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The Use of Zidovudine Pharmacophore in Multi-Target-Directed Ligands for AIDS Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238502. [PMID: 36500608 PMCID: PMC9738661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of polypharmacology embraces multiple drugs combined in a therapeutic regimen (drug combination or cocktail), fixed dose combinations (FDCs), and a single drug that binds to different targets (multi-target drug). A polypharmacology approach is widely applied in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), providing life-saving therapies for millions of people living with HIV. Despite the success in viral load suppression and patient survival of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the development of new drugs has become imperative, owing to the emergence of resistant strains and poor adherence to cART. 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, also known as azidothymidine or zidovudine (AZT), is a widely applied starting scaffold in the search for new compounds, due to its good antiretroviral activity. Through the medicinal chemistry tool of molecular hybridization, AZT has been included in the structure of several compounds allowing for the development of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) as antiretrovirals. This review aims to systematically explore and critically discuss AZT-based compounds as potential MTDLs for the treatment of AIDS. The review findings allowed us to conclude that: (i) AZT hybrids are still worth exploring, as they may provide highly active compounds targeting different steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle; (ii) AZT is a good starting point for the preparation of co-drugs with enhanced cell permeability.
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2
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Lin X, Liang C, Zou L, Yin Y, Wang J, Chen D, Lan W. Advance of structural modification of nucleosides scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113233. [PMID: 33550179 PMCID: PMC7995807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With Remdesivir being approved by FDA as a drug for the treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), nucleoside drugs have once again received widespread attention in the medical community. Herein, we summarized modification of traditional nucleoside framework (sugar + base), traizole nucleosides, nucleoside analogues assembled by other drugs, macromolecule-modified nucleosides, and their bioactivity rules. 2'-"Ara"-substituted by -F or -CN group, and 3'-"ara" substituted by acetylenyl group can greatly influence their anti-tumor activities. Dideoxy dehydrogenation of 2',3'-sites can enhance antiviral efficiencies. Acyclic nucleosides and L-type nucleosides mainly represented antiviral capabilities. 5-F Substituted uracil analogues exihibit anti-tumor effects, and the substrates substituted by -I, -CF3, bromovinyl group usually show antiviral activities. The sugar coupled with 1-N of triazolid usually displays anti-tumor efficiencies, while the sugar coupled with 2-N of triazolid mainly represents antiviral activities. The nucleoside analogues assembled by cholesterol, polyethylene glycol, fatty acid and phospholipid would improve their bioavailabilities and bioactivities, or reduce their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | | | - Lianjia Zou
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yanchun Yin
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Weisen Lan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Sun S, Huang B, Li Z, Wang Z, Sun L, Gao P, Kang D, Chen CH, Lee KH, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of potential dual-target prodrugs of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and nucleocapsid protein 7. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127287. [PMID: 32631509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we described the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of potential dual-target prodrugs targeting the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7) simultaneously. Among them, the most effective compound 7c was found to inhibit HIV-1 wild-type (WT) strain at double-digit nanomolar concentration (EC50 = 42 nM) in MT-4 cells, and sub-micromole (EC50 = 0.308 μM) to inhibit HIV-1 NL4-3 strain in TZM-bl cells. This is a significant improvement over the parent drug MT. In addition, it showed moderate inhibitory potency (EC50 = 1.329 μM) against the HIV-1 K103N/Y181C double mutant strain (MT-4 cells). The metabolic stability in human plasma of compound 7c indicated that it can release the active forms of the parent drugs MT and AZT in a linear time-independent manner and turn out to be a potential prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkai Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, SORF, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China.
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Oyewole RO, Oyebamiji AK, Semire B. Theoretical calculations of molecular descriptors for anticancer activities of 1, 2, 3-triazole-pyrimidine derivatives against gastric cancer cell line (MGC-803): DFT, QSAR and docking approaches. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03926. [PMID: 32462084 PMCID: PMC7243141 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work used quantum chemical method via DFT to calculate molecular descriptors for the development of QSAR model to predict bioactivity (IC50- 50% inhibition concentration) of the selected 1, 2, 3-triazole-pyrimidine derivatives against receptor (human gastric cancer cell line, MGC-803). The selected molecular parameters were obtained by B3LYP/6-31G∗∗. QSAR model linked the molecular parameters of the studied compounds to their cytotoxicity and reproduced their observed bioactivities against MGC-803. The calculated IC50 tailored the observed IC50 and greater than standard compound, 5-fluorouracil, suggesting that the developed QSAR model reproduced the observed bioactivity. Statistical analyses (including R2, CV. R2 andR a 2 gave 0.950, 0.970 and 0.844 respectively) revealed a very good fitness. Molecular docking studies revealed the hydrogen bonding with the amino acid residues in the binding site, as well as ligand conformations which are essential feature for ligand-receptor interactions. Therefore, the methods used in this study are veritable tools that can be employed in pharmacological and medicinal chemistry researches in designing better drugs with improve potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda Oyeladun Oyewole
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abel Kolawole Oyebamiji
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Banjo Semire
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Design, synthesis and anti-tumour activity of new pyrimidine-pyrrole appended triazoles. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Lai MT, Tawa P, Auger A, Wang D, Su HP, Yan Y, Hazuda DJ, Miller MD, Asante-Appiah E, Melnyk RA. Identification of novel bifunctional HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:109-117. [PMID: 29029095 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The increasing prevalence of mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) that confer resistance to existing NRTIs and NNRTIs underscores the need to develop RT inhibitors with novel mode-of-inhibition and distinct resistance profiles. Methods Biochemical assays were employed to identify inhibitors of RT activity and characterize their mode of inhibition. The antiviral activity of the inhibitors was assessed by cell-based assays using laboratory HIV-1 isolates and MT4 cells. RT variants were purified via avidin affinity columns. Results Compound A displayed equal or greater potency against many common NNRTI-resistant RTs (K103N and Y181C RTs) relative to WT RT. Despite possessing certain NNRTI-like properties, such as being unable to inhibit an engineered variant of RT lacking an NNRTI-binding pocket, we found that compound A was dependent on Mg2+ for binding to RT. Optimization of compound A led to more potent analogues, which retained similar activities against WT and K103N mutant viruses with submicromolar potency in a cell-based assay. One of the analogues, compound G, was crystallized in complex with RT and the structure was determined at 2.6 Å resolution. The structure indicated that compound G simultaneously interacts with the active site (Asp186), the highly conserved primer grip region (Leu234 and Trp229) and the NNRTI-binding pocket (Tyr188). Conclusions These findings reveal a novel class of RT bifunctional inhibitors that are not sensitive to the most common RT mutations, which can be further developed to address the deficiency of current RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tain Lai
- Department of Antiviral Research, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Paul Tawa
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
| | - Anick Auger
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
| | - Deping Wang
- Department of Modeling, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Department of Structure Determination, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Youwei Yan
- Department of Structure Determination, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Department of Antiviral Research, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael D Miller
- Department of Antiviral Research, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
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Liu Y, Xie F, Jia AQ, Li X. Cp*Co(iii)-catalyzed amidation of olefinic and aryl C-H bonds: highly selective synthesis of enamides and pyrimidones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4345-4348. [PMID: 29644366 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient and selective synthesis of enamides via C-H amidation of N-methoxy acrylamides with dioxazolones is realized under [Cp*CoIII] catalysis. The resulting enamide can further selectively cyclize to form pyrimidones, which can also act as a directing group for a second C-H amidation. All these three classes of products were selectively delivered under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry Education, Department of Pharmacy, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Kasralikar HM, Jadhavar SC, Bhansali SG, Patwari SB, Bhusare SR. Design and Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyrimidinone Hybrids as Potential Anti-HIV-1 NNRT Inhibitors. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sujit G. Bhansali
- Poona College of Pharmacy; Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University; Pune 411 038 India
| | - Shivaji B. Patwari
- Department of Chemistry; L. B. S. Mahavidyalaya; Dist. Nanded Dharmabad India
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de Castro S, Camarasa MJ. Polypharmacology in HIV inhibition: can a drug with simultaneous action against two relevant targets be an alternative to combination therapy? Eur J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29529501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection still has a serious health and socio-economical impact and is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. HIV infection and the AIDS pandemic are still matters of great concern, especially in less developed countries where the access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is limited. Patient compliance is another serious drawback. Nowadays, HAART is the treatment of choice although it is not the panacea. Despite the fact that it suppresses viral replication at undetectable viral loads and prevents progression of HIV infection into AIDS HAART has several pitfalls, namely, long-term side-effects, drug resistance development, emergence of drug-resistant viruses, low compliance and the intolerance of some patients to these drugs. Moreover, another serious health concern is the event of co-infection with more than one pathogen at the same time (e.g. HIV and HCV, HBV, herpes viruses, etc). Currently, the multi-target drug approach has become an exciting strategy to address complex diseases and overcome drug resistance development. Such multifunctional molecules combine in their structure pharmacophores that may simultaneously interfere with multiple targets and their use may eventually be more safe and efficacious than that involving a mixture of separate molecules because of avoidance or delay of drug resistance, lower incidence of unwanted drug-drug interactions and improved compliance. In this review we focus on multifunctional molecules with dual activity against different targets of the HIV life cycle or able to block replication, not only of HIV but also of other viruses that are often co-pathogens of HIV. The different approaches are documented by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Castro
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Bakherad M, Rezaeimanesh F, Nasr-Isfahani H. Copper-Catalyzed Click Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Linked Pyrimidines. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bakherad
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahrood University of Technology; Shahrood 3619995161 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaeimanesh
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahrood University of Technology; Shahrood 3619995161 Iran
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Mikalkėnas A, Ravoitytė B, Tauraitė D, Servienė E, Meškys R, Serva S. Conjugation of phosphonoacetic acid to nucleobase promotes a mechanism-based inhibition. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:384-389. [PMID: 29372656 PMCID: PMC6010136 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1417275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors have a powerful blocking action on viral polymerases. The bioavailability of the inhibitor, nevertheless, often raise a significant selectivity constraint and may substantially limit the efficacy of therapy. Phosphonoacetic acid has long been known to possess a restricted potential to block DNA biosynthesis. In order to achieve a better affinity, this compound has been linked with natural nucleotide at different positions. The structural context of the resulted conjugates has been found to be crucial for the acquisition by DNA polymerases. We show that nucleobase-conjugated phosphonoacetic acid is being accepted, but this alters the processivity of DNA polymerases. The data presented here not only provide a mechanistic rationale for a switch in the mode of DNA synthesis, but also highlight the nucleobase-targeted nucleotide functionalization as a route for enhancing the specificity of small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Mikalkėnas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Bazilė Ravoitytė
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania.,b Laboratory of Genetics , Nature Research Centre , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Daiva Tauraitė
- c Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania.,d Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Vilnius Gediminas Technical University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Elena Servienė
- b Laboratory of Genetics , Nature Research Centre , Vilnius , Lithuania.,d Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Vilnius Gediminas Technical University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- c Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Saulius Serva
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania.,d Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Vilnius Gediminas Technical University , Vilnius , Lithuania
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Dual-targeted anti-TB/anti-HIV heterodimers. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:175-183. [PMID: 28743447 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
HIV and M. tuberculosis are two intersecting epidemics making the search for new dual action drugs against both pathogens extremely important. Here, we report on the synthesis and suppressive activities of five dual-targeted HIV/TB compounds. These compounds are heterodimers of AZT, as anti-HIV molecules, and 5-substituted uracil derivatives, as anti-TB molecules. We found that these compounds inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis and suppress the replication of HIV in human cell cultures and human lymphoid tissues ex vivo. We identified one particular heterodimer that inhibited both HIV and the drug-resistant TB strain MS-115 most potently. This compound demonstrated low toxicity and had no cytostatic effect on cells in culture, constituting an ideal candidate for future development and further in vivo testing.
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Zhang DW, Zhang YM, Li J, Zhao TQ, Gu Q, Lin F. Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via various terminal acetylenes and azide and their quorum sensing inhibition. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 36:343-353. [PMID: 28069219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives was studied. 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles containing isoxazole and thymidine structures were synthesized in 84-96% yields starting from various terminal isoxazole ether alkynes and β-thymidine azide derivatives via a 1,3-dispolar cycloaddition using copper acetate, sodium ascorbate as the catalyst under ultrasonic assisted condition. All the target compounds were characterized by HRMS, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the quorum sensing inhibitory activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated with Chromobacterium violaceum (C. Violaceum CV026) based on their inhibition of violacein production, with compound C10-HSL as a positive control. The compounds 8a, 8c and 8f exhibited considerable levels of inhibitory activity against violacein production, and IC50 values were 217±19, 223±20 and 42.8±4.5μM, respectively, which highlighted the potential of these compounds as lead structures for further research towards the development of novel QS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yu-Min Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Qiang Gu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Bonache MC, Chamorro C, Lobatón E, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Velázquez S, Camarasa MJ, San-Félix A. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on a Novel Family of Specific HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:249-62. [PMID: 14694988 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the discovery and preliminary structure-activity relationships of a new class of specific HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors whose prototype compound is the 1-[2′,5′-bis- O-( tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-D-ribofuranosyl]-3- N-[(carboxy) methyl]-thymine. In an attempt to increase the inhibitory efficacy against HIV-1 RT of this new class of nucleosides, and to further explore the structural features required for anti-HIV-1 activity, different types of modifications have been carried out on the prototype compound. These include substitution of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl groups by other liphophilic groups, replacement of the carboxy group at the N-3 position of the nucleobase by other functional groups, change in the length of the spacer between the thymine and the carboxylic acid residue and substitution of the thymine moiety by other pyrimidine (uracil, 5-ethyluracil) or purine (hypoxanthine) nucleobases. In addition, the most salient structural features of this new class of HIV-1-specific nucleosides have been incorporated into classical HIV RT nucleoside inhibitors such as ddI, AZT, d4T. Our studies demonstrate that both the carboxymethyl moiety at the nucleobase and tert-butyldimethylsilyl groups at the sugar are important structural components since deletion of either of them is detrimental to the antiviral activity.
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15
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Design and synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole–pyrimidine–urea hybrids as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1124-8. [PMID: 25655718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Ma LY, Zheng YC, Wang SQ, Wang B, Wang ZR, Pang LP, Zhang M, Wang JW, Ding L, Li J, Wang C, Hu B, Liu Y, Zhang XD, Wang JJ, Wang ZJ, Zhao W, Liu HM. Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationship of Novel LSD1 Inhibitors Based on Pyrimidine–Thiourea Hybrids As Potent, Orally Active Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1705-16. [PMID: 25610955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lu-Ping Pang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lina Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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17
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Ma LY, Pang LP, Wang B, Zhang M, Hu B, Xue DQ, Shao KP, Zhang BL, Liu Y, Zhang E, Liu HM. Design and synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-pyrimidine hybrids as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:368-80. [PMID: 25180925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Ma
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lu-Ping Pang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Biao Hu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Deng-Qi Xue
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Kun-Peng Shao
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bao-Le Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - En Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Avenue Kexue, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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18
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Vanpouille C, Khandazhinskaya A, Karpenko I, Zicari S, Barreto-de-Souza V, Frolova S, Margolis L, Kochetkov S. A new antiviral: chimeric 3TC-AZT phosphonate efficiently inhibits HIV-1 in human tissues ex vivo. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:125-31. [PMID: 25010891 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although more-recently developed antivirals target different molecules in the HIV-1 replication cycle, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) remain central for HIV-1 therapy. Here, we test the anti-HIV activity of a phosphonate chimera of two well-known NRTIs, namely AZT and 3TC. We show that this newly synthesized compound suppressed HIV-1 infection in lymphoid tissue ex vivo more efficiently than did other phosphonates of NRTIs. Moreover, the new compound was not toxic for tissue cells, thus making the chimeric phosphonate strategy a valid approach for the development of anti HIV-1 compound heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vanpouille
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Inna Karpenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Svetlana Frolova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Sergey Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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19
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Iyidogan P, Sullivan TJ, Chordia MD, Frey KM, Anderson KS. Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation of Chimeric Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1183-8. [PMID: 24900627 DOI: 10.1021/ml4002979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a continuing study of potent bifunctional anti-HIV agents, we rationally designed a novel chimeric inhibitor utilizing thymidine (THY) and a TMC derivative (a diarylpyrimidine NNRTI) linked via a polymethylene linker (ALK). The nucleoside, 5'-hydrogen-phosphonate (H-phosphonate), and 5'-triphosphate forms of this chimeric inhibitor (THY-ALK-TMC) were synthesized and the antiviral activity profiles were evaluated at the enzyme and cellular level. The nucleoside triphosphate (11) and the H-phosphonate (10) derivatives inhibited RT polymerization with an IC50 value of 6.0 and 4.3 nM, respectively. Additionally, chimeric nucleoside (9) and H-phosphonate (10) derivatives reduced HIV replication in a cell-based assay with low nanomolar antiviral potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Iyidogan
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Todd J. Sullivan
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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20
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Chang MY, Hung CY, Lin ST. TBAF-Mediated Dimerization Reaction of β,γ-Unsaturated Arylketones. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of some pyrimidine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:276-95. [PMID: 23811090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some novel pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives bearing various substituent have been synthesized. The structures of target compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data. Some selected members of the newly synthesized compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic potency against certain human tumor cell lines. Five representative active anticancer compounds 6a, 6c, 6d, 17a and 18a were subjected to docking using MOE program on the 3D structure of two enzymes, namely; thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri and Candida albicans. Compounds 2c, 7a and 9c showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
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22
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Bailey CM, Sullivan TJ, Iyidogan P, Tirado-Rives J, Chung R, Ruiz-Caro J, Mohamed E, Jorgensen WL, Jorgensen W, Hunter R, Anderson KS. Bifunctional inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: mechanism and proof-of-concept as a novel therapeutic design strategy. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3959-68. [PMID: 23659183 DOI: 10.1021/jm400160s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) is a major target for currently approved anti-HIV drugs. These drugs are divided into two classes: nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NNRTIs). This study illustrates the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a novel bifunctional RT inhibitor utilizing d4T (NRTI) and a TMC-derivative (a diarylpyrimidine NNRTI) linked via a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker. HIV-1 RT successfully incorporates the triphosphate of d4T-4PEG-TMC bifunctional inhibitor in a base-specific manner. Moreover, this inhibitor demonstrates low nanomolar potency that has 4.3-fold and 4300-fold enhancement of polymerization inhibition in vitro relative to the parent TMC-derivative and d4T, respectively. This study serves as a proof-of-concept for the development and optimization of bifunctional RT inhibitors as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Bailey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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23
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Piao D, Basavapathruni A, Iyidogan P, Dai G, Hinz W, Ray AS, Murakami E, Feng JY, You F, Dutschman GE, Austin DJ, Parker KA, Anderson KS. Bifunctional inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: a first step in designing a bifunctional triphosphate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:1511-8. [PMID: 23380374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The onset of resistance to approved anti-AIDS drugs by HIV necessitates the search for novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Developing single molecular agents concurrently occupying the nucleoside and nonnucleoside binding sites in RT is an intriguing idea but the proof of concept has so far been elusive. As a first step, we describe molecular modeling to guide focused chemical syntheses of conjugates having nucleoside (d4T) and nonnucleoside (TIBO) moieties tethered by a flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. A triphosphate of d4T-6PEG-TIBO conjugate was successfully synthesized that is recognized as a substrate by HIV-1 RT and incorporated into a double-stranded DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Piao
- Brown University, Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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24
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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25
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Younis Y, Hunter R, Muhanji CI, Hale I, Singh R, Bailey CM, Sullivan TJ, Anderson KS. [d4U]-spacer-[HI-236] double-drug inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4661-73. [PMID: 20605472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four double-drug HIV NRTI/NNRTI inhibitors 15a-d of the type [d4U]-spacer-[HI-236] in which the spacer is varied as 1-butynyl (15a), propargyl-1-PEG (15b), propargyl-2-PEG (15c) and propargyl-4-PEG (15d) have been synthesized and biologically evaluated as RT inhibitors against HIV-1. The key step in their synthesis involved a Sonogashira coupling of 5-iodo d4U's benzoate with an alkynylated tethered HI-236 precursor followed by introduction of the HI-236 thiourea functionality. Biological evaluation in both cell-culture (MT-2 cells) as well as using an in vitro RT assay revealed 15a-c to be all more active than d4T. However, overall the results indicate the derivatives are acting as chain-extended NNRTIs in which for 15b-d the nucleoside component is likely situated outside of the pocket but with no evidence for any synergistic double binding between the NRTI and NNRTI sites. This is attributed, in part, to the lack of phosphorylation of the nucleoside component of the double-drug as a result of kinase recognition failure, which is not improved upon with the phosphoramidate of 15d incorporating a 4-PEG spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir Younis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Boncel S, Maczka M, Koziol KKK, Motyka R, Walczak KZ. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical alpha,omega-nucleobase amide-conjugated systems. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:34. [PMID: 20502605 PMCID: PMC2874405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and selected physicochemical properties of several novel symmetrical and unsymmetrical alpha,omega-nucleobase mono- and bis-amide conjugated systems containing aliphatic, aromatic or saccharidic linkages. The final stage of the synthesis involves condensation of a subunit bearing carboxylic group with an amine subunit. 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) was found to be a particularly effective condensing agent. The subunits containing carboxylic groups were obtained by acidic hydrolysis of N-1 Michael adducts of uracils or N-9 Michael adducts of 6-chloropurine with methyl acrylate. The amines used were aliphatic/aromatic diamines, adenine, 5-substituted 1-(ω-aminoalkyl)uracils and 5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxythymidine. The title compounds may find application as antiprotozoal agents. Moreover, preliminary microscopy TEM studies of supramolecular behaviour showed that target molecules with bolaamphiphilic structures were capable of forming highly ordered assemblies, mainly nanofibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Boncel
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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27
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Boncel S, Walczak K. Novel acyclic amide-conjugated nucleosides and their analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2009; 28:103-17. [PMID: 19219740 DOI: 10.1080/15257770902736467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective one-step synthesis of new amide-conjugated nucleosides and their analogues, in the presence of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) as the condensing agent, is presented. Substrate subunits carrying carboxylic group were obtained by acidic hydrolysis of Michael-type adducts of various 5-substituted uracil derivatives to methyl acrylate. Amine substrate was synthesized by reduction of 1-(2'-cyanoethyl)thymine with sodium borohydride in the presence of nickel (II) chloride as catalyst. Other applied amine substrates were 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine and 5-aminouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Boncel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
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28
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Hunter R, Younis Y, Muhanji CI, Curtin TL, Naidoo KJ, Petersen M, Bailey CM, Basavapathruni A, Anderson KS. C-2-aryl O-substituted HI-236 derivatives as non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10270-80. [PMID: 18996020 PMCID: PMC2639753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several novel thiourea derivatives of the NNRTI HI-236 substituted at the C-2 oxygen of the phenyl ring have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 (IIIB) replication in MT-2 cell cultures. The compounds were synthesized in order to fine-tune the activity of HI-236 as well as to gain insight into spatial characteristics in the pocket pertaining to the positional choice of tether in the design of [NRTI]-tether-[HI-236] bifunctional inhibitors. Two of the thiourea derivatives bearing a butynyl (6c) or hydroxyethyl tether (6n) were endowed with improved anti-HIV activity compared to HI-236. NNRTI activity was confirmed by a cell-free RT assay on six of the derivatives in which 6c returned an IC(50) of 3.8 nM compared to 28 nM for HI-236, establishing it as an improved lead for HI-236. The structure-activity profile is discussed in terms of potential interactions in the NNRTI pocket as suggested by a docking model using AutoDock, which have a bearing on the bifunctional drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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29
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Hawtrey A, Pieterse A, van Zyl J, Van der Bijl P, Van der Merwe M, Nel W, Ariatti M. Studies on the inhibition of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase by N-tritylamino acids and N-tritylamino acid-nucleotide compounds. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:1011-23. [PMID: 18711664 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802271698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylated derivatives of 8-(6-aminohexyl) amino-adenosine-5 '-phosphate were prepared and studied with regard to their effect on DNA synthesis by the Moloney leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. N-palmitoyl and N-nicotinyl derivatives and bis-8-(6-aminohexyl) amino-5'-AMP inhibited the enzyme partially using poly (rA).oligo d(pT)(16-18) as template-primer with [(3)H]dTTP. In order to increase hydrophobicity in the acyl component tethered to the 8-(6-aminohexyl) amino group on the adenine nucleotide, N-trityl-L-phenylalanine and the N-trityl derivatives of the o, m, and p-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine were initially examined for inhibition of the enzyme using the above template-primer system. The compounds all inhibited the reverse transcriptase with IC(50) values of approximately 60-80 microM. However, when N-trityl-m-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine was coupled to the nucleotide 8-(6-aminohexyl) amino-adenosine-5'-phosphate, the inhibitory activity of this compound increased significantly (IC(50) = 5 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hawtrey
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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30
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Medina-Franco JL, Martínez-Mayorga K, Juárez-Gordiano C, Castillo R. Pyridin-2(1H)-ones: a promising class of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1141-7. [PMID: 17477343 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Lu Y, Zhang W. Fluorous 2,4-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazines (F-DCTs) as Nucleophile Scavengers. QSAR & COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2006; 25:728-731. [PMID: 18064294 PMCID: PMC2117359 DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200640042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H‐perfluoroundecanol‐ and 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecanethiol‐displaced 2,4‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazines 1 and 2 are synthesized and used as nucleophile scavengers to remove thiols and amines from solution‐phase reactions. Two active sites on the triazine ring are able to remove two equivalents of nucleophiles. The purification of reaction mixtures is accomplished by plate‐to‐plate fluorous solid‐phase extraction or automated solid‐phase extraction on the RapidTrace system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Lu
- Fluorous Technologies, Inc., University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fluorous Technologies, Inc., University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, USA
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Zhang W, Lu Y. Fluorous 2,4-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine (F-DCT) as Amide Coupling Agent. QSAR & COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2006; 25:724-727. [PMID: 18064293 PMCID: PMC2117354 DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200640041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H‐perfluoroundecanol displaced 2,4‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine 5 is synthesized and used as a condensation agent for amide synthesis. Two active sites on the triazine ring lead to formation of two equivalents of amidation products. The purification of reaction mixtures is accomplished by plate‐to‐plate fluorous solid‐phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Fluorous Technologies, Inc., University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, USA
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Andreola ML, Nguyen CH, Ventura M, Tarrago-Litvak L, Legraverend M. Antiviral activity of 4-benzyl pyridinone derivatives as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:225-38. [PMID: 15989523 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this overview, the antiviral properties of the Curie-pyridinone compounds, a new class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) developed as anti-HIV agents, are described. These compounds are hybrids between hydroxyethoxymethyl-phenylthiothymine (HEPT) and Merck pyridinones. Several structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and the Curie-pyridinones are described. The Curie-pyridinones are potent inhibitors of both HIV-1 replication in cell culture and of HIV-1 RT activity in vitro. They are specific to HIV-1 and do not inhibit the replication of HIV-2. The mechanism of inhibition is non-competitive with respect to the natural substrate dGTP. For these reasons, the Curie-pyridinones can be considered as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 RT. Moreover, they have the unusual ability to reach the reverse transcription complex inside the extracellular virions and may therefore be useful as retrovirucides. This might lead to the design and synthesis of new drugs able to interact with the retroviral enzyme inside the viral core.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Andreola
- Laboratory of Replication and Expression of Eucaryotic and Retroviral Genomes (REGER), UMR 5097, CNRS-Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, Cedex, France.
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Gavriliu D, Fossey C, Ciurea A, Delbederi Z, Sugeac E, Ladurée D, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of [d4U]-[trovirdine analogue] and [d4T]-[trovirdine analogue] heterodimers as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 21:505-33. [PMID: 12484448 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120015066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of eleven heterodimers containing both a nucleoside analogue (d4U, d4T) and a non-nucleoside type inhibitor (Trovirdine analogue) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV replication. Unfortunately, the (N-3)d4U-Trovirdine conjugates (9a-e) and (N-3)d4T-Trovirdine conjugates (10a-f) were found to be inactive suggesting that the two individual inhibitor compounds do not bind simultaneously in their respective sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gavriliu
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 5 Rue Vaubénard, 14032 Caen, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India.
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