1
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Wu YF, Zhao ZY, Yang MJ, He YH, Zang Y, Li J, Hu JF, Xiong J. Pentacyclic triterpenoids as potential ACL inhibitors from the rare medicinal plant Semiliquidambar cathayensis. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106018. [PMID: 38744385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An extensive phytochemical investigation on the rare medicinal plant Semiliquidambar cathayensis (family: Hamamelidaceae) led to the isolation of four new (1-4, named semiliquidacids A-D, respectively) and 25 related known pentacyclic triterpenoids. The new structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 represents the first naturally occurring ursane-type triterpenoid featuring an uncommon C-25 formyl group. Compound 4 and oleanolic acid (13) exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects against the ATP-citrate lyase (ACL, an emerging drug target for hyperlipidemia and related metabolic disorders) with IC50 values of 6.5 and 11.9 μM, respectively. The molecular interaction and binding mode between the bioactive triterpenoids and ACL were elaborated by conducting a molecular docking study. Meanwhile, the chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated triterpenoids has been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Wu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhao
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Min-Jie Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Yu-Hang He
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, PR China.
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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2
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Karabanovich G, Fabiánová V, Vocat A, Dušek J, Valášková L, Stolaříková J, Kitson RRA, Pávek P, Vávrová K, Djaout K, Mikušová K, Baulard AR, Cole ST, Korduláková J, Roh J. Both Nitro Groups Are Essential for High Antitubercular Activity of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl Tetrazoles and 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles through the Deazaflavin-Dependent Nitroreductase Activation Pathway. J Med Chem 2024; 67:81-109. [PMID: 38157261 PMCID: PMC10788908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl tetrazoles and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, previously identified as having high in vitro activities against both replicating and nonreplicating mycobacteria and favorable cytotoxicity and genotoxicity profiles were investigated. First we demonstrated that these compounds act in a deazaflavin-dependent nitroreduction pathway and thus require a nitro group for their activity. Second, we confirmed the necessity of both nitro groups for antimycobacterial activity through extensive structure-activity relationship studies using 32 structural types of analogues, each in a five-membered series. Only the analogues with shifted nitro groups, namely, 2,5-dinitrobenzylsulfanyl oxadiazoles and tetrazoles, maintained high antimycobacterial activity but in this case mainly as a result of DprE1 inhibition. However, these analogues also showed increased toxicity to the mammalian cell line. Thus, both nitro groups in 3,5-dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-containing antimycobacterial agents remain essential for their high efficacy, and further efforts should be directed at finding ways to address the possible toxicity and solubility issues, for example, by targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Karabanovich
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Viktória Fabiánová
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská
dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global
Health Institute, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dušek
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Valášková
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Stolaříková
- Regional
Institute of Public Health, Department of
Bacteriology and Mycology, Partyzánské náměstí 7, 70200 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Russell R. A. Kitson
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamel Djaout
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská
dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alain R. Baulard
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- Global
Health Institute, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská
dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Charles
University, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Liang JJ, Zhou XF, Long H, Li CY, Wei J, Yu XQ, Guo ZY, Zhou YQ, Deng ZS. Recent advance of ATP citrate lyase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and related diseases. Bioorg Chem 2024; 142:106933. [PMID: 37890210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), a strategic metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the glycolytic to lipidic metabolism, has gained increasing attention as an attractive therapeutic target for hyperlipidemia, cancers and other human diseases. Despite of continual research efforts, targeting ACLY has been very challenging. In this field, most reported ACLY inhibitors are "substrate-like" analogues, which occupied with the same active pockets. Besides, some ACLY inhibitors have been disclosed through biochemical screening or high throughput virtual screening. In this review, we briefly summarized the cancer-related functions and the recent advance of ACLY inhibitors with a particular focus on the SAR studies and their modes of action. We hope to provide a timely and updated overview of ACLY and the discovery of new ACLY inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jia Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Hui Long
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chun-Yun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yi-Qing Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang-Shuang Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
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4
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Discovery and characterization of novel ATP citrate lyase inhibitors from natural products by a luminescence-based assay. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110199. [PMID: 36174740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme in glucolipid metabolism with therapeutic prospect for treating hyperlipidemia and various cancers. Much effort has been put into discovering ACLY inhibitors. However, current screening approaches have limitations in sensitivity, portability and high-throughput. To develop a general screening assay, we investigated series of conditions affecting the enzymatic reaction based on the ADP-Glo luminescence assay. Bovine serum albumin (0.001%) added triggered strong and stable fluorescence signal. The optimized assay was validated and applied to screen our natural product library. Two novel inhibitors were identified with IC50 values of 3.86 ± 0.62 μM (2) and 15.48 ± 2.51 μM (4). Their aggregations and target specificities were also examined. 2 was characterized as a noncompetitive inhibitor of ACLY, while 4 was a competitive inhibitor of CoA, which was also elucidated by docking studies. In anticancer activity evaluation, 2 with higher inhibition potency did not exhibit anticancer effect, probably owing to its insufficient cell-permeability. 4 showed moderate inhibition in the proliferation of A549 and PC3 cells. This study not only developed a general approach for ACLY inhibitor discovery, but also identified a new scaffold ACLY inhibitor, which could be served as a hit compound in drug design.
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5
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Discovery of Flavonoids as Novel Inhibitors of ATP Citrate Lyase: Structure–Activity Relationship and Inhibition Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810747. [PMID: 36142671 PMCID: PMC9504748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme in glucolipid metabolism and its aberrantly high expression is closely associated with various cancers, hyperlipemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Prospects of ACLY inhibitors as treatments of these diseases are excellent. To date, flavonoids have not been extensively reported as ACLY inhibitors. In our study, 138 flavonoids were screened and 21 of them were subjected to concentration–response curves. A remarkable structure–activity relationship (SAR) trend was found: ortho-dihydroxyphenyl and a conjugated system maintained by a pyrone ring were critical for inhibitory activity. Among these flavonoids, herbacetin had a typical structure and showed a non–aggregated state in solution and a high inhibition potency (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.08 μM), and therefore was selected as a representative for the ligand–protein interaction study. In thermal shift assays, herbacetin improved the thermal stability of ACLY, suggesting a direct interaction with ACLY. Kinetic studies determined that herbacetin was a noncompetitive inhibitor of ACLY, as illustrated by molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Together, this work demonstrated flavonoids as novel and potent ACLY inhibitors with a remarkable SAR trend, which may help design high–potency ACLY inhibitors. In–depth studies of herbacetin deepened our understanding of the interactions between flavonoids and ACLY.
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6
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Batchuluun B, Pinkosky SL, Steinberg GR. Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:283-305. [PMID: 35031766 PMCID: PMC8758994 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential for survival, acting as bioenergetic substrates, structural components and signalling molecules. Given their vital role, cells have evolved mechanisms to generate fatty acids from alternative carbon sources, through a process known as de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Despite the importance of DNL, aberrant upregulation is associated with a wide variety of pathologies. Inhibiting core enzymes of DNL, including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Despite challenges related to efficacy, selectivity and safety, several new classes of synthetic DNL inhibitors have entered clinical-stage development and may become the foundation for a new class of therapeutics. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is vital for the maintenance of whole-body and cellular homeostasis, but aberrant upregulation of the pathway is associated with a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and cancers. Here, Steinberg and colleagues provide an overview of the physiological and pathological roles of the core DNL enzymes and assess strategies and agents currently in development to therapeutically target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Dominguez M, Brüne B, Namgaladze D. Exploring the Role of ATP-Citrate Lyase in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632526. [PMID: 33679780 PMCID: PMC7930476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies over the past decade have revealed that metabolism profoundly influences immune responses. In particular, metabolism causes epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as a growing number of metabolic intermediates are substrates for histone post-translational modifications altering chromatin structure. One of these substrates is acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), which donates an acetyl group for histone acetylation. Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is also a critical substrate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids and sterols necessary for rapid cellular growth. One of the main enzymes catalyzing cytosolic acetyl-CoA formation is ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). In addition to its classical function in the provision of acetyl-CoA for de novo lipogenesis, ACLY contributes to epigenetic regulation through histone acetylation, which is increasingly appreciated. In this review we explore the current knowledge of ACLY and acetyl-CoA in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses. We focus on the role of ACLY in supporting de novo lipogenesis in immune cells as well as on its impact on epigenetic alterations. Moreover, we summarize alternative sources of acetyl-CoA and their contribution to metabolic and epigenetic regulation in cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dominguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Jha V, Galati S, Volpi V, Ciccone L, Minutolo F, Rizzolio F, Granchi C, Poli G, Tuccinardi T. Discovery of a new ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitor identified by a pharmacophore-based virtual screening study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3996-4004. [PMID: 32448086 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1773314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of citrate to acetyl-CoA in normal cells, facilitating the de novo fatty acid synthesis. Lipids and fatty acids were found to be accumulated in different types of tumors, such as brain, breast, rectal and ovarian cancer, representing a great source of energy for cancer cell growth and metabolism. Since ACLY-mediated conversion of citrate to acetyl-CoA constitutes the basis for fatty acid synthesis, ACLY seems to be quite an unexplored and promising therapeutic target for anticancer drug design. A pharmacophore-based virtual screening (VS) protocol with the aid of hierarchical docking, consensus docking (CD), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and ligand-protein binding free energy calculations led to the identification of compound VS1, which showed a moderate but promising inhibitory activity, demonstrating to be 2.5 times more potent than reference inhibitor 2-hydroxycitrate. These results validate the reliability of our VS workflow and pave the way for the design of novel and more potent ACLY inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Jha
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Volpi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular science and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Williams D, Fingleton B. Non-canonical roles for metabolic enzymes and intermediates in malignant progression and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:211-224. [PMID: 31073762 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations are established as a hallmark of cancer. Such hallmark changes in cancer metabolism are characterized by reprogramming of energy-producing pathways and increases in the generation of biosynthetic intermediates to meet the needs of rapidly proliferating tumor cells. Various metabolic phenotypes such as aerobic glycolysis, increased glutamine consumption, and lipolysis have also been associated with the process of metastasis. However, in addition to the energy and biosynthetic alterations, a number of secondary functions of enzymes and metabolites are emerging that specifically contribute to metastasis. Here, we describe atypical intracellular roles of metabolic enzymes, extracellular functions of metabolic enzymes, roles of metabolites as signaling molecules, and epigenetic regulation mediated by altered metabolism, all of which can affect metastatic progression. We highlight how some of these mechanisms are already being exploited for therapeutic purposes, and discuss how others show similar potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demond Williams
- Program in Cancer Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Program in Cancer Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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10
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ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitors: An anti-cancer strategy at the crossroads of glucose and lipid metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1276-1291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Koerner SK, Hanai JI, Bai S, Jernigan FE, Oki M, Komaba C, Shuto E, Sukhatme VP, Sun L. Design and synthesis of emodin derivatives as novel inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:920-928. [PMID: 27997879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cellular metabolism drives cancer proliferation and metastasis. ATP citrate lyase (ACL) plays a critical role in generating cytosolic acetyl CoA, a key building block for de novo fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. ACL is overexpressed in cancer cells, and siRNA knockdown of ACL limits cancer cell proliferation and reduces cancer stemness. We characterized a new class of ACL inhibitors bearing the key structural feature of the natural product emodin. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study led to the identification of 1d as a potent lead that demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and cancer stemness of the A549 lung cancer cell line. Computational modeling indicates this class of inhibitors occupies an allosteric binding site and blocks the entrance of the substrate citrate to its binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi K Koerner
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Hanai
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sha Bai
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Finith E Jernigan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Miwa Oki
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chieko Komaba
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emi Shuto
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vikas P Sukhatme
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Lijun Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Ma F, Lei M, Hu L. Acetohydrazone: A Transient Directing Group for Arylation of Unactivated C(sp3)–H Bonds. Org Lett 2016; 18:2708-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. of China
| | - Min Lei
- State
key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. of China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. of China
- State
key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. of China
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13
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Vasilakaki S, Barbayianni E, Leonis G, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T, Gelb MH, Kokotos G. Development of a potent 2-oxoamide inhibitor of secreted phospholipase A2 guided by molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1683-95. [PMID: 26970660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (GIIA sPLA2) has been an important objective for medicinal chemists. We have previously shown that inhibitors incorporating the 2-oxoamide functionality may inhibit human and mouse GIIA sPLA2s. Herein, the development of new potent inhibitors by molecular docking calculations using the structure of the known inhibitor 7 as scaffold, are described. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the new compounds revealed that the long chain 2-oxoamide based on (S)-valine GK241 led to improved activity (IC50=143 nM and 68 nM against human and mouse GIIA sPLA2, respectively). In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to shed light on GK241 potent and selective inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vasilakaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Georgios Leonis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Manthos G Papadopoulos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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14
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Kinlaw WB, Baures PW, Lupien LE, Davis WL, Kuemmerle NB. Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer: Make Them on Site or Have Them Delivered. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2128-41. [PMID: 26844415 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brisk fatty acid (FA) production by cancer cells is accommodated by the Warburg effect. Most breast and other cancer cell types are addicted to fatty acids (FA), which they require for membrane phospholipid synthesis, signaling purposes, and energy production. Expression of the enzymes required for FA synthesis is closely linked to each of the major classes of signaling molecules that stimulate BC cell proliferation. This review focuses on the regulation of FA synthesis in BC cells, and the impact of FA, or the lack thereof, on the tumor cell phenotype. Given growing awareness of the impact of dietary fat and obesity on BC biology, we will also examine the less-frequently considered notion that, in addition to de novo FA synthesis, the lipolytic uptake of preformed FA may also be an important mechanism of lipid acquisition. Indeed, it appears that cancer cells may exist at different points along a "lipogenic-lipolytic axis," and FA uptake could thwart attempts to exploit the strict requirement for FA focused solely on inhibition of de novo FA synthesis. Strategies for clinically targeting FA metabolism will be discussed, and the current status of the medicinal chemistry in this area will be assessed. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2128-2141, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Kinlaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Paul W Baures
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State University, Keene, New Hampshire
| | - Leslie E Lupien
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Wilson L Davis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, White River Junction VAMC, White River Junction, Vermont
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15
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Salakhutdinov NF, Laev SS. Triglyceride-lowering agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3551-64. [PMID: 24894768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review is the first attempt at systematization of the literature data on the structures and activities of triglyceride-lowering agents which used in medical practice or are in development. The effects and mechanisms of action of statins, squalene synthase inhibitors, fibrates, PPARα and PPARα/γ agonists, nicotinic acid, omega-3 fatty acids and some other molecular targets were considered. Unfortunately, to date, harmless and effective triglyceride-lowering drug still does not exist and there is still need for development of better triglyceride-lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey S Laev
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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16
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Brahmkshatriya PS, Jani MH, Chhabria MT. Recent developments in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:1-15. [PMID: 16570499 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500337634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most frequent causes of cardiac arrest. The major cause of this disease is high concentrations of lipid in the blood. Medicinal agents so far have been quite successful in the management of hyperlipidemia. Among the several widely used drugs, (fibrates, statins and niacin) statins are the most frequently prescribed in many forms of hyperlipidemia. Recently, statins have been found to produce serious toxicities, which are rare but can be potentially harmful and are noise concern for the immediate need to develop some new chemical entities in this category. This review is primarily concerned with recent developments in atherosclerotic drug discovery including novel inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and antioxidants. The review also focuses on possible future targets including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik S Brahmkshatriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Jain KS, Kathiravan MK, Somani RS, Shishoo CJ. The biology and chemistry of hyperlipidemia. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4674-99. [PMID: 17521912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronary arterial diseases are responsible for more deaths than all other associated causes combined. Elevated serum cholesterol levels leading to atherosclerosis can cause coronary heart disease (CHD). Reduction in serum cholesterol levels reduces the risk for CHD, substantially. Medicinal chemists all around the world have been designing, synthesizing, and evaluating a variety of new bioactive molecules for lowering lipid levels. This review summarizes the disorders associated with elevation of lipids in blood and the current strategies to control them. The emphasis has been laid in particular on the new potential biological targets and the possible treatments as well as the current ongoing research status in the field of lipid lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor S Jain
- Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, S. No. 44/1, Vadgaon(Bk.), Sinhgad Road, Pune 411 041, India.
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18
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Li JJ, Wang H, Tino JA, Robl JA, Herpin TF, Lawrence RM, Biller S, Jamil H, Ponticiello R, Chen L, Chu CH, Flynn N, Cheng D, Zhao R, Chen B, Schnur D, Obermeier MT, Sasseville V, Padmanabha R, Pike K, Harrity T. 2-hydroxy-N-arylbenzenesulfonamides as ATP-citrate lyase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3208-11. [PMID: 17383874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-hydroxy-N-arylbenzenesulfonamides were identified to be ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitors with compound 9 displaying potent in vitro activity (IC(50)=0.13 microM). Chronic oral dosing of compound 9 in high-fat fed mice lowered plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose, as well as inhibited weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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19
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Kurteva VB, Santos AG, Afonso CAM. Microwave accelerated facile synthesis of fused polynuclear hydrocarbons in dry media by intramolecular Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:514-23. [PMID: 14770230 DOI: 10.1039/b311750m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fused polynuclear tetrahydro arenes are synthesised in a fast, simple, high yielding and regiospecific procedure by an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation in dry media under microwave irradiation of the corresponding 1-bromo-4-arylbutanes immobilised on silica. The observed reactivity is rationalised by molecular modelling studies which suggest the occurrence of a concerted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya B Kurteva
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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20
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Ki SW, Ishigami K, Kitahara T, Kasahara K, Yoshida M, Horinouchi S. Radicicol binds and inhibits mammalian ATP citrate lyase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39231-6. [PMID: 11007781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006192200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Six different biotinylated radicicol derivatives were synthesized as affinity probes for identification of cellular radicicol-binding proteins. Derivatives biotinylated at the C-17 (BR-1) and C-11 (BR-6) positions retained the activity of morphological reversion in v-src-transformed 3Y1 fibroblasts. Two radicicol-binding proteins, 120 and 90-kDa in size, were detected in HeLa cell extracts by employing BR-1 and BR-6, respectively. The 90-kDa protein bound to BR-6 was identified to be Hsp90 by immunoblotting. The 120-kDa protein bound to BR-1 was purified from rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and its internal amino acid sequence was identical to that of human and rat ATP citrate lyase. The identity of the 120-kDa protein as ATP citrate lyase was confirmed by immunoblotting. Interaction between BR-1 and ATP citrate lyase was blocked by radicicol but not by herbimycin A that interacts with Hsp90. These results suggest that radicicol binds the two proteins through different molecular portions of its structure. BR-1-bound ATP citrate lyase isolated from rabbit reticulocyte lysate showed no enzymatic activity. The activity of rat liver ATP citrate lyase was inhibited by radicicol and BR-1 but not by BR-6. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that radicicol was a non-competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase with K(i) values for citrate and ATP of 13 and 7 microm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Ki
- Departments of Biotechnology and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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21
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Li X, McCoy KA, Murray WV, Jolliffe L, Pulito V. Novel heterocycles as selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2375-7. [PMID: 11055359 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of aryl piperazine substituted heterocycles has been synthesized and identified as antagonists of the alpha1a-adrenergic receptor (alpha1a-AR), which has been implicated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). These compounds selectively inhibit binding to the alpha1a-AR with K(i)s as low as 2.1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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22
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Wang ZX, Duan W, Wiebe LI, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Knaus EE. Syntheses of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- derivatives of 5-substituted-2,4-difluorobenzene: unnatural acyclo thymidine mimics for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1397-411. [PMID: 11092311 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A group of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- (12) and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- (13) derivatives of 2,4-difluorobenzene possessing a variety of C-5 substituents (R = Me, H, I, NO2) were designed with the expectation that they may serve as acyclic 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridine (thymidine) mimics. Compounds 12 and 13 (R = Me, H, I) were inactive as anticancer agents (CC50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4) M range), whereas the 5-nitro compounds (12d, 13d) exhibited weak-to-moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 = 10(-5) to 10(-6) M range) against a variety of cancer cell lines. All compounds prepared (12a-d, 13a-d) were inactive as antiviral agents in a broad-spectrum antiviral screen that also included the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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23
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Potapova IA, El-Maghrabi MR, Doronin SV, Benjamin WB. Phosphorylation of recombinant human ATP:citrate lyase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase abolishes homotropic allosteric regulation of the enzyme by citrate and increases the enzyme activity. Allosteric activation of ATP:citrate lyase by phosphorylated sugars. Biochemistry 2000; 39:1169-79. [PMID: 10653665 DOI: 10.1021/bi992159y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinantly expressed human ATP:citrate lyase was purified from E. coli, and its kinetic behavior was characterized before and after phosphorylation. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalyzed the incorporation of only 1 mol of phosphate per mole of enzyme homotetramer, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 incorporated an additional 2 mol of phosphate into the phosphorylated protein. Isoelectric focusing revealed that all of the phosphates were incorporated into only one of the four enzyme subunits. Phosphorylation resulted in a 6-fold increase in V(max) and the conversion of citrate dependence from sigmoidal, displaying negative cooperativity, to hyperbolic. The phosphorylated recombinant enzyme is more similar to the enzyme isolated from mammalian tissues than unphosphorylated enzyme with respect to the K(m) for citrate, CoA, and ATP, and the specific activity. Fructose 6-phosphate was found to be a potent activator (60-fold) of the unphosphorylated recombinant enzyme, with half-maximal activation at 0.16 mM, which results in a decrease in the apparent K(m) for citrate and ATP, as well as an increase in the V(max) of the reaction. Thus, human ATP:citrate lyase activity is regulated in vitro allosterically by phosphorylated sugars as well as covalently by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Potapova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA
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24
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Nowrousian M, Masloff S, Pöggeler S, Kück U. Cell differentiation during sexual development of the fungus Sordaria macrospora requires ATP citrate lyase activity. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:450-60. [PMID: 9858569 PMCID: PMC83903 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During sexual development, mycelial cells from most filamentous fungi differentiate into typical fruiting bodies. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the Sordaria macrospora developmental mutant per5, which exhibits a sterile phenotype with defects in fruiting body maturation. Cytological investigations revealed that the mutant strain forms only ascus precursors without any mature spores. Using an indexed cosmid library, we were able to complement the mutant to fertility by DNA-mediated transformation. A single cosmid clone, carrying a 3.5-kb region able to complement the mutant phenotype, has been identified. Sequencing of the 3.5-kb region revealed an open reading frame of 2.1 kb interrupted by a 66-bp intron. The predicted polypeptide (674 amino acids) shows significant homology to eukaryotic ATP citrate lyases (ACLs), with 62 to 65% amino acid identity, and the gene was named acl1. The molecular mass of the S. macrospora ACL1 polypeptide is 73 kDa, as was verified by Western blot analysis with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged ACL1 polypeptide. Immunological in situ detection of the HA-tagged polypeptide demonstrated that ACL is located within the cytosol. Sequencing of the mutant acl1 gene revealed a 1-nucleotide transition within the coding region, resulting in an amino acid substitution within the predicted polypeptide. Further evidence that ACL1 is essential for fruiting body maturation comes from experiments in which truncated and mutated versions of the acl1 gene were used for transformation. None of these copies was able to reconstitute the fertile phenotype in transformed per5 recipient strains. ACLs are usually involved in the formation of cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols. Protein extracts from the mutant strain showed a drastic reduction in enzymatic activity compared to values obtained from the wild-type strain. Investigation of the time course of ACL expression suggests that ACL is specifically induced at the beginning of the sexual cycle and produces acetyl-CoA, which most probably is a prerequisite for fruiting body formation during later stages of sexual development. We discuss the contribution of ACL activity to the life cycle of S. macrospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nowrousian
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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25
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Gribble AD, Ife RJ, Shaw A, McNair D, Novelli CE, Bakewell S, Shah VP, Dolle RE, Groot PH, Pearce N, Yates J, Tew D, Boyd H, Ashman S, Eggleston DS, Haltiwanger RC, Okafo G. ATP-Citrate lyase as a target for hypolipidemic intervention. 2. Synthesis and evaluation of (3R,5S)-omega-substituted-3-carboxy-3, 5-dihydroxyalkanoic acids and their gamma-lactone prodrugs as inhibitors of the enzyme in vitro and in vivo. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3582-95. [PMID: 9733484 DOI: 10.1021/jm980091z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of (3R,5S)-omega-substituted-3-carboxy-3, 5-dihydroxyalkanoic acids have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the recombinant human form of ATP-citrate lyase. The best of these have Ki's in the 200-1000 nM range. As the corresponding thermodynamically favored gamma-lactone prodrugs, a number of compounds are able to inhibit cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in HepG2 cells and reduce plasma triglyceride levels in vivo. The best of these, compound 77, is able to induce clear hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridaemic responses when administered orally to rat and dog. These results provide evidence to support the hypothesis that compounds which inhibit ATP-citrate lyase have the potential to be a novel class of hypolipidemic agent, which possess combined hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Gribble
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Ltd, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK
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26
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Pearce NJ, Yates JW, Berkhout TA, Jackson B, Tew D, Boyd H, Camilleri P, Sweeney P, Gribble AD, Shaw A, Groot PH. The role of ATP citrate-lyase in the metabolic regulation of plasma lipids. Hypolipidaemic effects of SB-204990, a lactone prodrug of the potent ATP citrate-lyase inhibitor SB-201076. Biochem J 1998; 334 ( Pt 1):113-9. [PMID: 9693110 PMCID: PMC1219669 DOI: 10.1042/bj3340113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP citrate (pro-S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), a cytosolic enzyme that generates acetyl-CoA for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis de novo, is a potential target for hypolipidaemic intervention. Here we describe the biological effects of the inhibition of ATP citrate-lyase on lipid metabolism in Hep G2 cells, and plasma lipids in rats and dogs, by using SB-204990, the cell-penetrant gamma-lactone prodrug of the potent ATP citrate-lyase inhibitor SB-201076 (Ki=1 microM). Consistent with an important role of ATP citrate-lyase in the supply of acetyl-CoA units for lipid synthesis de novo, SB-204990 inhibited cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in Hep G2 cells (dose-related inhibition of up to 91% and 82% respectively) and rats (76% and 39% respectively). SB-204990, when administered orally to rats, was absorbed into the systemic circulation; pharmacologically relevant concentrations of SB-201076 were recovered in the liver. When administered in the diet (0.05-0. 25%, w/w) for 1 week, SB-204990 caused a dose-related decrease in plasma cholesterol (by up to 46%) and triglyceride levels (by up to 80%) in rats. This hypolipidaemic effect could be explained, at least in part, by a decrease (up to 48%) in hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production as measured by the accumulation of VLDL in plasma after injection of Triton WR-1339. SB-204990 (25 mg/kg per day) also decreased plasma cholesterol levels (by up to 23%) and triglyceride levels (by up to 38%) in the dog, preferentially decreasing low-density lipoprotein compared with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Overall these results are consistent with the concept that ATP citrate-lyase is an important enzyme in controlling substrate supply for lipid synthesis de novo and a potential enzyme target for hypolipidaemic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Pearce
- Department of Vascular Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Ltd., New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K.
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