 mg/kg (male) and 53 mg/kg (female). VCD-ED50 values in the VX model were the following: PND21, 34 mg/kg (male) and 43 mg/kg (female); PND28, 165 mg/kg (male) and 59 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 87 mg/kg (male) and 91 mg/kg (female). VCD-ED50 values in the sarin model were the following: PND21, 45 mg/kg (male), 48 mg/kg (female); PND28, 152 mg/kg (male) 79 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 97 mg/kg (male) 79 mg/kg (female). Phenobarbital-ED50 values in the VX model were the following: PND21, 43 mg/kg (male) and 18 mg/kg (female); PND28, 48 mg/kg (male) and 97 mg/kg (female). Phenobarbital-ED50 values in the sarin model were the following: PND21, 32 mg/kg (male) and 32 mg/kg (female); PND28, 58 mg/kg (male) and 97 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 65 mg/kg (female). SIGNIFICANCE SPD and VCD demonstrated anticonvulsant activity in both immature and adult rats in the sarin- and VX-induced status epilepticus models. Phenobarbital was effective in immature rats, whereas in adult rats, higher doses were required that were accompanied by toxicity. Overall, significantly less drug was required to stop seizures in PND21 animals than in the older animals, and overall, males required higher amounts of drug than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari M Haines
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Liana M Matson
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Emily N Dunn
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Cherish E Ardinger
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Robyn Lee-Stubbs
- Research Support Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - David Bibi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H McDonough
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Maity R, Naskar S, Das I. Copper(II)-Catalyzed Reactions of α-Keto Thioesters with Azides via C-C and C-S Bond Cleavages: Synthesis of N-Acylureas and Amides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2114-2124. [PMID: 29393648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cu(II)-catalyzed reaction of α-keto thioesters with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) proceeds with the transformation of the thioester group into urea through C-C and C-S bond cleavages, constituting a practical and straightforward synthesis of N-acylureas. When diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA) is used instead as the azide source in an aqueous environment, primary amides are formed via substitution of the thioester group. The reactions are proposed to proceed through Curtius rearrangement of the initially formed α-keto acyl azide to generate an acyl isocyanate intermediate, which reacts further with an additional amount of azide or water and rearranges to afford the corresponding products. To demonstrate the potentiality of the method, one-step syntheses of pivaloylurea and isovaleroylurea, displaying anticonvulsant activities, have been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Maity
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India
| | - Sandip Naskar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India
| | - Indrajit Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India
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sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD), a new amide derivative of valproic acid for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:129-139. [PMID: 27890817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a multifactorial disease comprised of both inflammatory and neuropathic components that affect ∼20% of the world's population. sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) is a novel amide analogue of valproic acid (VPA) previously shown to possess a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity. In this study, we defined the pharmacokinetic parameters of SPD in rat and mouse, and then evaluated its antinociceptive potential in neuropathic and acute inflammatory pain models. In the sciatic nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain, SPD was equipotent to gabapentin and more potent than its parent compound VPA. SPD also showed either higher or equal potency to VPA in the formalin, carrageenan, and writhing tests of inflammatory pain. SPD showed no effects on compound action potential properties in a sciatic nerve preparation, suggesting that its mechanism of action is distinct from local anesthetics and membrane stabilizing drugs. SPD's activity in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain warrants its development as a potential broad-spectrum anti-nociceptive drug.
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Krivoshein AV, Ordonez C, Khrustalev VN, Timofeeva TV. Distinct molecular structures and hydrogen bond patterns of α,α-diethyl-substituted cyclic imide, lactam, and acetamide derivatives in the crystalline phase. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kaufmann D, Bates EA, Yagen B, Bialer M, Saunders GH, Wilcox K, White HS, Brennan KC. sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) has antimigraine properties. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:924-35. [PMID: 26568161 PMCID: PMC4887413 DOI: 10.1177/0333102415612773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though migraine is disabling and affects 12%-15% of the population, there are few drugs that have been developed specifically for migraine prevention. Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) that is also used for migraine prophylaxis, but its clinical use is limited by its side effect profile. sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) is a novel VPA derivative, designed to be more potent and tolerable than VPA, that has shown efficacy in animal seizure and pain models. METHODS We evaluated SPD's antimigraine potential in the cortical spreading depression (CSD) and nitroglycerin (NTG) models of migraine. To evaluate SPD's mechanism of action, we performed whole-cell recordings on cultured cortical neurons and neuroblastoma cells. RESULTS In the CSD model, the SPD-treated group showed a significantly lower median number of CSDs compared to controls. In the NTG-induced mechanical allodynia model, SPD dose-dependently reduced mechanical sensitivity compared to controls. SPD showed both a significant potentiation of GABA-mediated currents and a smaller but significant decrease in NMDA currents in cultured cortical neurons. Kainic acid-evoked currents and voltage-dependent sodium channel currents were not changed by SPD. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate SPD's potential as a promising novel antimigraine compound, and suggest a GABAergic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kaufmann
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA Department of Neurology, University of Utah, USA
| | - Emily A Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, USA
| | - Boris Yagen
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gerald H Saunders
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
| | - Karen Wilcox
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
| | - K C Brennan
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, USA
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Sutera FM, De Caro V, Giannola LI. Small endogenous molecules as moiety to improve targeting of CNS drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:93-107. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Maria Sutera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana De Caro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Libero Italo Giannola
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Krivoshein AV. Anticonvulsants Based on the α-Substituted Amide Group Pharmacophore Bind to and Inhibit Function of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:316-26. [PMID: 26741746 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antiepileptic properties of α-substituted lactams, acetamides, and cyclic imides have been known for over 60 years, the mechanism by which they act remains unclear. I report here that these compounds bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit its function. Using transient kinetic measurements with functionally active, nondesensitized receptors, I have discovered that (i) α-substituted lactams and cyclic imides are noncompetitive inhibitors of heteromeric subtypes (such as α4β2 and α3β4) of neuronal nAChRs and (ii) the binding affinity of these compounds toward the nAChR correlates with their potency in preventing maximal electroshock (MES)-induced convulsions in mice. Based on the hypothesis that α-substituted amide group is the essential pharmacophore of these drugs, I found and tested a simple compound, 2-phenylbutyramide. This compound indeed inhibits nAChR and shows good anticonvulsant activity in mice. Molecular docking simulations suggest that α-substituted lactams, acetamides, and cyclic imides bind to the same sites on the extracellular domain of the receptor. These new findings indicate that inhibition of brain nAChRs may play an important role in the action of these antiepileptic drugs, a role that has not been previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadius V. Krivoshein
- Department of Basic and Social
Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106
New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
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Mawasi H, Shekh-Ahmad T, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk BJ, Bialer M. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of CNS-active constitutional isomers of valnoctamide and sec-butylpropylacetamide--Amide derivatives of valproic acid. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 46:72-8. [PMID: 25863940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Valnoctamide (VCD) and sec-butylpropylacetamide (SPD) are CNS-active closely related amide derivatives of valproic acid with unique anticonvulsant activity. This study evaluated how small chemical changes affect the pharmacodynamics (PD; anticonvulsant activity and teratogenicity) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of three constitutional isomers of SPD [sec-butylisopropylacetamide (SID) and tert-butylisopropylacetamide (TID)] and of VCD [tert-butylethylacetamide (TED)]. The anticonvulsant activity of SID, TID, and TED was comparatively evaluated in several rodent anticonvulsant models. The PK-PD relationship of SID, TID, and TED was evaluated in rats, and their teratogenicity was evaluated in a mouse strain highly susceptible to teratogen-induced neural tube defects (NTDs). sec-Butylisopropylacetamide and TID have a similar PK profile to SPD which may contribute to their similar anticonvulsant activity. tert-Butylethylacetamide had a better PK profile than VCD (and SPD); however, this did not lead to a superior anticonvulsant activity. sec-Butylisopropylacetamide and TED did not cause NTDs at doses 4-7 times higher than their anticonvulsant ED50 values. In rats, SID, TID (ip), and TED exhibited a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity. However, combined anticonvulsant analysis in mice and rats shows SID as the most potent compound with similar activity to that of SPD, demonstrating that substitution of the isobutyl moiety in the SPD or VCD molecule by tert-butyl as well as a propyl-to-isopropyl replacement in the SPD molecule did not majorly affect the anticonvulsant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mawasi
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Meir Bialer
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Bar-Klein G, Swissa E, Kamintsky L, Shekh-Ahmad T, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Hubary Y, Shrot S, Stetlander L, Eisenkraft A, Friedman A, Bialer M. sec-Butyl-propylacetamide (SPD) and two of its stereoisomers rapidly terminate paraoxon-induced status epilepticus in rats. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1953-8. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bar-Klein
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Evyatar Swissa
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Lyn Kamintsky
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Hebrew University; Ein Karem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | | | - Shai Shrot
- Medical Corps Headquarters; IDF; Tel Aviv Israel
| | | | - Arik Eisenkraft
- NBC Protection Division; IMOD; Tel Aviv Israel
- Medical Corps Headquarters; IDF; Tel Aviv Israel
- Faculty of Medicine; The Institute for Research in Military Medicine; Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Hebrew University; Ein Karem Jerusalem Israel
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Shekh-Ahmad T, Hen N, McDonough JH, Yagen B, Bialer M. Valnoctamide and sec-butyl-propylacetamide (SPD) for acute seizures and status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2013; 54 Suppl 6:99-102. [PMID: 24001086 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
sec-Butyl-propylacetamide (SPD) is a one-carbon homolog of valnoctamide (VCD), a chiral constitutional isomer of valproic acid's (VPA) corresponding amide valpromide. VCD has potential as a therapy in epilepsy including status epilepticus (SE) and neuropathic pain, and is currently being developed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Both VCD and SPD possess two stereogenic carbons in their chemical structure. SPD possesses a unique and broad-spectrum antiseizure profile superior to that of valproic acid (VPA) and better than that of VCD. In addition SPD blocked behavioral- and electrographic-SE induced by pilocarpine and soman (organophosphate nerve gas) and afforded in vivo neuroprotection that was associated with cognitive sparing. VCD has activity similar to that of SPD in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), although at higher doses. The activity of SPD and VCD against SE is superior to that of diazepam in terms of rapid onset, potency, and ability to block SE when given 20-60 min after seizure onset. When administered 20 and 40 min after SE onset, SPD (100-174 mg/kg) produced long-lasting efficacy (e.g., 4-8 h) against soman-induced convulsive and electrographic SE in both rats and guinea pigs. SPD activity in the pilocarpine and soman-induced SE models when administered 20-60 min after seizure onset, differentiates SPD from benzodiazepines and all other antiepileptic drugs .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Neuman MG, Nanau RM, Shekh-Ahmad T, Yagen B, Bialer M. Valproic acid derivatives signal for apoptosis and repair in vitro. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1532-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hen N, Shekh-Ahmad T, Yagen B, McDonough JH, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk B, Bialer M. Stereoselective pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD), a new CNS-active derivative of valproic acid with unique activity against status epilepticus. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6467-77. [PMID: 23879329 DOI: 10.1021/jm4007565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
sec-Butylpropylacetamide (racemic-SPD) is a chiral CNS-active amide derivative of valproic acid (VPA). This study describes synthesis and stereospecific comparative pharmacodynamics (PD, anticonvulsant activity and teratogenicity) and pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of four individual SPD stereoisomers. SPD stereoisomers' anticonvulsant activity was comparatively evaluated in several anticonvulsant animal models including the benzodiazepine-resistant status epilepticus (SE). SPD stereoisomers' PK-PD relationship was evaluated in rats. Teratogenicity of SPD stereoisomers was evaluated in SWV mice strain, susceptible to VPA-induced neural tube defect (NTD). SPD stereoisomers (141 or 283 mg/kg) did not cause NTD. SPD has stereoselective PK and PD. (2R,3S)-SPD and (2S,3R)-SPD higher clearance led to a 50% lower plasma exposure that may contribute to their relative lower activity in the pilocarpine-induced SE model. (2S,3S)-SPD, (2R,3R)-SPD, and racemic-SPD have similar anticonvulsant activity and a PK profile that are better than those of (2R,3S)-SPD and (2S,3R)-SPD, making them good candidates for development as new, potent antiepileptics with a potential in benzodiazepine-resistant SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Hen
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Mahé O, Desroches J, Paquin JF. Amide Formation Using In Situ Activation of Carboxylic Acids with [Et2NSF2]BF4. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Yepuri NR, Jamieson SA, Darwish TA, Rawal A, Hook JM, Thordarson P, Holden PJ, James M. Synthesis of per-deuterated alkyl amines for the preparation of deuterated organic pyromellitamide gelators. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Eleventh Eilat Conference (EILAT XI). Epilepsy Res 2013; 103:2-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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White HS, Alex AB, Pollock A, Hen N, Shekh-Ahmad T, Wilcox KS, McDonough JH, Stables JP, Kaufmann D, Yagen B, Bialer M. A new derivative of valproic acid amide possesses a broad-spectrum antiseizure profile and unique activity against status epilepticus and organophosphate neuronal damage. Epilepsia 2011; 53:134-46. [PMID: 22150444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE sec-Butyl-propylacetamide (SPD) is a one-carbon homolog of valnoctamide (VCD), a central nervous system (CNS)-active amide derivative of valproic acid (VPA) currently in phase II clinical trials. The study reported herein evaluated the anticonvulsant activity of SPD in a battery of rodent seizure and epilepsy models and assessed its efficacy in rat and guinea pig models of status epilepticus (SE) and neuroprotection in an organotypic hippocampal slice model of excitotoxic cell death. METHODS The anticonvulsant activity of SPD was evaluated in several rodent seizure and epilepsy models, including maximal electroshock (MES), 6-Hz psychomotor; subcutaneous (s.c.) metrazol-, s.c. picrotoxin, s.c. bicuculline, and audiogenic, corneal, and hippocampal kindled seizures following intraperitoneal administration. Results obtained with SPD are discussed in relationship to those obtained with VPA and VCD. SPD was also evaluated for its ability to block benzodiazepine-resistant SE induced by pilocarpine (rats) and soman (rats and guinea pigs) following intraperitoneal administration. SPD was tested for its ability to block excitotoxic cell death induced by the glutamate agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) using organotypic hippocampal slices and SE-induced hippocampal cell death using FluoroJade B staining. The cognitive function of SPD-treated rats that were protected against pilocarpine-induced convulsive SE was examined 10-14 days post-SE using the Morris water maze (MWM). The relationship between the pharmacokinetic profile of SPD and its efficacy against soman-induced SE was evaluated in two parallel studies following SPD (60 mg/kg, i.p.) administration in the soman SE rat model. KEY FINDINGS SPD was highly effective and displayed a wide protective index (PI = median neurotoxic dose/median effective dose [TD(50)/ED(50)]) in the standardized seizure and epilepsy models employed. The wide PI values of SPD demonstrate that it is effective at doses well below those that produce behavioral impairment. Unlike VCD, SPD also displayed anticonvulsant activity in the rat pilocarpine model of SE. Thirty minutes after the induction of SE, the calculated rat ED(50) for SPD against convulsive SE in this model was 84 mg/kg. SPD was not neuroprotective in the organotypic hippocampal slice preparation; however, it did display hippocampal neuroprotection in both SE models and cognitive sparing in the MWM, which was associated with its antiseizure effect against pilocarpine-induced SE. When administered 20 and 40 min after SE onset, SPD (100-174 mg/kg) produced long-lasting efficacy (e.g., 4-8 h) against soman-induced convulsive and electrographic SE in both rats and guinea pigs. SPD ED(50) values in guinea pigs were 67 and 92 mg/kg when administered at SE onset or 40 min after SE onset, respectively. Assuming linear pharmacokinetics (PK), the PK-PD (pharmacodynamic) results (rats) suggests that effective SPD plasma levels ranged between 8 and 40 mg/L (20 min after the onset of soman-induced seizures) and 12-50 mg/L (40 min after the onset of soman-induced seizures). The time to peak (t(max)) pharmacodynamic effect (PD-t(max)) occurred after the PK-t(max), suggesting that SPD undergoes slow distribution to extraplasmatic sites, which is likely responsible for antiseizure activity of SPD. SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrate that SPD is a broad-spectrum antiseizure compound that blocks SE induced by pilocarpine and soman and affords in vivo neuroprotection that is associated with cognitive sparing. Its activity against SE is superior to that of diazepam in terms of rapid onset, potency, and its effect on animal mortality and functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steve White
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Pessah N, Kaufmann D, Yagen B, Hen N, Wlodarczyk B, Finnell RH, Bialer M. Comparative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two anticonvulsant halo derivatives of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, an amide of a cyclic analog of valproic acid. Epilepsia 2010; 51:1944-53. [PMID: 20738383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE α-Fluoro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide (α-F-TMCD) and α-Cl-TMCD, are α-halo derivatives of TMCD, the corresponding amide of a cyclopropane analog of valproic acid (VPA). This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD in rodent models of epilepsy and for antiepileptic drug (AED)-induced teratogenicity. The potential of α-F-TMCD as an antiallodynic and antinociceptive compound was also evaluated. METHODS α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD were synthesized. α-Cl-TMCD anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in comparison to VPA in the mouse maximal-electroshock-seizure (MES), Metrazol (scMet), and 6-Hz psychomotor-seizure tests. Neurotoxicity was assessed by the Rotorod-ataxia test. Induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) by α-Cl-TMCD and α-F-TMCD was evaluated after intraperitoneal administration to a mouse strain highly susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity. The ability of α-F-TMCD to reduce pain was evaluated in the rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model for neuropathic pain and in the formalin test. α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD pharmacokinetics was evaluated following intraperitoneal (40 mg/kg) and oral (60 mg/kg) administration to rats. RESULTS α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD had similar potencies in the 6-Hz test and were more potent than VPA in this model and in the scMet test. Neither induced NTDs, and both exhibited wide safety margins. α-F-TMCD was active in the two pain models, and was found to be equipotent to gabapentin in the SNL model (ED(50) = 37 and 32 mg/kg, respectively). Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis showed that α-Cl-TMCD is less susceptible to liver first-pass effect than α-F-TMCD because of lower total (metabolic) clearance and liver extraction ratio. CONCLUSIONS Based on their potent anticonvulsant activity and lack of teratogenicity, α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD have the potential for development as new antiepileptics and central nervous system (CNS) drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Pessah
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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