1
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Wang Y, Xu F, Nichols CB, Shi Y, Hellinga HW, Alspaugh JA, Distefano MD, Beese LS. Structure-Guided Discovery of Potent Antifungals that Prevent Ras Signaling by Inhibiting Protein Farnesyltransferase. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13753-13770. [PMID: 36218371 PMCID: PMC10755971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections by fungal pathogens are difficult to treat due to a paucity of antifungals and emerging resistances. Next-generation antifungals therefore are needed urgently. We have developed compounds that prevent farnesylation of Cryptoccoccus neoformans Ras protein by inhibiting protein farnesyltransferase with 3-4 nanomolar affinities. Farnesylation directs Ras to the cell membrane and is required for infectivity of this lethal pathogenic fungus. Our high-affinity compounds inhibit fungal growth with 3-6 micromolar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), 4- to 8-fold better than Fluconazole, an antifungal commonly used in the clinic. Compounds bound with distinct inhibition mechanisms at two alternative, partially overlapping binding sites, accessed via different inhibitor conformations. We showed that antifungal potency depends critically on the selected inhibition mechanism because this determines the efficacy of an inhibitor at low in vivo levels of enzyme and farnesyl substrate. We elucidated how chemical modifications of the antifungals encode desired inhibitor conformation and concomitant inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455
| | - Connie B. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of
Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology,
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Yuqian Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Homme W. Hellinga
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - J. Andrew Alspaugh
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of
Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology,
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455
| | - Lorena S. Beese
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
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2
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Heine NB, Kaldas SJ, Belding L, Shmatova O, Dudding T, Nenajdenko VG, Studer A, Yudin AK. Synthesis of Chiral Piperazinones Using Amphoteric Aziridine Aldehyde Dimers and Functionalized Isocyanides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5209-16. [PMID: 27156711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated a range of functionalized isocyanides in the aziridine aldehyde-driven multicomponent synthesis of piperazinones. High diasteroselectivity for each isocyanide was observed. A theoretical evaluation of the reaction course corroborates the experimental data. Moreover, the reactivity of cis- and trans-configured aziridine aldehyde dimers has been compared. This study further probes the dimer-driven mechanism of cyclization and enables an efficient access to a wide range of chiral piperazinones bearing functionalized side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas B Heine
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sherif J Kaldas
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Lee Belding
- Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Olga Shmatova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Travis Dudding
- Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Medicinal Chemsitry Department, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Russell F. Graceffa
- Medicinal Chemsitry Department, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alessandro A. Boezio
- Medicinal Chemsitry Department, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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4
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Zhang L, Kumar KV, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Design and biological evaluation of novel quinolone-based metronidazole derivatives as potent Cu2+ mediated DNA-targeting antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Dinsmore CJ, Beshore DC. SYNTHESES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF PIPERAZINONE RINGS. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940209458075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Dinsmore
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Douglas C. Beshore
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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6
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Fu YQ, Ding LN, Wang LG, Tao JC. Synthesis and Application of Novel Proline-Derived Chiral Piperazinones and Sulfamide-Amine Alcohols. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701392400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-Q. Fu
- a Department of Chemistry, New Drug Research and Development Center , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - L.-N. Ding
- a Department of Chemistry, New Drug Research and Development Center , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - L.-G. Wang
- a Department of Chemistry, New Drug Research and Development Center , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - J.-C. Tao
- a Department of Chemistry, New Drug Research and Development Center , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Wiscount CM, Williams PD, Tran LO, Embrey MW, Fisher TE, Sherman V, Homnick CF, Donnette Staas D, Lyle TA, Wai JS, Vacca JP, Wang Z, Felock PJ, Stillmock KA, Witmer MV, Miller MD, Hazuda DJ, Day AM, Gabryelski LJ, Ecto LT, Schleif WA, DiStefano DJ, Kochansky CJ, Anari MR. 10-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1',2':1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine-1,9(2H,6H)-diones: potent, orally bioavailable HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors with activity against integrase mutants. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4581-3. [PMID: 18657970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 10-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1',2':1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine-1,9(2H,6H)-diones was synthesized and tested for their inhibition of HIV-1 replication in cell culture. Structure-activity studies indicated that high antiviral potency against wild-type virus as well as viruses containing integrase mutations that confer resistance to three different structural classes of integrase inhibitors could be achieved by incorporation of small aliphatic groups at certain positions on the core template. An optimal compound from this study, 16, inhibits integrase strand-transfer activity with an IC(50) value of 10 nM, inhibits HIV-1 replication in cell culture with an IC(95) value of 35 nM in the presence of 50% normal human serum, and displays modest pharmacokinetic properties in rats (i.v. t(1/2)=5.3 h, F=17%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Wiscount
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WP14-3, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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8
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Puntambekar DS, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Inhibition of farnesyltransferase: a rational approach to treat cancer? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:127-40. [PMID: 17518338 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601072841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents in brief the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) and their preclinical and clinical status. In this review the mechanism of action of FTIs is discussed and their selectivity issue towards tumor cells is also addressed. The significant efficacy of FTIs as single or combined agents in preclinical studies stands in contrast with only moderate effects in Clinical Phase II-III studies. This suggests that there is a need to further explore and understand the complex mechanism of action of FTIs and their interaction with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra S Puntambekar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India
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9
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Lu A, Zhang J, Yin X, Luo X, Jiang H. Farnesyltransferase pharmacophore model derived from diverse classes of inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:243-9. [PMID: 17049856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional pharmacophore model was developed based on 25 currently available inhibitors, which were carefully selected with great diversity in both molecular structure and bioactivity as required by HypoGen program in the Catalyst software, for discovering new farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors. The best hypothesis (Hypo1), consisting of four features, namely, two hydrogen-bond acceptors, one hydrophobic point, and one ring aromatic feature, has a correlation coefficient of 0.949, a root-mean-square deviation of 1.321, and a cost difference of 163.15, suggesting that a highly predictive pharmacophore model was successfully obtained. The application of the model shows great success in predicting the activities of 227 known FTase inhibitors in our test set with a correlation coefficient of 0.776 with a cross-validation of 98% confidence level. Accordingly, our model should be reliable in identifying structurally diverse compounds with desired biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Lu
- JiangSu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Company Ltd. 210042 Nanjing, China
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10
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Njoroge FG, Vibulbhan B, Pinto P, Strickland C, Bishop WR, Nomeir A, Girijavallabhan V. Enhanced FTase activity achieved via piperazine interaction with catalytic zinc. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:984-8. [PMID: 16298128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzocycloheptapyridine tricyclic compounds with piperazine or substituted piperidine moieties extending either from the 5- or 6-position of the tricyclic bridgehead exhibited enhanced FTase activity: this resulted from favorable binding of the ligand nitrogen with the catalytic zinc found in the FTase. A single isomer at C-11 with piperazine adduct extending from the 6-position, compound 24, exhibited excellent FTase activity with IC50 = 0.007 microM, soft agar IC50 = 72 nM, and Rat AUC(PO, 10 mpk) = 4.0 microM x h. X-ray of (-)-[8-chloro-6-(1-piperazinyl)-1H-benzo[5,6]]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine-11-yl]-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidine 24 bound to Ftase revealed favorable interaction between piperazine nitrogen and catalytic zinc atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- F George Njoroge
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, K-15-3-3545, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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11
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Li Q, Li T, Woods KW, Gu WZ, Cohen J, Stoll VS, Galicia T, Hutchins C, Frost D, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL. Benzimidazolones and indoles as non-thiol farnesyltransferase inhibitors based on tipifarnib scaffold: synthesis and activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2918-22. [PMID: 15911281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogs of tipifarnib (1) has been synthesized as inhibitors of FTase by substituting the benzimidazolones and indoles for the 2-quinolone of tipifarnib. The novel benzimidazolones are potent and selective FTase inhibitors (FTIs) with IC(50) values of the best compounds close to that of tipifarnib. The current series demonstrate good cellular activity as measured in their inhibiting the Ras processing in NIH-3T3 cells, with compounds 2c and 2f displaying EC(50) values of 18 and 22nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Cancer Research, GPRD, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6101, USA.
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12
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Li Q, Woods KW, Wang W, Lin NH, Claiborne A, Gu WZ, Cohen J, Stoll VS, Hutchins C, Frost D, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL. Design, synthesis, and activity of achiral analogs of 2-quinolones and indoles as non-thiol farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2033-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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14
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Ryckebusch A, Gilleron P, Millet R, Houssin R, Lemoine A, Pommery N, Grellier P, Sergheraert C, Hénichart JP. Novel N-(4-Piperidinyl)benzamide Antimalarials with Mammalian Protein Farnesyltransferase Inhibitory Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:1324-6. [PMID: 16204993 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase of Plasmodium falciparum is a potential target in the treatment of malaria for which increased drug resistance is observed. The design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of N-(4-piperidinyl)benzamides is reported. The most potent compounds showed in vitro activity against the parasite at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Ryckebusch
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 2692, Université de Lille 2, France
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15
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Wang GT, Wang X, Wang W, Hasvold LA, Sullivan G, Hutchins CW, O'Conner S, Gentiles R, Sowin T, Cohen J, Gu WZ, Zhang H, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL. Design and synthesis of o-trifluoromethylbiphenyl substituted 2-amino-nicotinonitriles as inhibitors of farnesyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:153-8. [PMID: 15582430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A non-methionine FT inhibitor lead structure (1) was designed through computer modeling of the peptidomimetic FT inhibitor ABT839. Optimization of this lead resulted in compounds 2e and 2g, with FT IC(50) values of 1.3 and 1.8 nM, GGT IC(50) of 1400 nM, and EC(50) (Ras processing) values of 13 and 11 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Wang
- Global Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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16
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Njoroge FG, Vibulbhan B, Pinto P, Strickland C, Kirschmeier P, Bishop WR, Girijavallabhan V. Farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors targeting the catalytic zinc for enhanced binding. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5877-80. [PMID: 15501060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful efforts to make farnesyl transferase (FT) inhibitors with appropriately tethered ligands designed to interact with a catalytic zinc that exist in the enzyme have been realized. Thus, by introducing either a pyridylmethylamino or propylaminolimidazole amide moieties off the 2-position of the piperidine ring, FT inhibitors with activities in the picomolar range have been achieved as exemplified by compounds 12a and 12b. An X-ray structure of 11b bound to FT shows the enhanced activity is a result of interacting with the active-site zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- F George Njoroge
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, K-15-3-3545, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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17
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Li Q, Claiborne A, Li T, Hasvold L, Stoll VS, Muchmore S, Jakob CG, Gu W, Cohen J, Hutchins C, Frost D, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL. Design, synthesis, and activity of 4-quinolone and pyridone compounds as nonthiol-containing farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5367-70. [PMID: 15454228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our efforts to identify potent inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (FTase), modification of the structure of tipifarnib through structure-based design was undertaken by replacing the 2-quinolones with 4-quinolones and pyridones, and subsequent relocation of the D-ring to the N-methyl group on the imidazole ring. This study has yielded a novel series of potent and selective FTase inhibitors. The X-ray structure of tipifarnib (1) in complex with FTase was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Cancer Research, GPRD, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6101, USA.
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18
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Lin NH, Wang L, Wang X, Wang GT, Cohen J, Gu WZ, Zhang H, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-benzyl-5-(3-biphenyl-2-yl-propyl)-1H-imidazole as novel farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5057-62. [PMID: 15380198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) have emerged as a novel class of anti-cancer agents. Analogs of the potent FTI, 1-benzyl-5-(3-biphenyl-2-yl-propyl)-1H-imidazole, were synthesized and tested in vitro for their inhibitory activities. The most promising compound identified from this series is analog 29 that possesses potent enzymatic and cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Horng Lin
- Cancer Research, R-47B, Global Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500, USA.
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19
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Lobell RB, Davide JP, Kohl NE, Burns HD, Eng WS, Gibson RE. A cell-based radioligand binding assay for farnesyl: protein transferase inhibitors. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2003; 8:430-8. [PMID: 14567795 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103256153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl:protein transferase (FPTase) catalyzes the covalent addition of the isoprenyl moiety of farnesylpyrophosphate to the C-terminus of the Ras oncoprotein and other cellular proteins. Inhibitors of FPTase (FTIs) have been developed as potential anticancer agents, and several compounds have been evaluated in clinical trials. To facilitate the identification of cell-active FTIs with high potency, the authors developed a method that uses a radiolabeled FTI that serves as a ligand in competitive displacement assays. Using high-affinity [(3)H]-labeled or [(125)I]-labeled FTI radioligands, they show that specific binding to FPTase can be detected in intact cells. Binding of these labeled FTI radioligands can be competed with a variety of structurally diverse FTIs, and the authors show that inhibition of FTI radioligand binding correlates well with inhibition of FPTase substrate prenylation in cells. This method provides a rapid and quantitative means of assessing FTI potency in cells and is useful for guiding the discovery of potent, novel inhibitors of FPTase. Similar methods could be employed in the optimization of inhibitors for other intracellular drug targets.
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20
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Maligres PE, Waters MS, Weissman SA, McWilliams JC, Lewis S, Cowen J, Reamer RA, Volante RP, Reider PJ, Askin D. Preparation of a clinically investigated ras farnesyl transferase inhibitor. J Heterocycl Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570400206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Dales NA, Gould AE, Brown JA, Calderwood EF, Guan B, Minor CA, Gavin JM, Hales P, Kaushik VK, Stewart M, Tummino PJ, Vickers CS, Ocain TD, Patane MA. Substrate-based design of the first class of angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11852-3. [PMID: 12358520 DOI: 10.1021/ja0277226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) is a recently identified zinc metalloprotease with carboxypeptidase activity that was identified using our genomics platform. We implemented a rational design approach to identify potent and selective ACE2 inhibitors. To this end, picomolar inhibitors of ACE2 were designed and synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Dales
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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El Oualid F, Bruining L, Leroy I, Cohen L, van Boom J, van der Marel G, Overkleeft H, Overhand M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Protein:Geranylgeranyltransferase I Inhibitors Based on the CaaX Box: Incorporation of Sugar Amino Acids as Dipeptide Isosters. Helv Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1522-2675(200210)85:10<3455::aid-hlca3455>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Oualid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, NL‐2301 RA Leiden
| | - Leon Bruining
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, NL‐2301 RA Leiden
| | - Ingrid M. Leroy
- TNO Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, P.O. Box 2215, NL‐2301 CE Leiden
| | - Louis H. Cohen
- TNO Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, P.O. Box 2215, NL‐2301 CE Leiden
| | - Jacques H. van Boom
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, NL‐2301 RA Leiden
| | - Gijs A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, NL‐2301 RA Leiden
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, NL‐2301 RA Leiden
| | - Mark Overhand
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, NL‐2301 RA Leiden
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23
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Tucker TJ, Abrams MT, Buser CA, Davide JP, Ellis-Hutchings M, Fernandes C, Gibbs JB, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Huber HE, Liu D, Lobell RB, Lumma WC, Robinson RG, Sisko JT, Smith AM. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of potent dual inhibitors of farnesyl and geranyl-Geranyl protein transferases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2027-30. [PMID: 12113834 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a series of potent, dual inhibitors of the prenyl transferases farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase) and geranyl-geranyl protein transferase I (GGPTase). The compounds were shown to possess potent activity against both enzymes in cell culture. Mechanistic analysis has shown that the compounds are CAAX competitive for FPTase inhibition but geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) competitive for GGPTase inhibiton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Tucker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The first example of tripeptide inhibitors of farnesyltransferase with sub-micromolar inhibition activity was developed based on the fact that CVFM is not a substrate for farnesyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yoon Lee
- Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science(BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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25
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26
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Nguyen DN, Stump CA, Walsh ES, Fernandes C, Davide JP, Ellis-Hutchings M, Robinson RG, Williams TM, Lobell RB, Huber HE, Buser CA. Potent inhibitors of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1269-73. [PMID: 11965368 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 has been shown to be a dual prenylation inhibitor with FPTase (IC50=2 nM) and GGPTase-I (IC50=95 nM). Analogues of 1, which replaced the cyanophenyl group with various biaryls, led to the discovery of highly potent dual FPTase/GGPTase-I inhibitors. 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, trifluoropentynyl, and trifluoropentyl were identified as good p-cyano replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem N Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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27
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Chiba M, Tang C, Neway WE, Williams TM, Desolms SJ, Dinsmore CJ, Wai JS, Lin JH. P450 interaction with farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors metabolic stability, inhibitory potency, and P450 binding spectra in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:773-6. [PMID: 11551523 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methyl substitution at the 2-position of the imidazole ring greatly improved drug metabolism profiles, in human liver microsomes, of ras farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor (FTI) candidates for drug development. Methyl substitution markedly reduced the P450 inhibitory potency of non-substituted FTIs for CYP3A4 (by a factor of 12-403) and 2C9 (by a factor of 4.2-28), while it had little effect on the CYP2D6 enzyme. An immunochemical inhibition study demonstrated that CYP3A4 plays a predominant role in the metabolism of both non-substituted and 2-methyl-substituted imidazole-containing FTI candidates. Very strong type II binding spectra with human liver microsomes were observed for all non-substituted FTIs, while methyl substitution markedly weakened type II spectra or shifted the type of spectra from II to I. This indicated that methyl substitution on the imidazole moiety interfered with the substrate-P450 heme interaction, likely due to a steric effect caused by the methyl group. A kinetics study revealed that the methyl substitution increased V(max) and K(m) values to the same extent. These studies suggested that the 2-methyl substitution on the imidazole ring improved its drug metabolism profile by reducing the potential to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism without affecting intrinsic metabolic clearance (V(max)/K(m)).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiba
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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28
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Beshore DC, Bell IM, Dinsmore CJ, Homnick CF, Culberson JC, Robinson RG, Fernandes C, Walsh ES, Abrams MT, Bhimnathwala HG, Davide JP, Ellis-Hutchings MS, Huber HA, Koblan KS, Buser CA, Kohl NE, Lobell RB, Chen IW, McLoughlin DA, Olah TV, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Williams TM. Evaluation of amino acid-based linkers in potent macrocyclic inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1817-21. [PMID: 11459639 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino acid-based linkers was used to investigate the effects of various substituents upon the potency, pharmacokinetic properties, and conformation of macrocyclic farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors (FTIs). As a result of the studies described herein, highly potent FTIs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Beshore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PA 19486, West Point, USA.
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29
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Bergman JM, Abrams MT, Davide JP, Greenberg IB, Robinson RG, Buser CA, Huber HE, Koblan KS, Kohl NE, Lobell RB, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Williams TM, Dinsmore CJ. Aryloxy substituted N-arylpiperazinones as dual inhibitors of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1411-5. [PMID: 11378366 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of aryloxy substituted piperazinones with dual farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase-I inhibitory activity was prepared. These compounds were found to have potent inhibitory activity in vitro and are promising agents for the inhibition of Ki-Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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30
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Mactough SC, Desolms SJ, Shaw AW, Abrams MT, Ciccarone TM, Davide JP, Hamilton KA, Hutchinson JH, Koblan KS, Kohl NE, Lobell RB, Robinson RG, Graham SL. Diaryl ether inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1257-60. [PMID: 11392531 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolemethyl diaryl ethers are potent inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. The SNAr displacement reaction used to prepare these diaryl ethers was amenable to rapid parallel synthesis of FPTase inhibitors. The use of a broad range of commercially available phenols quickly identified compounds which proved active in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Mactough
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486. USA.
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31
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Ohkanda J, Lockman JW, Yokoyama K, Gelb MH, Croft SL, Kendrick H, Harrell MI, Feagin JE, Blaskovich MA, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD. Peptidomimetic inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase show potent antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:761-4. [PMID: 11277514 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to represent a very serious health problem in the tropics. The current methods of clinical treatment are showing deficiencies due to the increased incidence of resistance in the parasite. In the present paper we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of potential antimalarial agents against a novel target, protein farnesyltransferase. We show that the most potent compounds are active against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ohkanda
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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32
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Dinsmore CJ, Bergman JM, Wei DD, Zartman CB, Davide JP, Greenberg IB, Liu D, O'Neill TJ, Gibbs JB, Koblan KS, Kohl NE, Lobell RB, Chen IW, McLoughlin DA, Olah TV, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Williams TM. Oxo-piperazine derivatives of N-arylpiperazinones as inhibitors of farnesyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:537-40. [PMID: 11229765 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of SAR associated with the insertion of carbonyl groups at various positions of N-arylpiperazinone farnesyltransferase inhibitors is described herein. 1-Aryl-2,3-diketopiperazine derivatives exhibited the best balance of potency and pharmacokinetic profile relative to the parent 1-aryl-2-piperazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dinsmore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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33
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Reszka AA, Halasy-Nagy J, Rodan GA. Nitrogen-bisphosphonates block retinoblastoma phosphorylation and cell growth by inhibiting the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in a keratinocyte model for esophageal irritation. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:193-202. [PMID: 11160853 DOI: 10.1124/mol.59.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The surprising discovery that nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) act via inhibition of the mevalonate-to-cholesterol pathway raised the possibility that esophageal irritation by N-BPs is mechanism-based. We used normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) to model N-BP effects on stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus. The N-BPs alendronate and risedronate inhibited NHEK growth in a dose-dependent manner without inducing apoptosis. N-BPs (30 microM) caused accumulation of cells in S phase and increased binucleation (inhibited cytokinesis). Consistent with N-BP inhibition of isoprenylation, geranylgeraniol or farnesol prevented accumulation in S phase. Binucleation was also induced by the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor lovastatin and by the squalene synthase inhibitor zaragozic acid A and was prevented by adding low-density lipoprotein. At 300 microM, N-BPs reduced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2 and cdk4 and enhanced expression of p21(waf1) and p27(kip1) and their binding to cdks with corollary hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma. Lovastatin and zaragozic acid A produced similar effects, except that p21(waf1) expression and binding to cdks was not induced. Growth inhibition, but not binucleation, was also caused by the geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor, GGTI-298, which also enhanced cdk2 and cdk4 association with p27(kip1). These findings are consistent with suppression of epithelial cell growth by N-BPs via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway and the consequent reduction in cholesterol synthesis, which blocks cytokinesis, and in geranylgeranylation, which interferes with progression through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Reszka
- Department of Bone Biology and Osteoporosis Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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34
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Saha AK, Liu L, Marichal P, Odds F. Novel antifungals based on 4-substituted imidazole: solid-phase synthesis of substituted aryl sulfonamides towards optimization of in vitro activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2735-9. [PMID: 11133080 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of novel 4-substituted imidazole antifungals was optimized by solid-phase chemistry and parallel synthesis. Potent yeast-selective as well as broad-spectrum antifungal compounds (32 and 20) were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saha
- Drug Discovery, Janssen Research Foundation, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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35
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36
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Efficient synthesis of substituted piperazinones via tandem reductive amination–cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Macor JE, Cornelius LA, Roberge JY. Direct displacement of –OH by nucleophiles in hydroxymethylimidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Ding CZ, Hunt JT, Ricca C, Manne V. 3-Imidazolylmethylaminophenylsulfonyltetrahydroquinolines, a novel series of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:273-5. [PMID: 10698452 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of 3-imidazolylmethylaminophenylsulfonyltetrahydroquinolines as farnesyltransferase inhibitors are presented. A working pharmacophore of inhibiting farnesyltransferase by this series of inhibitors is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Ding
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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39
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Dinsmore CJ, Williams TM, O'Neill TJ, Liu D, Rands E, Culberson JC, Lobell RB, Koblan KS, Kohl NE, Gibbs JB, Oliff AI, Graham SL, Hartman GD. Imidazole-containing diarylether and diarylsulfone inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:3301-6. [PMID: 10612589 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The design and syntheses of non-thiol inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase are described. Optimization of cysteine-substituted diarylethers led to highly potent imidazole-containing diarylethers and diarylsulfones. Polar diaryl linkers dramatically improved potency and gave highly cell active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dinsmore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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