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Li J, Wang Z, Chen Z, Xue X, Lin K, Chen H, Pan L, Yuan Y, Ma Z. Silver complexes with substituted terpyridines as promising anticancer metallodrugs and their crystal structure, photoluminescence, and DNA interactions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:9607-9621. [PMID: 37377144 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03463h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Six silver hexafluoroantimonate complexes (1-6) with 4'-(4'-substituted-phenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine compounds bearing hydrogen (L1), methyl (L2), methylsulfonyl (L3), chloro (L4), bromo (L5) and iodo (L6) were prepared and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. All the compounds exhibit interesting photoluminescence properties in the solid state and solution. In vitro data demonstrate that all of them show higher antiproliferative activities than cisplatin against three human carcinoma cell lines, A549, Eca-109 and MCF-7. Compound 3 exhibits the lowest IC50 value (2.298 μM) against A549 cell lines, which is 2.963 μM for 4 against Eca-109 and 1.830 μM for 1 against MCF-7. For silver halogen-substituted terpyridine compounds, their anticancer activities decrease following the sequence of -Cl, -Br, and -I substituents. The comparison results show that their anticancer activity is significantly higher than that of their free ligands. The DNA interaction was studied by fluorescence titration, circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. Spectrophotometric results reveal that the compounds have strong affinity binding with DNA as intercalators and molecular docking studies indicate that the binding is contributed by the π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds. The DNA binding ability of the complexes has been correlated with their anticancer activities, which could potentially provide a new rationale for the future design of terpyridine-based metal complexes with antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongting Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyong Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kejuan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hailan Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
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2
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Li J, Chen M, Jiang J, Huang J, Chen H, Pan L, Nesterov DS, Ma Z, Pombeiro AJL. A New Concept of Enhancing the Anticancer Activity of Manganese Terpyridine Complex by Oxygen-Containing Substituent Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043903. [PMID: 36835315 PMCID: PMC9963696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven manganese 4'-substituted-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine complexes (1a-1c and 2a-2h) with three non-oxygen-containing substituents (L1a-L1c: phenyl, naphthalen-2-yl and naphthalen-1-yl, L1a-L1c) and eight oxygen-containing substituents (L2a-L2h: 4-hydroxyl-phenyl, 3-hydroxyl-phenyl, 2-hydroxyl-phenyl, 4-methoxyl-phenyl, 4-carboxyl-phenyl, 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, 4-nitrophenyl and furan-2-yl) were prepared and characterized by IR, elemental analysis or single crystal X-ray diffraction. In vitro data demonstrate that all of these show higher antiproliferative activities than cisplatin against five human carcinoma cell lines: A549, Bel-7402, Eca-109, HeLa and MCF-7. Compound 2d presents the strongest antiproliferative effect against A549 and HeLa cells, with IC50 values being 0.281 μM and 0.356 μM, respectively. The lowest IC50 values against Bel-7402 (0.523 μM) Eca-109 (0.514 μM) and MCF-7 (0.356 μM) were obtained for compounds 2h, 2g and 2c, respectively. Compound 2g with a nitro group showed the best results on the whole, with relevantly low IC50 values against all the tested tumor cells. The DNA interactions with these compounds were studied by circular dichroism spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. Spectrophotometric results revealed that the compounds have strong affinities in binding with DNA as intercalators, and the binding induces DNA conformational transition. Molecular docking studies indicate that the binding is contributed by the π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds. The anticancer activities of the compounds are correlated with their DNA binding ability, and the modification of oxygen-containing substituents significantly enhanced the anticancer activity, which could provide a new rationale for the future design of terpyridine-based metal complexes with antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Min Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jinzhang Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jieyou Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hailan Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Correspondence: (L.P.); or (Z.M.)
| | - Dmytro S. Nesterov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zhen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.P.); or (Z.M.)
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute of Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
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3
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Remarkably flexible 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines and their group 8–10 transition metal complexes – Chemistry and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Maia DO, Santos VF, Barbosa CRS, Fróes YN, Muniz DF, Santos ALE, Santos MHC, Silva RRS, Silva CGL, Souza ROS, Sousa JCS, Coutinho HDM, Teixeira CS. Nickel (II) chloride schiff base complex: Synthesis, characterization, toxicity, antibacterial and leishmanicidal activity. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109714. [PMID: 34710376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of schiff base complex against microbial agentes a has recently received more attention as a strategy to combat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria and leishmania. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity, antibacterial and leishmanicidal activities of the nickel (II) chloride schiff base complex ([Ni(L2)] against Leishmania amazonensis promastigote, multi-resistant bacterial strains and evaluate to modulate antibiotic activity against multi-resistant bacterial. The schiff base complex was characterized by the techniques of elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TGA/DTG/DSC). The [Ni(L2)] complex presented moderate toxicity in saline artemia (LC50 = 150.8 μg/mL). In leishmanicidal assay, the NiL2 complex showed values of IC50 of (6.079 μg/mL ± 0.05656 at the 24 h), (0.854 μg/mL ± 0.02474, 48 h) and (1.076 μg/mL ± 0.04039, 72 h). In antibacterial assay, the [Ni(L2)] complex presented significant inhibited the bacterial growth of P. aeruginosa (MIC = 256 μg/mL). However, [Ni(L2)] complex did not present clinically relevant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC ≥1024 μg/mL) against S. aureus and E. coli. The combination of [Ni(L2)] complex and antibacterial drugs resulted in the increased antibiotic activity of gentamicin and amikacin against S. aureus and E.coli multi-resistant strains. Thus, our results showed that [Ni(L2)] complex is a promising molecule for the development of new therapies associated with aminoglycoside antibiotics and in disease control related to resistant bacteria and leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle O Maia
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Valdenice F Santos
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Cristina R S Barbosa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Yuri N Fróes
- Postgraduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA, University of São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Debora F Muniz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana L E Santos
- Medical School, Federal University of Cariri, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria H C Santos
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Romério R S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cláudio G L Silva
- Medical School, Federal University of Cariri, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Racquel O S Souza
- Medical School, Federal University of Cariri, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Joicy C S Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA, University of São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Agrarian and Biodiversity Sciences Center, Federal University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil.
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5
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Navarro M, Justo RMS, Delgado GYS, Visbal G. Metallodrugs for the Treatment of Trypanosomatid Diseases: Recent Advances and New Insights. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1763-1789. [PMID: 33185155 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are responsible for many Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). NTDs are a group of illnesses that prevail in low-income populations, such as in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. There are known drugs for the treatment of these diseases that are used extensively and are affordable; however, the use of these medicines is limited by several drawbacks such as the development of chemo-resistance, side effects such as cardiotoxicity, low selectivity, and others. Therefore, there is a need to develop new chemotherapeutic against these tropical parasitic diseases. Metal-based drugs against NTDs have been discussed over the years as alternative ways to overcome the difficulties presented by approved antiparasitic agents. The study of late transition metal-based drugs as chemotherapeutics is an exciting research field in chemistry, biology, and medicine due to the ability to develop multitarget antiparasitic agents. The evaluation of the late transition metal complexes for the treatment of trypanosomatid diseases is provided here, as well as some insights about their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Navarro
- Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M S Justo
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Giset Y Sánchez Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Visbal
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Brazil
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6
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Li J, Yan H, Wang Z, Liu R, Luo B, Yang D, Chen H, Pan L, Ma Z. Copper chloride complexes with substituted 4'-phenyl-terpyridine ligands: synthesis, characterization, antiproliferative activities and DNA interactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8243-8257. [PMID: 34036954 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Eleven copper chloride coordination compounds (1-11) with 4'-(4'-substituted-phenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine ligands bearing hydrogen (L1), cyano (L2), p-hydroxyl (L3), m-hydroxyl (L4), o-hydroxyl (L5), methoxyl (L6), iodo (L7), bromo (L8), chloro (L9), fluoro (L10) or methylsulfonyl (L11) were prepared and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Antiproliferative activities against tumor cells were investigated and DNA interactions were studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. In vitro data demonstrate that all the compounds exhibit higher antiproliferative activities as compared to cisplatin against five human carcinoma cell lines: A549, Bel-7402, Eca-109, HeLa and MCF-7. Compound 6 with methoxyl shows the best anti-proliferation activity. Spectrophotometric results reveal the strong affinity of the compounds for binding with DNA as intercalators and induce DNA conformational transitions. The results of molecular docking studies show that the compounds interact with DNA through π-π stacking, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The binding energies between compound 11 and three macromolecules, including DNA duplex, oligonucleotide and DNA-Topo I complex, are the lowest. The binding stability of compounds containing hydroxyl, methoxy and methylsulfonyl groups with biological macromolecules mainly relies on the hydrogen bonds. The ability of a compound to form hydrogen bonds can promote its binding to biological targets, thereby exhibiting high antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Sahin C, Mutlu D, Nasirli F, Mahmoudi G, Zubkov FI, Arslan S, Dogan NM. New iridium bis-terpyridine complexes: synthesis, characterization, antibiofilm and anticancer potentials. Biometals 2021; 34:701-713. [PMID: 33900533 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study represents synthesis, characterization, screening of antibiofilm efficacy, and cytotoxicity of iridium bis-terpyridine complexes. The complexes were characterized by NMR, MS, FTIR, UV/Visible, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The efficacy of biofilm inhibition and eradication of iridium complexes was evaluated using a crystal violet assay test and verified by fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis analysis of iridium complexes were determined in this study. The results of our study revealed that three iridium complexes had the potential to inhibit biofilm formation and moderate the ability to destroy pre-formed biofilm of S. aureus ATCC 29,213. 250 µM concentration of synthesized complexes showed the highest antibiofilm activity (75% for Ir1, 90% for Ir2, and 71% for Ir3). The significant inhibition obtained at 6.25 µM concentration of Ir2 and Ir3 revealed the potential of our samples. Also, Ir1 and Ir2 complexes had a good capacity to destroy pre-formed biofilm. The results clearly showed that iridium complexes have cytotoxic activity towards colon cancer (Caco-2) and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines without affecting non-cancerous cells (HEK293) at applied doses. Moreover, tested compounds induced apoptosis in these cancer cells. All of these results showed that iridium complexes had possessed the ability to inhibit or destroy pre-formed biofilm and could be developed as an effective agent against bacterial biofilms. Moreover, these pure substances may have valuable anti-cancer activity and it should be confirmed with further studies for therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Art & Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Dogukan Mutlu
- Department of Biology, Art & Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Farid Nasirli
- Department of Biology, Art & Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ghodrat Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Fedor I Zubkov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sevki Arslan
- Department of Biology, Art & Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Nazime Mercan Dogan
- Department of Biology, Art & Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey
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2,6-Bis(1-butyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine-capped poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)s: synthesis, complexation with metal ions, and self-assembly behavior. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Bortoluzzi M, Agostinis L, Bertolasi V. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) pyrrolate-quinoline-imine chloro-complexes by metal-assisted condensation reactions. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Silva GL, Dias JSM, Silva HVR, Teixeira JDS, De Souza IRB, Guimarães ET, de Magalhães Moreira DR, Soares MBP, Barbosa MIF, Doriguetto AC. Synthesis, crystal structure and leishmanicidal activity of new trimethoprim Ru(III), Cu(II) and Pt(II) metal complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 205:111002. [PMID: 32007697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which has very limited treatment options and affects poor and underdeveloped populations. The current treatment is plagued by many complications, such as high toxicity, high cost and resistance to parasites; therefore, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Herein, the synthesis, characterization and in vitro leishmanicidal potential of new complexes with the general formula [RuCl3(TMP)(dppb)] (1), [PtCl(TMP)(PPh3)2]PF6 (2) and [Cu(CH3COO)2(TMP)2]·DMF (3) (dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, PPH3 = triphenylphosphine and TMP = trimethoprim) were evaluated. The complexes were characterized by infrared, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry, molar conductance measurements, elemental analysis and NMR experiments. Also, the geometry of (2) and (3) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Despite being less potent against promastigote L. amazonensis proliferation than amphotericin B reference drug (IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.02 μM), complex (2) (IC50 = 3.6 ± 1.5 μM) was several times less cytotoxic (CC50 = 17.8 μM, SI = 4.9) in comparison with amphotericin B (CC50 = 3.3 μM, SI = 36.6) and gentian violet control (CC50 = 0.8 μM). Additionally, complex (2) inhibited J774 macrophage infection and amastigote number by macrophages (IC50 = 6.6 and SI = 2.7). Outstandingly, complex (2) was shown to be a promising candidate for a new leishmanicidal therapeutic agent, considering its biological power combined with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Lindolfo Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, CEP: 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jessica Da Silva Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, CEP: 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, CEP: 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP: 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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11
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Abstract
A new thiophene-substituted terpyridine derivative has been prepared and characterized. This ligand features a thiophene heterocycle (as an electrochemically polymerizable unit) as well as two chlorine atoms for further functionalization.
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12
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Shi H, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Dual action photosensitive platinum(II) anticancer prodrugs with photoreleasable azide ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Carr CA, Richards JM, Ross SA, Lowe G. The effect of 4′-substituents on the kinetics of ligand substitution in 2,2′: 6′,2″-terpyridine platinum(II) complexes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823400103166201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Carr
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Richards
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Steven A. Ross
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Gordon Lowe
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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14
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Patra SC, Saha Roy A, Banerjee S, Banerjee A, Das Saha K, Bhadra R, Pramanik K, Ghosh P. Palladium(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes of glyoxalbis(N-aryl)osazone: molecular and electronic structures, anti-microbial activities and DNA-binding study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new family of palladium(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes of redox non-innocent osazone ligands that exhibit moderate antileishmanial activity were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarat Chandra Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Amit Saha Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Saswati Banerjee
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Bijaygarh Jyotish Roy College
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Ranjan Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
| | | | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
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15
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Ong YC, Roy S, Andrews PC, Gasser G. Metal Compounds against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Chem Rev 2018; 119:730-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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16
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Feng J, Qi H, Sun X, Feng S, Liu Z, Song Y, Qiao X. Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Promising DNA-Binding Agents and Evaluation of Antitumor and Antitopoisomerases I/II Activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:1065-1071. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Hui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Siran Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Zhenming Liu
- Drug Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Yali Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University
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17
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Gabano E, Perin E, Fielden C, Platts JA, Gallina A, Rangone B, Ravera M. How to obtain Pt(iv) complexes suitable for conjugation to nanovectors from the oxidation of [PtCl(terpyridine)] . Dalton Trans 2018; 46:10246-10254. [PMID: 28737785 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01706e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of [Pt(II)Cl(terpy)]+ (terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) has been attempted with several oxidizing agents and under different experimental conditions in order to obtain a Pt(iv) complex suitable for the conjugation to nanovectors to be used in drug delivery targeting for anticancer therapy. The best compromise in terms of yield and purity of the final complex was obtained by microwave-assisted reaction at 70 °C in 50% aqueous H2O2 for 2 h. Under these conditions the quantitative formation of [Pt(IV)Cl(OH)2(terpy)]+ was observed. The subsequent synthetic steps were, (i) functionalization of [Pt(IV)Cl(OH)2(terpy)]+ in the axial position with succinic anhydride to obtain [Pt(IV)Cl(OH)(succinato)(terpy)]+ and (ii) reaction of the latter with nonporous silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with an external shell containing primary amino groups to obtain a nanovector able to transport the Pt(iv) antitumor prodrug in the form of a conjugate Pt-SNP. Finally, the antiproliferative activity and cell accumulation of [Pt(II)Cl(terpy)]+, [Pt(IV)Cl(OH)2(terpy)]+, and the Pt-SNP conjugate were measured on three cancer cell lines. Despite highly effective accumulation of Pt-SNP in cells, a modest increase in activity was observed with respect to the molecular species. Further experiments showed that the Pt-SNP conjugate can release [Pt(II)Cl(terpy)]+ upon reduction, but this metabolite may undergo hydrolysis, and the resulting aquo complex could coordinate once again the free amino groups of the SNPs. In the resulting tetraamine form, the Pt(ii) complex conjugated to the SNPs cannot completely perform its antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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Akbari M, Oryan A, Hatam G. Application of nanotechnology in treatment of leishmaniasis: A Review. Acta Trop 2017; 172:86-90. [PMID: 28460833 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan species of the genus Leishmania affecting mostly the developing countries. The disease with current mortality rate of 50,000 deaths per year threatens approximately 350 million people in more than 90 countries all over the world. Cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are the most frequent forms of the disease. Chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosin. Treatment of leishmaniasis has remained insufficient since the current antileishmanial agents have several limitations including low efficacy, toxicity, adverse side effects, drug-resistance, length of treatment and cost lines. Consequently, there is an immediate requirement to search for new antileishmanial compounds. New drug delivery devices transport antileishmanial drug to the target cell specifically with minimizing the toxic effects to normal cells. This study attempts to present a comprehensive overview of different approaches of nanotechnology in treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akbari
- Department of Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Department of Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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19
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Lazarević T, Rilak A, Bugarčić ŽD. Platinum, palladium, gold and ruthenium complexes as anticancer agents: Current clinical uses, cytotoxicity studies and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:8-31. [PMID: 28442170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallodrugs offer potential for unique mechanism of drug action based on the choice of the metal, its oxidation state, the types and number of coordinated ligands and the coordination geometry. This review illustrates notable recent progress in the field of medicinal bioinorganic chemistry as many new approaches to the design of innovative metal-based anticancer drugs are emerging. Current research addressing the problems associated with platinum drugs has focused on other metal-based therapeutics that have different modes of action and on prodrug and targeting strategies in an effort to diminish the side-effects of cisplatin chemotherapy. Examples of metal compounds and chelating agents currently in clinical use, clinical trials or preclinical development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Lazarević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medicine, S. Marković 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana Rilak
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, R. Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Živadin D Bugarčić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, R. Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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20
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Subhashini NJP, Reddy CB, Kumar PA, Lingaiah B. Synthesis and biological activity of new 2,6-diphenyl-4-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridines. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216120483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Mambanda A, Jaganyi D. Controlling the Lability of Square-Planar Pt(II) Complexes Through Electronic and π-Conjugation: Correlation Between Kinetics and Theoretical Parameters. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
In trypanosomatids, polyamine and trypanothione pathways can be considered as a whole unique metabolism, where most enzymes are essential for parasitic survival and infectivity. Leishmania parasites and all the other members of the Trypanosomatids family depend on polyamines for growth and survival: the enzymes involved in the synthesis and utilization of spermidine and trypanothione, i.e., arginase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase and in particular trypanothione synthetase-amidase, trypanothione reductase and tryparedoxin-dependent peroxidase are promising targets for drug development. This review deals with recent structure-based studies on these enzymes, aimed at the discovery of inhibitors of this pathway.
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Harper BW, Morris TT, Gailer J, Aldrich-Wright JR. Probing the interaction of bisintercalating (2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)platinum(II) complexes with glutathione and rabbit plasma. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Prokop A, Czaplewska JA, Clausen M, König M, Wild A, Thorwirth R, Schulze B, Babiuch K, Pretzel D, Schubert US, Gottschaldt M. Iridium(III) Complexes of Terpyridine- and Terpyridine-Analogous Ligands Bearing Sugar Residues and Their in vitro Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Prokop
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; Children's Hospital Cologne; Amsterdamer Strasse 59 50735 Cologne Germany
| | - Justyna A. Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Mara Clausen
- Charité Berlin; Augustenburgerplatz 1 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Marcel König
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; Children's Hospital Cologne; Amsterdamer Strasse 59 50735 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Rico Thorwirth
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Krzysztof Babiuch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - David Pretzel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
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Martinez-Mayorga K, Byler KG, Ramirez-Hernandez AI, Terrazas-Alvares DE. Cruzain inhibitors: efforts made, current leads and a structural outlook of new hits. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:890-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Manikandamathavan VM, Duraipandy N, Kiran MS, Vaidyanathan VG, Nair BU. A new platinum(ii) complex for bioimaging applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00002e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new Pt(ii) complex bearing terpyridine derivative exhibit specificity towards nuclear DNA. The staining ability has been explored in cell imaging as well as in gel electrophoresis an alternative to highly mutagenic ethidium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natarajan Duraipandy
- Biomaterials Laboratory
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Manikantan S. Kiran
- Biomaterials Laboratory
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Vaidyanathan G. Vaidyanathan
- Biophysics Laboratory
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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27
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Harper BWJ, Aldrich-Wright JR. The synthesis, characterisation and cytotoxicity of bisintercalating (2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine)platinum(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:87-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02773f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear (2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine)platinum(ii) complexes were synthesised by tethering either thiol or pyridine based linkers. The cytotoxicity of the complexes was determined against human ovarian carcinoma cells (A2780) and its cisplatin-resistant sub-line A2780cis, as well as L1210 murine leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. J. Harper
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- NSW
- Australia
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- NSW
- Australia
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28
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Dorosti Z, Yousefi M, Sharafi SM, Darani HY. Mutual action of anticancer and antiparasitic drugs: are there any shared targets? Future Oncol 2014; 10:2529-39. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Parasites and cancers have some common features. It has been shown that some parasites interfere with tumor growth. In addition, they both have common antigens such as the Tn antigen. A communal action of anticancer and antiparasitic drugs has been reported. This shared action may be related to common targets for these drugs in cancers and parasites. In this paper, mutual action of anticancer and antiparasitic drugs, with the aim of discussing shared targets of these drugs, has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dorosti
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Diseases & Tropical medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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29
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30
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Shaira A, Jaganyi D. Understanding the role of flexible 4′-functionalized polyethylene glycoxy chains on the behavior of platinum(II) (4′-(ethylene glycoxy)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine: a kinetic and a mechanistic study. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.957200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Shaira
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - D. Jaganyi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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31
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Ali S, Zia-ur-Rehman, Muneeb-ur-Rehman, Khan I, Shah SNA, Ali RF, Shah A, Badshah A, Akbar K, Bélanger-Gariepy F. New homobimetallic organotin(IV) dithiocarbamates as potent antileishmanial agents. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.960406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sher Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia-ur-Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muneeb-ur-Rehman
- Department of Physics, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amin Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Akbar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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32
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Nitro/nitrosyl-ruthenium complexes are potent and selective anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents causing autophagy and necrotic parasite death. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6044-55. [PMID: 25092707 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02765-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
cis-[RuCl(NO2)(dppb)(5,5'-mebipy)] (complex 1), cis-[Ru(NO2)2(dppb)(5,5'-mebipy)] (complex 2), ct-[RuCl(NO)(dppb)(5,5'-mebipy)](PF6)2 (complex 3), and cc-[RuCl(NO)(dppb)(5,5'-mebipy)](PF6)2 (complex 4), where 5,5'-mebipy is 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine and dppb is 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, were synthesized and characterized. The structure of complex 2 was determined by X-ray crystallography. These complexes exhibited a higher anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity than benznidazole, the current antiparasitic drug. Complex 3 was the most potent, displaying a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 2.1 ± 0.6 μM against trypomastigotes and a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.3 ± 0.2 μM against amastigotes, while it displayed a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 51.4 ± 0.2 μM in macrophages. It was observed that the nitrosyl complex 3, but not its analog lacking the nitrosyl group, releases nitric oxide into parasite cells. This release has a diminished effect on the trypanosomal protease cruzain but induces substantial parasite autophagy, which is followed by a series of irreversible morphological impairments to the parasites and finally results in cell death by necrosis. In infected mice, orally administered complex 3 (five times at a dose of 75 μmol/kg of body weight) reduced blood parasitemia and increased the survival rate of the mice. Combination index analysis of complex 3 indicated that its in vitro activity against trypomastigotes is synergic with benznidazole. In addition, drug combination enhanced efficacy in infected mice, suggesting that ruthenium-nitrosyl complexes are potential constituents for drug combinations.
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Structural insights into the enzymes of the trypanothione pathway: targets for antileishmaniasis drugs. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1861-75. [PMID: 24144416 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that kills 60,000 people worldwide, and which is caused by the protozoa Leishmania. The enzymes of the trypanothione pathway: trypanothione synthetase-amidase, trypanothione reductase (TR) and tryparedoxin-dependent peroxidase are absent in human hosts, and are essential for parasite survival and druggable. The most promising target is trypanothione synthetase-amidase, which has been also chemically validated. However, the structural data presented in this review show that TR also should be considered as a good target. Indeed, it is strongly inhibited by silver- and gold-containing compounds, which are active against Leishmania parasites and can be used for the development of novel antileishmanial agents. Moreover, TR trypanothione-binding site is not featureless but contains a sub-pocket where inhibitors bind, potentially useful for the design of new lead compounds.
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Juneja A, Macedo TS, Magalhaes Moreira DR, Pereira Soares MB, Lima Leite AC, Kelle de Andrade Lemoine Neves J, Alves Pereira VR, Avecilla F, Azam A. Synthesis of 4'-(2-ferrocenyl)-2,2':6'2''-terpyridine: characterization and antiprotozoal activity of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:203-10. [PMID: 24534536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A terpyridine ligand Fctpy was reacted with divalent metals (Cu, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn), yielding five complexes of general formula [Metal(Fctpy)2][PF6]2. The structure of Fctpy was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The complexes characterized using various spectroscopic techniques suggested an octahedral geometry around the central metal ion. These complexes were screened for their antiamoebic, trypanocidal and antimalarial activities. It was found that, complexes 2 and 3 showed better IC50 values than metronidazole against HM1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. A substantial parasitic inhibition was not observed for the trypanocidal activity. However, for the erythrocytic stage of W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum, the complexes inhibited β-hematin formation. At the concentration of 10 μg/mL, these complexes did not display toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Juneja
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tais Soares Macedo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rodrigo Magalhaes Moreira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael. Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael. Av. São Rafael, 2152, São Marcos, 41253-190 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Valeria Rego Alves Pereira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Avecilla
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Allahverdiyev AM, Abamor ES, Bagirova M, Baydar SY, Ates SC, Kaya F, Kaya C, Rafailovich M. Investigation of antileishmanial activities of Tio2@Ag nanoparticles on biological properties of L. tropica and L. infantum parasites, in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:55-63. [PMID: 23792003 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a public health problem which is caused by protozoon parasites belonging to Leishmania species. The disease threatens approximately 350 million people in 98 countries all over the world. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) are the mostly commonly seen forms of the disease. Treatment of the disease has remained insufficient since current antileishmanial drugs have several disadvantages such as toxicity, costliness and drug-resistance. Therefore, there is an immediate need to search for new antileishmanial compounds. TiO2@Ag nanoparticles (TiAg-Nps) have been demonstrated as promising antimicrobial agents since they provide inhibition of several types of bacteria. The basic antimicrobial mechanism of TiAg-Nps is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Even though Leishmania parasites are sensitive to ROS, there is no study in literature indicating antileishmanial activities of TiAg-Nps. Herein, in this study, TiAg-Nps are shown to possess antileishmanial effects on Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum parasites by inhibiting their biological properties such as viability, metabolic activity, and survival within host cells both in the dark and under visible light. The results indicate that TiAg-Nps decreased viability values of L. tropica, and L. infantum promastigotes 3- and 10-fold, respectively, in the dark, while these rates diminished approximately 20-fold for each species in the presence of visible light, in contrast to control. On the other hand, non-visible light-exposed TiAg-Nps inhibited survival of amastigotes nearly 2- and 2.5-fold; while visible light-exposed TiAg-Nps inhibited 4- and 4.5-fold for L. tropica and L. infantum parasites, respectively. Consequently, it was determined that non-visible light-exposed TiAg-Nps were more effective against L. infantum parasites while visible light-exposed TiAg-Nps exhibited nearly the same antileishmanial effect against both species. Therefore, we think that a combination of TiAg-Nps and visible light can be further used for treatment of CL, while application of TiAg-Nps alone can be a promising alternative in VL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil M Allahverdiyev
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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A facile one-pot, three-component synthesis of 3,3′-(4-arylpyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(2H-chromen-2-one) derivatives under microwave irradiation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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SAGHATFOROUSH LOTFALI, MATARRANZ LAURAVALENCIA, CHALABIAN FIROOZEH, GHAMMAMY SHAHRIARE, KATOUZIAN FATEMEH. Synthesis of cadmium complexes of 4′-chloro-terpyridine: From discrete dimer to 1D chain polymer, crystal structure and antibacterial activity. J CHEM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-012-0246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Shinde PV, Labade VB, Gujar JB, Shingate BB, Shingare MS. Bismuth triflate catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl pyridines and an unexpected selective acetalization of tetrazolo[1,5-a]-quinoline-4-carbaldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ongoma P, Jaganyi D. The π-acceptor effect in the substitution reactions of tridentate N-donor ligand complexes of platinum(ii): a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:10724-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Henderson IM, Hayward RC. Substituent effects on the stabilities of polymeric and small molecule bis-terpyridine complexes. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Saghatforoush L, Valencia L, Chalabian F, Ghammamy S, Khaledi L. Synthesis, crystal structure, and biological activity of 4′-chloro-2,2′ : 6′,2″-terpyridine (Cltpy) as tridentate ligand in a Cd(II) complex. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2011.619008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.A. Saghatforoush
- a Chemistry Department , Payame Noor University , 19395-4697 Tehran, Islam Republic of Iran
| | - L. Valencia
- b Departamento de Quimica Inorganica , Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo Pontevedra, Spain
| | - F. Chalabian
- c Department of Biology , North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Ghammamy
- d Department of Chemistry , Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University , Ardabil, Iran
| | - L.Z. Khaledi
- a Chemistry Department , Payame Noor University , 19395-4697 Tehran, Islam Republic of Iran
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A gold-containing drug against parasitic polyamine metabolism: the X-ray structure of trypanothione reductase from Leishmania infantum in complex with auranofin reveals a dual mechanism of enzyme inhibition. Amino Acids 2011; 42:803-11. [PMID: 21833767 PMCID: PMC3266496 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is a gold(I)-containing drug in clinical use as an antiarthritic agent. Recent studies showed that auranofin manifests interesting antiparasitic actions very likely arising from inhibition of parasitic enzymes involved in the control of the redox metabolism. Trypanothione reductase is a key enzyme of Leishmania infantum polyamine-dependent redox metabolism, and a validated target for antileishmanial drugs. As trypanothione reductase contains a dithiol motif at its active site and gold(I) compounds are known to be highly thiophilic, we explored whether auranofin might behave as an effective enzyme inhibitor and as a potential antileishmanial agent. Notably, enzymatic assays revealed that auranofin causes indeed a pronounced enzyme inhibition. To gain a deeper insight into the molecular basis of enzyme inhibition, crystals of the auranofin-bound enzyme, in the presence of NADPH, were prepared, and the X-ray crystal structure of the auranofin–trypanothione reductase–NADPH complex was solved at 3.5 Å resolution. In spite of the rather low resolution, these data were of sufficient quality as to identify the presence of the gold center and of the thiosugar of auranofin, and to locate them within the overall protein structure. Gold binds to the two active site cysteine residues of TR, i.e. Cys52 and Cys57, while the thiosugar moiety of auranofin binds to the trypanothione binding site; thus auranofin appears to inhibit TR through a dual mechanism. Auranofin kills the promastigote stage of L. infantum at micromolar concentration; these findings will contribute to the design of new drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Baiocco P, Ilari A, Ceci P, Orsini S, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Colotti G. Inhibitory Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Trypanothione Reductase Activity and Leishmania infantum Proliferation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:230-3. [PMID: 24900299 DOI: 10.1021/ml1002629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Leishmania the glutathione/glutathione reductase eukaryotic redox sys-tem is replaced by the unique trypanothione/trypanothione reductase (TR) system. In vitro, silver is a more effective TR inhibitor than antimony, the first line drug against leishmaniasis in most endemic countries, and its mechanism of inhibition is similar to that of Sb(III). In particular, silver binds with high affinity to the catalytic triad Cys52, Cys57, and His461', thereby inhibiting TR. Here, Ag(0) activity was tested on the promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania infantum using a drug-delivery system consisting in Ag(0) nanoparticles encapsulated by ferritin molecules (PfFt-AgNPs). These were able to induce an antiproliferative effect on the parasites at metal concentrations lower than those used with antimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Baiocco
- Institute of Molecular Biology
and Pathology CNR, and Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185
Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology
and Pathology CNR, and Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185
Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Ceci
- Institute of Molecular Biology
and Pathology CNR, and Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185
Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Orsini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive,
Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive,
Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive,
Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology
and Pathology CNR, and Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185
Rome, Italy
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Maia PIDS, Fernandes AGDA, Silva JJN, Andricopulo AD, Lemos SS, Lang ES, Abram U, Deflon VM. Dithiocarbazate complexes with the [M(PPh3)]2+ (M═Pd or Pt) moiety. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Wu P, Ma DL, Leung CH, Yan SC, Zhu N, Abagyan R, Che CM. Stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA with platinum(II) Schiff base complexes: luminescent probe and down-regulation of c-myc oncogene expression. Chemistry 2010; 15:13008-21. [PMID: 19876976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of a series of platinum(II) Schiff base complexes with c-myc G-quadruplex DNA were studied. Complex [PtL(1a)] (1 a; H(2)L(1a)=N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-4,5-methoxy-1,2-phenylenediamine) can moderately inhibit c-myc gene promoter activity in a cell-free system through stabilizing the G-quadruplex structure and can inhibit c-myc oncogene expression in cultured cells. The interaction between 1 a and G-quadruplex DNA has been examined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. By using computer-aided structure-based drug design for hit-to-lead optimization, an in silico G-quadruplex DNA model has been constructed for docking-based virtual screening to develop new platinum(II) Schiff base complexes with improved inhibitory activities. Complex [PtL(3)] (3; H(2)L(3)=N,N'-bis{4-[1-(2-propylpiperidine)oxy]salicylidene}-4,5-methoxy-1,2-phenylenediamine) has been identified with a top score in the virtual screening. This complex was subsequently prepared and experimentally tested in vitro for its ability to stabilize or induce the formation of the c-myc G-quadruplex. The inhibitory activity of 3 (IC(50)=4.4 muM) is tenfold more than that of 1 a. The interaction between 1 a or 3 with c-myc G-quadruplex DNA has been examined by absorption titration, emission titration, molecular modeling, and NMR titration experiments, thus revealing that both 1 a and 3 bind c-myc G-quadruplex DNA through an external end-stacking mode at the 3' terminal face of the G-quadruplex. Such binding of G-quadruplex DNA with 3 is accompanied by up to an eightfold increase in the intensity of photoluminescence at lambda(max)=652 nm. Complex 3 also effectively down-regulated the expression of c-myc in human hepatocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Beves J, Constable E, Housecroft C, Neuburger M, Schaffner S, Zampese J. Building Functionality into 4â²-Hydrazone Derivatives of 2,2â²:â6â²,2â³-Terpyridine. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Beves JE, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Neuburger M, Schaffner S. Ditopic, flexible hydrazone-based building blocks with pendant 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine metal-binding domains. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Chen G. Differences in conformational dynamics of [Pt3(HPTAB)]6+-DNA adducts with various cross-linking modes. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:5930-42. [PMID: 19654239 PMCID: PMC2761282 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here molecular dynamics simulations and DNA conformational dynamics for a series of trinuclear platinum [Pt3(HPTAB)]6+-DNA adducts [HPTAB = N,N,N′,N′,N′′,N′′-hexakis (2-pyridyl-methyl)-1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl) benzene], including three types of bifunctional crosslinks and four types of trifunctional crosslinks. Our simulation results reveal that binding of the trinuclear platinum compound to a DNA duplex induces the duplex unwinding in the vicinity of the platination sites, and causes the DNA to bend toward the major groove. As a consequence, this produces a DNA molecule whose minor groove is more widened and shallow compared to that of an undamaged bare-DNA molecule. Notably, for trifunctional crosslinks, we have observed extensive DNA conformational distortions, which is rarely seen for normal platinum–DNA adducts. Our findings, in this study, thus provide further support for the idea that platinum compounds with trifunctional intra-strand or long-range-inter-strand cross-linking modes can generate larger DNA conformational distortions than other types of cross-linking modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P R China
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50
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Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML. Neglected Tropical Diseases: Multi-Target-Directed Ligands in the Search for Novel Lead Candidates against Trypanosoma and Leishmania. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7339-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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