1
|
Salem AA, El Haty IA, Ghattas MA. GW-2974 and SCH-442416 modulators of tyrosine kinase and adenosine receptors can also stabilize human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277963. [PMID: 36476719 PMCID: PMC9728906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GW-2974 is a potent tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor while SCH-442416 is a potent adenosine receptors' antagonist with high selectivity towards human adenosine A2A receptor over other adenosine receptors. The two compounds were reported to possess anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate whether stabilization of human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA by GW-2974- and SCH-442416 is a plausible fundamental mechanism underlying their anti-cancer effects. Human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA with sequence AG3(TTAGGG)3 was used. The study used ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), fluorescence, fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism (CD), melting temperatures (Tm) and molecular docking techniques to evaluate interactions. The results showed that GW-2974 and SCH-442416 interacted with G-quadruplex DNA through intercalation binding into two types of dependent binding sites. Binding affinities of 1.3 × 108-1.72 × 106 M-1 and 1.55 × 107-3.74 × 105 M-1 were obtained for GW-2974 and SCH-442416, respectively. An average number of binding sites between 1 and 2 was obtained. Additionally, the melting temperature curves indicated that complexation of both compounds to G-quadruplex DNA provided more stability (ΔTm = 9.9°C and 9.6°C, respectively) compared to non-complexed G-quadruplex DNA. Increasing the molar ratios over 1:1 (drug:G-quadruplex) showed less stabilization effect on DNA. Furthermore, GW-2974 and SCH-442516 have proven ≥ 4.0 folds better selective towards G-quadruplex over double-stranded ct-DNA. In silico molecular docking and dynamics revealed favorable exothermic binding for the two compounds into two sites of parallel and hybrid G-quadruplex DNA structures. The results supported the hypothesis that GW-2974 and SCH-442416 firmly stabilize human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA in additions to modulating tyrosine kinase and adenosine receptors. Consequently, stabilizing G-quadruplex DNA could be a mechanism underlying their anti-cancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Salem
- Department of Chemistry, College of science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
| | - Ismail A. El Haty
- Department of Chemistry, College of science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lambertucci C, Marucci G, Catarzi D, Colotta V, Francucci B, Spinaci A, Varano F, Volpini R. A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and their Potential in Neurological Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4780-4795. [PMID: 35184706 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220218094501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous nucleoside adenosine modulates a number of physiological effects through interaction with P1 purinergic receptors. All of them are G protein coupled receptors and, to date, four subtypes have been characterized and named A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. In recent years adenosine receptors, particularly the A2A subtype, have become attractive targets for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders, known to involve neuroinflammation, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, multiple sclerosis and neuropsychiatric conditions. In fact, it has been demonstrated that inhibition of A2A adenosine receptors exerts neuroprotective effects counteracting neuroinflammatory processes and astroglial and microglial activation. The A2A adenosine receptor antagonist istradefylline, developed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Inc., was approved in Japan as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and very recently it was approved also by the US Food and Drug Administration. These findings pave the way for new therapeutic opportunities, so, in this review, a summary of the most relevant and promising A2A adenosine receptor antagonists will be presented along with their preclinical and clinical studies in neuroinflammation related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Beatrice Francucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun MJ, Liu F, Zhao YF, Wu XA. In Vivo Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Adenosine A 2A Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:599857. [PMID: 33324226 PMCID: PMC7726429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.599857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As an invasive nuclear medical imaging technology, positron emission tomography (PET) possess the possibility to imaging the distribution as well as the density of selective receptors via specific PET tracers. Inspired by PET, the development of radio-chemistry has greatly promoted the progress of innovative imaging PET tracers for adenosine receptors, in particular adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs). PET imaging of A2A receptors play import roles in the research of adenosine related disorders. Several radio-tracers for A2A receptors imaging have been evaluated in human studies. This paper reviews the recent research progress of PET tracers for A2A receptors imaging, and their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of related disease, such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease. The future development of A2A PET tracers were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Juan Sun
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo J, Chen P, Song C. An Overview of the Synthesis of Pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine Compounds. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190723124839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolotriazolopyrimidines are an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
that can act as a charismatic target and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. These compounds
have received much attention because they are an attractive scaffold for the preparation of adenosine
receptor antagonists. Herein, we focus on an overview of the synthesis of these compounds with the
aim of assisting in the discovery of new pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Puqing Chen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Chonghu Song
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo J, Zhao A, Zheng C, Wang T. Synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel 6-arylthio-3-methylthio-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1333508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- Analytical & Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Anlin Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Caihua Zheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khanfar MA, Al-Qtaishat S, Habash M, Taha MO. Discovery of potent adenosine A2a antagonists as potential anti-Parkinson disease agents. Non-linear QSAR analyses integrated with pharmacophore modeling. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:93-101. [PMID: 27216633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Federico S, Ciancetta A, Porta N, Redenti S, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Moro S, Spalluto G. 5,7-Disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines as pharmacological tools to explore the antagonist selectivity profiles toward adenosine receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:529-541. [PMID: 26717203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of new 5,7-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines as adenosine receptors (ARs) antagonists has been explored. The introduction of a benzylamino group at C5 with a free amino group at C7 increases the affinity toward all the ARs subtypes (10: KihA1 = 94.6 nM; KihA2A = 1.11 nM; IC50hA2B = 2214 nM; KihA3 = 30.8 nM). Replacing the free amino group at C7 with a phenylureido moiety yields a potent and quite selective hA2A AR antagonist (14: hA2A AR Ki = 1.44 nM; hA1/hA2A = 216.0; hA3/hA2A = 20.6). This trend diverges from the analysis on the pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine series previously reported. With the help of an in silico receptor-driven approach, we have rationalized these observations and elucidated from a molecular point of view the role of the benzylamino group at C5 in determining affinity toward the hA2A AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Porta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Redenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karl Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxicologie, Universität of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Descriptors requirement for QSAR analysis of pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine derivative as human A3 receptor antagonists: design of novel furan derivatives and validation by docking. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Banda V, Chandrasekaran B, Köse M, Vielmuth C, Müller CE, Chavva K, Gautham SK, Pillalamarri S, Mylavaram R, Akkinepally R, Pamulaparthy S, Banda N. Synthesis of Novel Pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine Derivatives: Potent and Selective Adenosine A3Receptor Antagonists. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:699-707. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veeraswamy Banda
- Fluoroorganic Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Pharmaceutical Sciences (UGC-CAS); Panjab University; Chandigarh Punjab India
| | - Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn; University of Bonn; Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; Bonn Germany
| | - Christin Vielmuth
- PharmaCenter Bonn; University of Bonn; Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; Bonn Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn; University of Bonn; Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; Bonn Germany
| | - Kurumurthy Chavva
- Fluoroorganic Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Gautham
- Fluoroorganic Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Sambasivarao Pillalamarri
- Fluoroorganic Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | | | | | - Shanthanrao Pamulaparthy
- Fluoroorganic Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Narsaiah Banda
- Fluoroorganic Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Edrees MM. Synthesis of 4-hydrazinopyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidines and their Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3184/174751912x13543818811749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new 4-hydrazinopyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine was achieved via heating (4,6-dithioxo-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d] pyrimidin-3-yl)acetonitrile with hydrazine hydrate. Reactions of the latter product with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde and ethyl hydrazonoacetoacetate analogues afforded the corresponding hydrazone and pyrazole derivatives, respectively. Similarly, condensation of 2-[6-(benzylsulfanyl)-4-hydrazino-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-3-yl]acetonitrile with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde and ethyl hydrazonoacetoacetate analogues gave the respective hydrazone and pyrazolone derivatives. Alkylation reactions of 2-[4,6-bis(benzylsulfanyl)-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-3-yl]acetonitrile with arylamines gave the respective 4-( N-arylamino)-6-benzylsulfanylpyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mastoura M. Edrees
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, PO Box 29, Cairo, Giza 12311, Egypt
- Present address: King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 9004, ABHA, KSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferenczy* GG, Keserű* GM. Thermodynamics of Ligand Binding. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735377-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
13
|
Cheong SL, Federico S, Venkatesan G, Mandel AL, Shao YM, Moro S, Spalluto G, Pastorin G. The A3 adenosine receptor as multifaceted therapeutic target: pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and in silico approaches. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:235-335. [PMID: 22095687 DOI: 10.1002/med.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an ubiquitous local modulator that regulates various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating four membrane receptors, namely A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). Among these G protein-coupled receptors, the A(3) subtype is found mainly in the lung, liver, heart, eyes, and brain in our body. It has been associated with cerebroprotection and cardioprotection, as well as modulation of cellular growth upon its selective activation. On the other hand, its inhibition by selective antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of pathological conditions including glaucoma, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In this review, we focused on the pharmacology and the therapeutic implications of the human (h)A(3) adenosine receptor (AR), together with an overview on the progress of hA(3) AR agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators, and radioligands, as well as on the recent advances pertaining to the computational approaches (e.g., quantitative structure-activity relationships, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations) applied to the modeling of hA(3) AR and drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhattacharjee AK, Lang L, Jacobson O, Shinkre B, Ma Y, Niu G, Trenkle WC, Jacobson KA, Chen X, Kiesewetter DO. Striatal adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated positron emission tomographic imaging in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats using [(18)F]-MRS5425. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:897-906. [PMID: 21843786 PMCID: PMC3157043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A(2A) receptors are expressed in the basal ganglia, specifically in striatopallidal GABAergic neurons in the striatum (caudate-putamen). This brain region undergoes degeneration of presynaptic dopamine projections and depletion of dopamine in Parkinson's disease. We developed an (18)F-labeled A(2A) analog radiotracer ([(18)F]-MRS5425) for A(2A) receptor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). We hypothesized that this tracer could image A(2A) receptor changes in the rat model for Parkinson's disease, which is created following unilateral injection of the monoaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra. METHODS [(18)F]-MRS5425 was injected intravenously in anesthetized rats, and PET imaging data were collected. Image-derived percentage injected doses per gram (%ID/g) in regions of interest was measured in the striatum of normal rats and in rats unilaterally lesioned with 6-OHDA after intravenous administration of saline (baseline), D(2) agonist quinpirole (1.0 mg/kg) or D(2) antagonist raclopride (6.0 mg/kg). RESULTS Baseline %ID/g reached a maximum at 90 s and maintained plateau for 3.5 min, and then declined slowly thereafter. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, %ID/g was significantly higher in the lesioned side compared to the intact side, and the baseline total %ID/g (data from both hemispheres were combined) was significantly higher compared to quinpirole stimulation starting from 4.5 min until the end of acquisition at 30 min. Raclopride did not produce any change in uptake compared to baseline or between the hemispheres. CONCLUSION Thus, increase of A(2A) receptor-mediated uptake of radioactive MRS5425 could be a superior molecular target for Parkinson's imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Lixin Lang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Bidhan Shinkre
- Chemical Biology Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry & Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - William C. Trenkle
- Chemical Biology Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry & Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Dale O. Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pyrazolo derivatives as potent adenosine receptor antagonists: an overview on the structure-activity relationships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 2011:480652. [PMID: 25954519 PMCID: PMC4411897 DOI: 10.1155/2011/480652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, medicinal chemistry research towards potent and selective antagonists of human adenosine receptors (namely, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) has been evolving rapidly. These antagonists are deemed therapeutically beneficial in several pathological conditions including neurological and renal disorders, cancer, inflammation, and glaucoma. Up to this point, many classes of compounds have been successfully synthesized and identified as potent human adenosine receptor antagonists. In this paper, an overview of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) profiles of promising nonxanthine pyrazolo derivatives is reported and discussed. We have emphasized the SAR for some representative structures such as pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo-[1,5-c]pyrimidines; pyrazolo-[3,4-c] or -[4,3-c]quinolines; pyrazolo-[4,3-d]pyrimidinones; pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidines and pyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyridines. This overview not only clarifies the structural requirements deemed essential for affinity towards individual adenosine receptor subtypes, but it also sheds light on the rational design and optimization of existing structural templates to allow us to conceive new, more potent adenosine receptor antagonists.
Collapse
|
16
|
Federico S, Paoletta S, Cheong SL, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Stragliotto S, Klotz KN, Siegel J, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Moro S, Spalluto G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines as human A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists with improved water solubility. J Med Chem 2011; 54:877-89. [PMID: 21214204 PMCID: PMC3578427 DOI: 10.1021/jm101349u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives related to ZM241385 as antagonists of the A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) was explored through the synthesis of analogues substituted at the 5 position. The A(2A) AR X-ray structure was used to propose a structural basis for the activity and selectivity of the analogues and to direct the synthetic design strategy to provide access to solvent-exposed regions. Thus, we have identified a point of substitution for the attachment of solubilizing groups to enhance both aqueous solubility and physicochemical properties, maintaining potent interactions with the A(2A) AR and, in some cases, receptor subtype selectivity. Among the most potent and selective novel compounds were a long-chain ether-containing amine congener 20 (K(i) 11.5 nM) and its urethane-protected derivative 14 (K(i) 17.8 nM). Compounds 20 and 31 (K(i) 11.5 and 16.9 nM, respectively) were readily water-soluble up to 10 mM. The analogues were docked in the crystallographic structure of the hA(2A) AR and in a homology model of the hA(3) AR, and the per residue electrostatic and hydrophobic contributions to the binding were assessed and stabilizing factors were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Stragliotto
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Karl Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität of Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Siegel
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dalpiaz A, Cacciari B, Mezzena M, Strada M, Scalia S. Solid Lipid Microparticles for the Stability Enhancement of a Dopamine Prodrug. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:4730-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Shinkre BA, Kumar TS, Gao ZG, Deflorian F, Jacobson KA, Trenkle WC. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives as A2A receptor-selective antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5690-4. [PMID: 20801028 PMCID: PMC2946083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are serious life-limiting and debilitating movement disorders. Their onset typically occurs from mid-life to late in life, and effective diagnostic techniques for detecting and following the disease course are lacking. Our goal is to develop receptor imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) that selectively target the most relevant subtype of adenosine receptors (AR) that are highly expressed in the striatum, that is, the A(2A) AR. To further this goal, we have synthesized and characterized pharmacologically a family of high affinity A(2A) AR ligands, based on the known antagonist, SCH 442416 (R=-Me), which have structural variability on the terminus (R=-Et, -i-Pr, -allyl, and others). A O-fluoroethyl analogue suitable for use as a PET tracer had a K(i) value of 12.4 nM and was highly selective for the A(2A) AR in comparison to the A(1) and A(3) ARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan A. Shinkre
- Chemical Biology Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - T. Santhosh Kumar
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William C. Trenkle
- Chemical Biology Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Pastorin G, Federico S, Paoletta S, Corradino M, Cateni F, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G, Moro S. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a new series of 5,7-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: A preliminary inspection of ligand-receptor recognition process. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2524-36. [PMID: 20304654 PMCID: PMC3106415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new series of triazolotriazines variously substituted at the C5 and N7 (5-25) positions was synthesized and fully characterized at the four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes. In particular, arylacetyl or arylcarbamoyl moieties were introduced at the N7 position, which enhanced affinity at the hA(2B) and hA(3) ARs, respectively, when utilized on the pyrazolo-triazolopyrimidine nucleus as we reported in the past. In general, compounds with a free amino group at the 7 position (5, 6), showed good affinity at the rat (r) A(2A) AR (range 18.3-96.5nM), while the introduction of a phenylcarbamoyl moiety at the N7 position (12, 19, 24) slightly increased the affinity at the hA(3) AR (range 311-633nM) with respect to the unsubstituted derivatives. The binding profiles of the synthesized analogues seemed to correlate with the substitutions at the C5 and N7 positions. At the hA(2B) AR, derivative 5, which contained a free amino group at the 7 position, was the most potent (EC(50) 3.42microM) and could represent a starting point for searching new non-xanthine hA(2B) AR antagonists. Molecular models of the rA(2A) and hA(3) ARs were constructed by homology to the recently reported crystallographic structure of the hA(2A) AR. A preliminary receptor-driven structure-activity relationship (SAR) based on the analysis of antagonist docking has been provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Corradino
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Cateni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Combining selectivity and affinity predictions using an integrated Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach: An alternative tool to discriminate between the human adenosine A(2A) and A(3) receptor pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine antagonists binding sites. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5259-74. [PMID: 19501513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) selectivity is an important aspect of drug discovery process, and distinguishing between related receptor subtypes is often the key to therapeutic success. Nowadays, very few valuable computational tools are available for the prediction of receptor subtypes selectivity. In the present study, we present an alternative application of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) methodologies to simultaneously describe both A(2A)R versus A(3)R subtypes selectivity profile and the corresponding receptor binding affinities. We have implemented an integrated application of SVM-SVR approach, based on the use of our recently reported autocorrelated molecular descriptors encoding for the Molecular Electrostatic Potential (autoMEP), to simultaneously discriminate A(2A)R versus A(3)R antagonists and to predict their binding affinity to the corresponding receptor subtype of a large dataset of known pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine analogs. To validate our approach, we have synthetized 51 new pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine derivatives anticipating both A(2A)R/A(3)R subtypes selectivity and receptor binding affinity profiles.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The development of potent and selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors (ARs) has been a target of medicinal chemistry research for several decades, and recently the US Food and Drug Administration has approved Lexiscan, an adenosine derivative substituted at the 2 position, for use as a pharmacologic stress agent in radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Currently, some other adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)AR) agonists and antagonists are undergoing preclinical testing and clinical trials. While agonists are potent antiinflammatory agents also showing hypotensive effects, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.However, since there are still major problems in this field, including side effects, low brain penetration (for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life, or lack of in vivo effects, the design and development of new AR ligands is a hot research topic.This review presents an update on the medicinal chemistry of A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the human A(2A)AR subtype, in particular in the case of agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiao LX, Li K, Shi DQ. A Convenient Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity ofN-phosphonoalkylpyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-d]pyrimidines. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802070270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
Xiao LX, Li K, Meng L, Shi DQ. A convenient synthesis of novel 7-phosphonylbenzyl-2-substituted pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]-pyrimidine derivatives. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Cristalli G, Cacciari B, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Moro S, Spalluto G, Volpini R. Highlights on the development of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:260-81. [PMID: 17177231 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the past few decades demonstrating that adenosine modulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes through the interaction with four subtypes of a family of cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors, clinical evaluation of some adenosine receptor ligands has been discontinued. Major problems include side effects due to the wide distribution of adenosine receptors, low brain penetration (which is important for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life of compounds, or a lack of effects, in some cases perhaps due to receptor desensitization or to low receptor density in the targeted tissue. Currently, three A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists have begun phase III studies. Two of them are therapeutically evaluated as pharmacologic stress agents and the third proved to be effective in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), while avoiding the adverse effects of steroid agents. On the other hand, the great interest in the field of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists is related to their application in neurodegenerative disorders, in particular, Parkinson's disease, and some of them are currently in various stages of evaluation. This review presents an update of medicinal chemistry and molecular recognition of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the A(2A) human subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Gessi S, Borea PA. Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: Translating Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology into Clinical Utility. Chem Rev 2008; 108:238-63. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0682195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
González MP, Terán C, Teijeira M. Search for new antagonist ligands for adenosine receptors from QSAR point of view. How close are we? Med Res Rev 2008; 28:329-71. [PMID: 17668454 DOI: 10.1002/med.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In view of the large libraries of nucleoside analogues that are now being handled in organic synthesis, the identification of drug biological activity is advisable prior to synthesis and this can be achieved by employing predictive biological property methods. In this sense, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) or docking approaches have emerged as promising tools. Although a large number of in silico approaches have been described in the literature for the prediction of different biological activities, the use of QSAR applications to develop adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists is not common as for the case of the antibiotics and anticancer compounds for instance. The intention of this review is to summarize the present knowledge concerning computational predictions of new molecules as adenosine receptor antagonists.
Collapse
|
28
|
Gessi S, Fogli E, Sacchetto V, Varani K, Merighi S, Leung E, Lennan SM, Borea PA. Thermodynamics of A2B adenosine receptor binding discriminates agonistic from antagonistic behaviour. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:562-9. [PMID: 17936250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic parameters DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees of the binding equilibrium of 12 ligands (six agonists and six antagonists) to the A(2B) adenosine receptor subtype have been determined by affinity measurements carried out on HEK 293 cells stably transfected with human A(2B) adenosine receptors at six different temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 degrees C) and van't Hoff plot analysis have been performed. Affinity constants were obtained from saturation experiments of [(3)H]MRE 2029-F20 or by its displacement in inhibition assays for the other compounds. van't Hoff plots were essentially linear in the temperature range investigated, showing that the DeltaC(p) degrees of the binding equilibrium is nearly zero. Thermodynamic parameters are in the range 7< or =DeltaH degrees < or =23 kJ mol(-1)and 123< or =DeltaS degrees < or =219 JK(-1)mol(-1) for agonists and -40 < or =DeltaH degrees < or =-20 kJ mol(-1) and 10< or =DeltaS degrees < or =91 JK(-1)mol(-1) for antagonists indicating that agonistic binding is always totally entropy-driven while antagonistic binding is enthalpy and entropy-driven. In the -TDeltaS degrees versus DeltaH degrees plot the thermodynamic data are clearly arranged in separate clusters for agonists and antagonists, which, therefore, turn out to be thermodynamically discriminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cacciari B, Bolcato C, Spalluto G, Klotz KN, Bacilieri M, Deflorian F, Moro S. Pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines as adenosine receptor antagonists: A complete structure-activity profile. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:183-93. [PMID: 18404432 PMCID: PMC2096643 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, many efforts have been conducted searching potent and selective human A(3) adenosine antagonists. In this field several different classes of compounds, possessing very good affinity (nM range) and with a broad range of selectivity, have been proposed. Recently, our group synthesized a new series of pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines bearing different substitutions at the N(5) and N(8) positions, which have been described as highly potent and selective human A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists. The present review summarizes available data and provides an overview of the structure-activity relationships found for this class of human A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Bolcato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbet Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Bacilieri
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silverman LS, Caldwell JP, Greenlee WJ, Kiselgof E, Matasi JJ, Tulshian DB, Arik L, Foster C, Bertorelli R, Monopoli A, Ongini E. 3H-[1,2,4]-Triazolo[5,1-i]purin-5-amine derivatives as adenosine A2A antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1659-62. [PMID: 17234414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 3-substituted-8-aryl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[5,1-i]purin-5-amine analogs related to Sch 58261 was synthesized in order to identify potent adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists with improved selectivity over the A(1) receptor, physiochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic profiles as compared to those of Sch 58261. As a result of structural modifications, numerous analogs with excellent in vitro binding affinities and selectivities were identified. Moreover, compound 27 displayed both superior in vitro and highly promising in vivo profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Silverman
- CV & CNS Departments of Chemical Research, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neustadt BR, Hao J, Lindo N, Greenlee WJ, Stamford AW, Tulshian D, Ongini E, Hunter J, Monopoli A, Bertorelli R, Foster C, Arik L, Lachowicz J, Ng K, Feng KI. Potent, selective, and orally active adenosine A2A receptor antagonists: Arylpiperazine derivatives of pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1376-80. [PMID: 17236762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the adenosine A2A receptor offers great promise in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Employing the known pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine A2A antagonist SCH 58261 as a starting point, we identified the potent and selective (vs. A1) antagonist 11h, orally active in the rat haloperidol-induced catalepsy model. We further optimized this lead to the methoxyethoxyethyl ether 12a (SCH 420814), which shows broad selectivity, good pharmacokinetic properties, and excellent in vivo activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard R Neustadt
- Department of Chemical Research, , Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Spalluto G, Cacciari B. Facile and Versatile Route to the Synthesis of Fused 2‐Pyridones: Useful Intermediates for Polycyclic Sytems. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910500514063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
33
|
Moro S, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G. Progress in the pursuit of therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:131-59. [PMID: 16380972 PMCID: PMC9194718 DOI: 10.1002/med.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of adenosine, adenosine receptors continue to represent promising drug targets. First, this is due to the fact that the receptors are expressed in a large variety of tissues. In particular, the actions of adenosine (or methylxanthine antagonists) in the central nervous system, in the circulation, on immune cells, and on other tissues can be beneficial in certain disorders. Second, there exists a large number of ligands, which have been generated by introducing several modifications in the structure of the lead compounds (adenosine and methylxanthine), some of them highly specific. Four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) have been cloned and pharmacologically characterized, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors can be distinguished according to their preferred mechanism of signal transduction: A1 and A3 receptors interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of the Gi and Go family; the canonical signaling mechanism of the A2A and of the A2B receptors is stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gs proteins. In addition to the coupling to adenylyl cyclase, all four subtypes may positively couple to phospholipase C via different G protein subunits. The development of new ligands, in particular, potent and selective antagonists, for all subtypes of adenosine receptors has so far been directed by traditional medicinal chemistry. The availability of genetic information promises to facilitate understanding of the drug-receptor interaction leading to the rational design of a potentially therapeutically important class of drugs. Moreover, molecular modeling may further rationalize observed interactions between the receptors and their ligands. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant progress in developing new therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a wide range of conditions, including cerebral and cardiac ischaemic diseases, sleep disorders, immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. After more than three decades of medicinal chemistry research, a considerable number of selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors have been discovered, and some have been clinically evaluated, although none has yet received regulatory approval. However, recent advances in the understanding of the roles of the various adenosine receptor subtypes, and in the development of selective and potent ligands, as discussed in this review, have brought the goal of therapeutic application of adenosine receptor modulators considerably closer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
New heterocyclic ligands for the adenosine receptors P1 and for the ATP receptors P2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:185-202. [PMID: 15784237 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine and adenine nucleotides induce various cellular responses through activation of P1 and P2 receptors. P1 receptors preferentially recognize adenosine and four different G protein-coupled receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) subtypes) have been identified. On the other hand, P2 receptors are activated by adenine and/or uridine nucleotides and classified into two families: ionotropic P2X and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. In this article, we summarize our studies which led to development of new potent and selective heterocyclic ligands for the adenosine receptors P1 and for the ATP receptors P2X(7).
Collapse
|
36
|
Matasi JJ, Caldwell JP, Zhang H, Fawzi A, Cohen-Williams ME, Varty GB, Tulshian DB. 2-(2-Furanyl)-7-phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine analogs: Highly potent, orally active, adenosine A2A antagonists. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3670-4. [PMID: 15978806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of this novel class of compounds based on 2-(2-furanyl)-7-phenyl[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine, 1, and its analogs was evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonism. Several compounds displayed oral activity at 3 mg/kg in a rat catalepsy model. Specifically, compound 8g displayed an excellent in vitro profile, as well as a highly promising in vivo profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius J Matasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry-CV & CNS, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Matasi JJ, Caldwell JP, Hao J, Neustadt B, Arik L, Foster CJ, Lachowicz J, Tulshian DB. The discovery and synthesis of novel adenosine receptor (A(2A)) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1333-6. [PMID: 15713381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In high throughput screening of our file compounds, a novel structure 1 was identified as a potent A(2A) receptor antagonist with no selectivity over the A1 adenosine receptor. The structure-activity relationship investigation using 1 as a template lead to identification of a novel class of compounds as potent and selective antagonists of A(2A) adenosine receptor. Compound 26 was identified to be the most potent A(2A) receptor antagonist (Ki = 0.8 nM) with 100-fold selectivity over the A1 adenosine receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius J Matasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry-CV & CNS, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Holschbach MH, Bier D, Wutz W, Sihver W, Schüller M, Olsson RA. Derivatives of 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-2H-1-one: potential antagonist ligands for imaging the A2A adenosine receptor by positron emission tomography (PET). Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:421-37. [PMID: 15893016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the brain A2A adenosine receptor (A(2A)AR) in movement disorders urges the development of radiolabeled ligands for imaging those receptors by positron emission tomography (PET). This study evaluated one class of A(2A)AR antagonists, derivatives of 4-amino-6-benzylamino-1,2-dihydro-2-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-2H-1-one, 10a, as agents for imaging brain A(2A)ARs by PET.. Modifications of a literature synthesis of 10a efficiently generated analogs 10b-s for pharmacological evaluation. Radioligand binding experiments showed affinities for the rat brain A(2A)AR in the low nanomolar range but similar affinities for the A1AR and substantial unspecific binding. Autoradiography employing [3H]10a, showing that high unspecific binding obscured specific binding to both the A1AR and A(2A)AR. Thus, compounds 10b-s are unsuitable as ligands for imaging brain A(2A)ARs by PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Holschbach
- Institut für Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Filacchioni G, Martini C, Trincavelli L, Lucacchini A. Synthesis of 4-amino-6-(hetero)arylalkylamino-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one derivatives as potent A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:5509-18. [PMID: 14642595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous papers (Colotta, V. et al. Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem. 1999, 332, 39. Colotta, V. et al. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 1158) we reported the synthesis and binding affinity at bovine (b) A(1) and A(2A) and human (h) A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs) of the 4-amino-6-benzylamino-2-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (compound A) which resulted in a potent and selective A(2A) AR antagonist. Compound A provided the lead compound of a series of 6- or 8-(hetero)arylalkylamino-4-amino-2-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one derivatives (compounds 1-20) which are the object of this paper. Most of the newly synthesized compounds are inactive at hA(3) ARs while they possess both nanomolar bA(2A) affinities and different degrees of bA(2A) versus bA(1) selectivity. The binding data show that hydrophilic substituents on the benzyl moiety are the most profitable for bA(2A) receptor affinity. Furthermore, their steric hindrance seems to play an important role for the bA(2A) AR interaction, thus suggesting that the 6-aralkylamino moiety of these ligands interacts with a size-limited binding pocket of this AR subtype. Thus, the SAR studies provided us some new insights about the structural requirements of the bA(2A) AR recognition site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Universitá di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto (FJ), Fiorentino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Bovero A, Avitabile B, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Gessi S, Varani K, Borea PA. Recent developments in the field of A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Bovero A, Avitabile B, Preti D, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Varani K, Borea PA. Recent developments in the field of A2A and A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:367-82. [PMID: 12750024 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last years adenosine receptors have been extensively studied, and mainly at present we understand the importance of A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors. A(2A) selective adenosine receptors antagonists are promising new drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, while A(3) selective adenosine receptors antagonists have been postulated as novel anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents; recent studies also indicated a possible employment of these derivatives as antitumour agents. Lately different classes of compounds have been identified as potent A(2A) and A(3) antagonists. In this article we report the past and present efforts which led to development of more potent and selective A(2A) and A(3) antagonists. Our group has mainly worked on the pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine nucleus both as A(2A) and A(3) antagonists, aiming to improve the affinity, selectivity and the hydrophilic profile. In fact, we have synthesised several compounds endowed with high affinity and selectivity versus A(2A) adenosine receptors, as 2, 2a-c (K(i)A(2A)=0.12-0.19 nM), or A(3) adenosine receptors, as 4p (K(i)A(3)=0.01 nM) and 4q (K(i)A(3)=0.04 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hirani E, Gillies J, Karasawa A, Shimada J, Kase H, Opacka-Juffry J, Osman S, Luthra SK, Hume SP, Brooks DJ. Evaluation of [4-O-methyl-(11)C]KW-6002 as a potential PET ligand for mapping central adenosine A(2A) receptors in rats. Synapse 2001; 42:164-76. [PMID: 11746713 DOI: 10.1002/syn.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
KW-6002, a xanthine-based adenosine A(2A) antagonist, was labelled with the positron emitter carbon-11 by O-methylation of its precursor, KF23325, using [(11)C]iodomethane and was evaluated in rats as a putative in vivo radioligand for positron emission tomography (PET). Following intravenous injection of [(11)C]KW-6002, radioactivity was measured in blood, plasma, peripheral tissues, and in discrete brain tissues over a 2-h time period commensurate with PET scanning. In brain, [(11)C]KW-6002 showed highest retention in striata, with evidence of saturable binding, and lowest retention in frontal cortex (a tissue low in adenosine A(2A) receptors). PET scanning with [(11)C]KW-6002 demonstrated a specific signal in the striata which could be described using compartmental modelling. Specific binding was, however, also detected in extrastriatal regions, including brain areas reported to have low adenosine A(2A) receptor density. Blocking studies with the A(1) selective antagonist KF15372 and the non xanthine-type A(2A) antagonist ZM 241385 failed to elucidate the nature of this binding. Thus, although [(11)C]KW-6002 shows some potential for development as a PET ligand for quantifying striatal adenosine A(2A) receptor function, its in vivo selectivity requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hirani
- Imaging Research Solutions Ltd and PET Methodology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
In the early 1990s it became clear that the A2A adenosine receptor had characteristics that made it distinct from the other A1, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors. Great progress has been made with the discovery of selective A2A receptor antagonists. A variety of synthetic substitutions on the xanthine moiety led the chemists of Kyowa-Hakko to discover that introduction of the styryl group in the 8 position of xanthines was critical in achieving compounds endowed with selective A2A receptor antagonistic properties. One compound, KW 6002, (E)1,3-diethyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-7-methylxanthine, is currently being developed for treatment of Parkinson's disease. A number of non-xanthine heterocycles have also been synthesized starting from the non-selective adenosine antagonist CGS 15943, a triazoloquinazoline. Thus, replacement of the phenyl ring of CGS 15943 with a heterocyclic ring such as pyrazole or imidazole, led to a series of interesting compounds whose prototype, SCH 58261, 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine, has become a reference A2A receptor antagonist. Modification of N7 substituents has progressed to optimize A2A receptor selectivity and pharmacokinetic characteristics. A related class of compounds having a bicyclic instead of the tricyclic ring structure is also of interest. The prototype of these triazintriazolo derivatives, ZM 241385, is a potent A2A receptor antagonist; however, it also shows interactions with A2B receptors. The relevance of the A2A receptors in specific disease states, especially in the central nervous system, makes this class of adenosine receptor blockers of interest for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ongini
- Schering Plough Research Institute, San Raffaele Science Park, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Klotz KN, Spalluto G, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives as adenosine receptor ligands: A starting point for searching A2B adenosine receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
46
|
Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Spalluto G, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives: A new pharmacological tool for the characterization of the human A3 adenosine receptor. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
47
|
Borea PA, Dalpiaz A, Varani K, Gilli P, Gilli G. Can thermodynamic measurements of receptor binding yield information on drug affinity and efficacy? Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1549-56. [PMID: 11077036 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present commentary surveys the methods for obtaining the thermodynamic parameters of the drug-receptor binding equilibrium, DeltaG degrees, DeltaH degrees, DeltaS degrees, and DeltaC degrees (p) (standard free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity, respectively). Moreover, it reviews the available thermodynamic data for the binding of agonists and antagonists to several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channel receptors (LGICRs). In particular, thermodynamic data for five GPCRs (beta-adrenergic, adenosine A(1), adenosine A(2A), dopamine D(2), and 5-HT(1A)) and four LGICRs (glycine, GABA(A), 5-HT(3), and nicotinic) have been collected and analyzed. Among these receptor systems, seven (three GPCRs and all LGICRs) show "thermodynamic agonist-antagonist discrimination": when the agonist binding to a given receptor is entropy-driven, the binding of its antagonist is enthalpy-driven, or vice versa. A scatter plot of all entropy versus enthalpy values of the database gives a regression line with the equation TDeltaS degrees (kJ mol(-1); T = 298.15 K) = 40.3 (+/- 0.7) + 1.00 (+/-0.01) DeltaH degrees (kJ mol(-1)); N = 184; r = 0.981; P < 0.0001 - which is of the form DeltaH degrees = beta. DeltaS degrees, revealing the presence of the "enthalpy-entropy compensation" phenomenon. This means that any decrease of binding enthalpy is compensated for by a parallel decrease of binding entropy, and vice versa, in such a manner that affinity constant values (K(A)) of drug-receptor equilibrium (DeltaG degrees = -RT ln K(A) = DeltaH degrees - TDeltaS degrees ) cannot be greater than 10(11) M(-1). According to the most recent hypotheses concerning drug-receptor interaction mechanisms, these thermodynamic phenomena appear to be a consequence of the rearrangement of solvent molecules that occurs during the binding.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- GABA-A Receptor Agonists
- GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Ligands
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Receptors, Glycine/agonists
- Receptors, Glycine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glycine/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Thermodynamics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Borea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione di Farmacologia, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Spalluto G. A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2000; 20:103-28. [PMID: 10723024 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1128(200003)20:2<103::aid-med1>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates many physiological functions through specific cell membrane receptors. On the basis of pharmacological studies and molecular cloning, four different adenosine receptors have been identified and classified as A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). These adenosine receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. While adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor subtypes have been pharmacologically characterized through the use of selective ligands, the A(3) adenosine receptor subtype is presently under study in order to better understand its physio-pathological functions. Activation of adenosine A(3) receptors has been shown to stimulate phospholipase C and D and to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Activation of A(3) adenosine receptors also causes the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine from mast cells. These mediators are responsible for processes such as inflammation and hypotension. It has also been suggested that the A(3) receptor plays an important role in brain ischemia, immunosuppression, and bronchospasm in several animal models. Based on these results, highly selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonists and/or antagonists have been indicated as potential drugs for the treatment of asthma and inflammation, while highly selective agonists have been shown to possess cardioprotective effects. The updated material related to this field of research has been rationalized and arranged in order to offer an overview of the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Recent studies indicate a widening role for adenosine receptors in many therapeutic areas. Adenosine receptors are involved in immunological and inflammatory responses, respiratory regulation, the cardiovascular system, the kidney, various CNS-mediated events including sleep and neuroprotection, as well as central and peripheral pain processes. In this review, the physiological role of adenosine receptors in these key areas is described with reference to the therapeutic potential of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SM Kaiser
- AstraZeneca R & D Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Bergonzoni M, Cacciari B, Ongini E, Recanatini M, Spalluto G. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of a series of selective adenosine receptor A2A antagonists. Drug Dev Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199902)46:2<126::aid-ddr5>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|