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Smith BAH, Bertozzi CR. The clinical impact of glycobiology: targeting selectins, Siglecs and mammalian glycans. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:217-243. [PMID: 33462432 PMCID: PMC7812346 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates - namely glycans - decorate every cell in the human body and most secreted proteins. Advances in genomics, glycoproteomics and tools from chemical biology have made glycobiology more tractable and understandable. Dysregulated glycosylation plays a major role in disease processes from immune evasion to cognition, sparking research that aims to target glycans for therapeutic benefit. The field is now poised for a boom in drug development. As a harbinger of this activity, glycobiology has already produced several drugs that have improved human health or are currently being translated to the clinic. Focusing on three areas - selectins, Siglecs and glycan-targeted antibodies - this Review aims to tell the stories behind therapies inspired by glycans and to outline how the lessons learned from these approaches are paving the way for future glycobiology-focused therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A H Smith
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology and ChEM-H, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology and ChEM-H, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Aychek T, Miller K, Sagi-Assif O, Levy-Nissenbaum O, Israeli-Amit M, Pasmanik-Chor M, Jacob-Hirsch J, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Witz IP. E-selectin regulates gene expression in metastatic colorectal carcinoma cells and enhances HMGB1 release. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Kranich R, Busemann AS, Bock D, Schroeter-Maas S, Beyer D, Heinemann B, Meyer M, Schierhorn K, Zahlten R, Wolff G, Aydt EM. Rational Design of Novel, Potent Small Molecule Pan-Selectin Antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1101-15. [PMID: 17302397 DOI: 10.1021/jm060536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the first results of a rational hit-finding strategy to design novel small molecule antiinflammatory drugs targeting selectins, a family of three cellular adhesion molecules. Based on recent progress in understanding of molecular interaction between selectins and their natural ligands as well as progress in clinical development of synthetic antagonists like 1 (bimosiamose, TBC1269), this study was initiated to discover small molecule selectin antagonists with improved pharmacological properties. Considering 1 as template structure, a ligand-based approach followed by focused chemical synthesis has been applied to yield novel synthetic small molecules (MWr < 500) with a trihydroxybenzene motif, bearing neither peptidic nor glycosidic components, with nanomolar in vitro activity. Biological evaluation involves two kinds of in vitro assays, a static molecular binding assay, and a dynamic HL-60 cell attachment assay. As compared to controls, the novel compounds showed improved biological in vitro activity both under static and dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Kranich
- Revotar Biopharmaceuticals AG, Neuendorfstrasse 24a, 16761 Hennigsdorf, Germany
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4
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Synthesis of trifluoromethylated analogues of β-l-fucofuranose and β-l-4,6-dideoxyxylohexopyranose. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Witz IP. The involvement of selectins and their ligands in tumor-progression. Immunol Lett 2005; 104:89-93. [PMID: 16368149 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
About 70 years ago, Peyton Rous described the progression of cancer towards metastasis formation as "the process whereby tumors go from bad to worse". The interactions of tumor cells with endothelium are pivotal steps in this process. This review focuses on the role played by the selectins and their ligands in these interactions and especially in tumor cell extravasation. The working hypothesis of researchers studying tumor cell extravasation is that the tumor cells follow the extravasation strategy of leukocytes in their migration towards inflammatory sites. A significant portion of this review is, therefore, dedicated to the molecular mechanisms underlying leukocyte extravasation and to a comparison between the extravasation strategy employed by leukocytes and tumor cells. The review also summarizes some of the available data on signals generated by selectin-selectin ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Girard C, Dourlat J, Savarin A, Surcin C, Leue S, Escriou V, Largeau C, Herscovici J, Scherman D. Sialyl Lewis(x) analogs based on a quinic acid scaffold as the fucose mimic. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3224-8. [PMID: 15936191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Quinic acid was used as a starting material for the preparation of sialyl Lewis(x) mimetics in order to target E-selectin. Spatial orientation of the hydroxyl groups of quinic acid could mimic the l-fucose ones. Introduction of a side chain ending with a carboxylic acid was effected to replace the sialic acid interaction at the carbohydrate recognition domain. A first series of derivatives, incorporating amino acids linked to quinic acid, were tested for their affinity and found to interact with E-selectin with IC(50) within the millimolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Girard
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Chimique and Génétique (UMR 8151 CNRS/U 640 INSERM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P. and M. Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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Magnani JL. The discovery, biology, and drug development of sialyl Lea and sialyl Lex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 426:122-31. [PMID: 15158662 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The discoveries of sialylated, fucosylated lacto-, and neolacto-type carbohydrate structures were accomplished with the aid of analytical methods and monoclonal antibodies such as the immunostaining of thin layer chromatograms. Based on the use of such antibodies, these structures, notably sialyl Le(a) and sialyl Le(x), were demonstrated to be highly expressed in many malignant cancers. A diagnostic assay using one of these antibodies (CA19-9) is now established as one of the more commonly used assays for pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers worldwide. Upon further study, several laboratories have demonstrated that the level of expression of these carbohydrate tumor markers is also positively correlated with patient survival and is a prognostic indicator of metastatic disease. Concurrent with this finding, both sialyl Le(a) and sialyl Le(x) were shown to bind to a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins involved in the extravasation of cells from the bloodstream, called the selectins. Thus, sialyl Le(a) and sialyl Le(x) expressed on cell surfaces play functional roles in medical conditions that require extravasation of cells from the bloodstream which include a wide range of inflammatory diseases and cancer metastasis. Many studies have confirmed the function of sialyl Le(a) and sialyl Le(x) in animal models of these diseases and the inhibition of binding of sialyl Le(a) and sialyl Le(x) to the selectins is a validated drug target in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, a new class of drugs, arising from the field of glycobiology, is based on the rational design of small molecule drugs that mimic the structures sialyl Le(a) and sialyl Le(x) and can potently inhibit their functional binding to the selectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Magnani
- GlycoMimetics Inc., 14915 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Kaila N, Thomas BE. Design and synthesis of sialyl Lewis(x) mimics as E- and P-selectin inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:566-601. [PMID: 12369089 DOI: 10.1002/med.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The selectins are a family of cell-adhesion proteins that mediate the rolling of leukocytes on activated endothelial cells through the recognition of the carbohydrate epitope sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x)). Control of the leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion process may prove useful in cases where excess recruitment of leukocytes can contribute to acute diseases such as stroke and reperfusion injury and chronic diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. The development of molecules that block the interactions between sLe(x) and the selectins has become an active area of research. In this review, we will highlight the various approaches taken toward the development of sLe(x) mimetics as antagonists of E- and P-selectin, including the use of structural information about the selectins and their interactions with sLe(x) that have been revealed through the use of NMR, protein crystallography and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, WYETH, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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Ikegami-Kuzuhara A, Yoshinaka T, Ohmoto H, Inoue Y, Saito T. Therapeutic potential of a novel synthetic selectin blocker, OJ-R9188, in allergic dermatitis. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1498-504. [PMID: 11724756 PMCID: PMC1573086 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We investigated the ability of a newly synthesized sugar derivative, OJ-R9188, [N-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-O-(L-alpha-fucofuranosyl)-D-seryl]-L-glutamic acid 1-methylamide 5-L-arginine salt, to block binding of selectins to their ligands in vitro and inhibit the infiltration of leukocytes in vivo. 2. OJ-R9188 prevented the binding of human E-, P- and L-selectin-IgG fusion proteins to immobilized sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x))-pentasaccharide glycolipid, with IC(50) values of 4.3, 1.3, and 1.2 microM, respectively. 3. In a mouse model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, OJ-R9188 at 10 mg kg(-1), i.v. inhibited neutrophil accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. In the IgE-mediated skin reaction, OJ-R9188 at 3 and 10 mg kg(-1), i.v. significantly inhibited extravasation of neutrophils and eosinophils into the inflammatory sites and at 10 mg kg(-1), i.v. also inhibited infiltration caused by picryl chloride-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. These results suggest that OJ-R9188 may be a useful selectin blocker, with activity against human and mouse E-, P- and L-selectins in vitro and in vivo, and that blocking selectin-sLe(x) binding is a promising strategy for the treatment of allergic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ikegami-Kuzuhara
- R&D Laboratories, Nippon Organon K.K., 5-90. Tomobuchi-cho 1-chome Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0016, Japan.
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Yoshimura T, Kawashima M, Nakamura T, Isowa N, Bando T, Hasegawa S, Kondo H, Toyokuni S, Wada H. A novel selectin blocker alleviates oxidative stress of lung reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2001; 101:91-8. [PMID: 11676561 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of reactive oxygen species released through interaction of leukocyte/endothelial cell in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung is not yet fully understood. A novel selectin blocker, OJ-R9188, which inhibits the interaction, may alleviate oxidative stress and pulmonary dysfunction after warm ischemia-reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat lungs were reperfused at 37 degrees C for 60 min with an ex vivo model and were divided into three groups (n = 10). In the fresh group, lungs were reperfused immediately after harvest. In the OJ-R (-) and OJ-R (+) groups, lungs were reperfused after warm ischemia at 37 degrees C for 90 min. In the OJ-R (+) group, rats received 100 microg per body of OJ-R9188 intravenously 10 min before the harvest. The electron spin resonance method was used to assess the direct scavenging activity of OJ-R9188. RESULTS Both shunt fractions and wet/dry weight ratios of the lung tissue after reperfusion in the OJ-R (+) group were significantly lower than those in the OJ-R (-) group. Oxidative DNA damage in the alveolar wall of the OJ-R (+) group, assessed by immunohistochemical quantitation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, was significantly lower than that of the OJ-R (-) group. Immunostaining of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine, which represents nitric oxide-mediated oxidative damage, was also more intense in the OJ-R (-) group than in the OJ-R (+) group. Direct scavenging activity of OJ-R9188 was not observed, and the number of leukocytes infiltrated to the lung tissue as seen by myeloperoxidase activity was not different between the OJ-R (-) and OJ-R (+) groups. CONCLUSIONS A novel selectin blocker, OJ-R9188, improves pulmonary function after warm ischemia-reperfusion and alleviates reperfusion-induced oxidative alveolar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshimura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Listinsky JJ, Listinsky CM, Alapati V, Siegal GP. Cell surface fucose ablation as a therapeutic strategy for malignant neoplasms. Adv Anat Pathol 2001; 8:330-7. [PMID: 11707624 DOI: 10.1097/00125480-200111000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sugar alpha-L-fucose is overexpressed in many human malignancies, especially on specific glycoproteins, glycolipids, certain mucins, and putative cell adhesion ligands found on cancer cell surfaces. Many of these molecules are known or suspected mediators of cell-cell adhesion, cell signaling, motility, or invasion. As knowledge of fucose metabolism evolves and specific mechanisms of its distribution and incorporation are more exactly documented, modulation of fucose expression in cancer is becoming increasingly more feasible. The authors propose that cancer cell surface alpha-L-fucose is a logical target for selective therapeutic ablation. Reduction of fucose content on the surfaces of malignant cells should effectively cripple the cells' physiologic functions by altering or dysregulating cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, critical for maintaining the malignant phenotype. Significant therapeutic benefits might include modulation of adhesion abnormalities in the cancer cells, reduction of cancer cell motility or invasiveness, reexposure to immune surveillance, or a combination of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Listinsky
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35233, USA
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12
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Sugasaki A, Sugiyasu K, Ikeda M, Takeuchi M, Shinkai S. First successful molecular design of an artificial Lewis oligosaccharide binding system utilizing positive homotropic allosterism. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:10239-44. [PMID: 11603973 DOI: 10.1021/ja010806e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have designed phenylboronic acid group appended Ce(IV) bis(porphyrinate) double decker 1 and meso-meso linked porphyrin 2, useful for the allosteric binding of biologically important saccharides, Lewis oligosaccharides. Compound 1 binds Lewis oligosaccharides in aqueous media because of the boronic acid-diol interaction, but the complexation event can occur only above the critical concentrations because of the sigmoidal [oligosaccharide] versus [complex] isotherm. Compound 1 has a sufficiently high affinity with Lewis oligosaccharides (K = 10(5)-10(6) M(-2)) with Hill coefficients n of 1.8-2.0, and Lewis(X) series and Lewis(a) series give opposite, symmetrical CD spectra. This is the first example of efficient binding of Lewis oligosaccharides to the artificial receptor, which has become possible by positive homotropic allosterism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sugasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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13
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Marinier A, Martel A, Bachand C, Plamondon S, Turmel B, Daris JP, Banville J, Lapointe P, Ouellet C, Dextraze P, Menard M, Wright JJ, Alford J, Lee D, Stanley P, Nair X, Todderud G, Tramposch KM. Novel mimics of sialyl Lewis X: design, synthesis and biological activity of a series of 2- and 3-malonate substituted galactoconjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1395-427. [PMID: 11408160 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent inhibitors of P-selectin as potential anti-inflammatory agents is reported. These compounds are derivatives of galactocerebrosides bearing a malonate side chain in positions 2 and 3 of the galactose moiety. Based on the binding mode of sialyl Lewis X, the two acidic groups of the malonate are designed to form ionic interactions with two important lysines in the active site of P-selectin, Lys113 and Lys111. On the other hand, the 4- and 6-hydroxy groups on the galactose ring are arranged to chelate the calcium ion in the P-selectin active site. The synthesis and the biological activity of this series of compounds are described. Lead compounds having a greater potency than sialyl Lewis X are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marinier
- Department of Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 100, blvd. de l'Industrie, Candiac, Canada J5 R 1J1.
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14
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Moriyama H, Hiramatsu Y, Kiyoi T, Achiha T, Inoue Y, Kondo H. Studies on selectin blocker. 9. SARs of non-sugar selectin blocker against E-, P-, L-selectin bindings. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1479-91. [PMID: 11408166 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a part of study of selectin blockers, we have already reported that a non-sugar selectin antagonist (3) was successfully discovered using a computational screening (Hiramatsu, Y.; Tsukida, T.; Nakai, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Kondo, H. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 1476). To investigate the SARs of compound 3 against E-, P-, and L-selectins, we synthesized the derivatives of compound 3 and evaluated their inhibitory activities toward selectin bindings. The structural diversity of compound 3 contained the following: (1) a modification of the spacer unit (4--7), (2) a modification of the tail unit (8--11), (3) a modification of the head unit (12--18). As a result, it was found that a non-sugar based selectin blocker (3) could be a potential lead compound for E-, P-, and L-selectin blockers and some of the derivatives showed broad and/or selective inhibitory activities toward the E-, P-, and L-selectins. In addition, it was found that the experimental evidence well supported that the computational screening using 3D-pharmacophore model could be useful methodology to find out a new lead for the several type of selectin blockers, which included a broad and/or a selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriyama
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Organon K.K., R&D Laboratories, 1-5-90 Tomobuchi-Cho, Miyakojima-Ku, Osaka 534-0016, Japan
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15
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Kurokawa K, Kumihara H, Kondo H. A solid-phase synthesis for beta-turn mimetics of sialyl Lewis X. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1827-30. [PMID: 10969978 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase synthesis of heterocyclic beta-turn mimetics of sialyl Lewis X, which is a natural carbohydrate ligand of selectins, was established. This synthetic method could be very useful for drug discovery of selectin antagonists using combinatorial chemistry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kurokawa
- Department of Chemistry, R&D Laboratories, Nippon Organon K.K., Osaka, Japan
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16
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Hiramatsu Y, Tsukida T, Nakai Y, Inoue Y, Kondo H. Study on selectin blocker. 8. Lead discovery of a non-sugar antagonist using a 3D-pharmacophore model. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1476-83. [PMID: 10780903 DOI: 10.1021/jm990342j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a pharmacophore model of a ligand/E-selectin complex to screen drug candidates for selectin blockers. In a series of sugar mimetic studies of the E-selectin ligand, sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)), we have already found a potent compound, a sulfated Le(x) analogue (1), and also have proposed how compound 1 binds to E-selectin (Tsujishita, H.; Hiramatsu, Y.; Kondo, N.; Ohmoto, H.; Kondo, H.; Kiso, M.; Hasegawa, A. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 362-369). To find drug candidates that fit into the binding pocket of E-selectin, we constructed an original 3D-pharmacophore model from structural information of a compound 1/E-selectin complex model and screened lead compounds for selectin blockers using a commercially available database ACD-3D. As a result, we discovered a lead compound (2) containing good selectin inhibitory activity, and in addition, we succeeded to preliminarily optimize it to a more active lead compound (3) with micromolar IC(50) values, based on the 3D-pharmacophore model investigation. This methodology using the 3D-pharmacophore model could be applicable as a pre-screen system for selectin blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Organon K.K., R&D Laboratories, 1-5-90 Tomobuchi-Cho, Miyakojima-Ku, Osaka 534-0016, Japan
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17
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Staudacher E, Altmann F, Wilson IB, März L. Fucose in N-glycans: from plant to man. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1473:216-36. [PMID: 10580141 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated oligosaccharides occur throughout nature and many of them play a variety of roles in biology, especially in a number of recognition processes. As reviewed here, much of the recent emphasis in the study of the oligosaccharides in mammals has been on their potential medical importance, particularly in inflammation and cancer. Indeed, changes in fucosylation patterns due to different levels of expression of various fucosyltransferases can be used for diagnoses of some diseases and monitoring the success of therapies. In contrast, there are generally at present only limited data on fucosylation in non-mammalian organisms. Here, the state of current knowledge on the fucosylation abilities of plants, insects, snails, lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes will be summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Staudacher
- Institut für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Hanessian S, Huynh HK, Reddy GV, McNaughton-Smith G, Ernst B, Kolb HC, Magnani J, Sweeley C. Exploration of beta-turn scaffolding motifs as components of sialyl Le(X) mimetics and their relevance to P-selectin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2803-8. [PMID: 9873626 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocyclic and bicyclic lactam units representing beta-turn surrogates were incorporated into a sialyl Le(X) structure by replacement of the natural sugar components. Low micromolar activity was found in a new P-selectin binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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