1
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Grundke C, Groß J, Vierengel N, Sirleaf J, Schmitz M, Krieger L, Opatz T. Complementary mechanochemical and biphasic approaches for the synthesis of organic thiocyanates using hexacyanoferrates as non-toxic cyanide sources. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:644-650. [PMID: 36562378 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02216h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe two complementary approaches towards various organic thiocyanates that are affordable, reliable and follow the principles of sustainable chemistry, starting from commercially available thiols or disulfides. Additionally, the application of this mild method to the first total synthesis of psammaplin B is demonstrated. Non-toxic and inexpensive ferricyanide is used as the cyanide source, which can be activated either in a mechanochemical, solvent-free approach, or in a biphasic solvent system allowing easier work-up. A total of 27 examples is demonstrated, with up to quantitative yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Groß
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jason Sirleaf
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Leonie Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of organophosphate-appended cyclobutanofullerenes from C60 and secondary propargylic phosphates. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Bloodworth S, Whitby RJ. Synthesis of endohedral fullerenes by molecular surgery. Commun Chem 2022; 5:121. [PMID: 36697689 PMCID: PMC9814919 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of atoms or small molecules inside fullerenes provides a unique opportunity for study of the confined species in the isolated cavity, and the synthesis of closed C60 or C70 fullerenes with enclosed atoms or molecules has recently developed using the method of 'molecular surgery'; in which an open-cage intermediate fullerene is the host for encapsulation of a guest species, before repair of the cage opening. In this work we review the main methods for cage-opening and closure, and the achievements of molecular surgery to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Bloodworth
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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4
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Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Water-Mediated Thermal Rearrangement of a Cage-Opened C 60 Derivative. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1559-1562. [PMID: 34633771 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The partial zipping of a fullerene orifice was achieved by a water-mediated thermal rearrangement at 150 °C for one day while the orifice size changed from 16- to 14-membered ring with the generation of a fused pentagon. The addition of B(C6 F5 )3 was found to facilitate the reaction likely due to the coordination to carbonyl groups on the orifice. By extending the reaction time, the decarbonylation took place to give another 14-membered-ring orifice where the Michael addition of water occurred under acidic conditions. The computational study suggested that the formation of a carboxylic acid and Fischer-type carbene plays a key role in the C-C bond cleavage/reformation processes during the rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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5
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Orfanopoulos M. Singlet Oxygen: Discovery, Chemistry, C 60 -Sensitization †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1182-1218. [PMID: 34240450 DOI: 10.1111/php.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article refers to the discovery of excited molecular oxygen, in particular on its lower singlet excited state (1 Δg , 1 O2 ). After a short report on singlet oxygen generation, the review is focused on the chemistry of this reactive species. Specifically, the three major reactions of 1 O2 with unsaturated organic substrates, namely the [4 + 2] and [2 +2] cycloadditions as well as the ene reaction, are reviewed. The proposed mechanisms of these reactions, through the years, based on experimental and computational work, have been presented. Selected examples of singlet oxygen-synthetic applications are also mentioned. The [60]fullerene and fullereno-materials photosensitized oxidations in homogeneous, as well as in heterogeneous conditions, are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, the self-sensitized photooxidation of open cage fullerenes as well as fullerenes bearing oxidizable groups is reported.
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6
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Hashikawa Y, Li H, Murata Y. Reactions of C 60 with Pyridazine and Phthalazine. Chemistry 2021; 27:7507-7511. [PMID: 33797148 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cage-opened bisfulleroids are one of suitable building blocks for making a large hole on fullerenes. This work focuses on the Diels-Alder reaction of C60 with azines, among synthetic methods developed thus far, to provide bisfulleroids. Surprisingly, the computational study predicted that the reaction proceeds with normal electron demand in contrast to hitherto considered inverse-electron-demand pathway. The benzoannulation to the pyridazine ring, i. e., phthalazine, resulted in the remarkably shortened reaction time due to the better interaction between the HOMO of phthalazine and the LUMO of C60 as well as stronger 2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene character in the phthalazine as confirmed crystallographically. Contrary to expectations, the benzobisfulleroid was converted into corresponding orifice-enlarged derivative via the photooxygenation slightly faster than the fulleroid derived from pyridazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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7
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Yamada M, Ishitsuka A, Maeda Y, Suzuki M, Sato H. Copper-Mediated Cascade Synthesis of Open-Cage Fullerenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:3633-3636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Asumi Ishitsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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8
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Liu HW, Xu H, Shao G, Wang GW. Zinc-Mediated Reductive Cyclization of [60]Fullerene with Enones and Subsequent Dehydration under Solvent-Free and Ball-Milling Conditions. Org Lett 2019; 21:2625-2628. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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9
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Ahles S, Götz S, Schweighauser L, Brodsky M, Kessler SN, Heindl AH, Wegner HA. An Amine Group Transfer Reaction Driven by Aromaticity. Org Lett 2018; 20:7034-7038. [PMID: 30362764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective domino inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder/amine group transfer reaction catalyzed by a bidentate Lewis acid provides 1-amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes, a core structure in many bioactive compounds. A concerted mechanism is proposed based on experimental studies as well as DFT computations demonstrating a new general reactivity scheme. The broad scope of the reaction was evaluated by variation of all three starting compounds, phthalazines, aldehydes, and amines. Scalability was demonstrated by a gram scale reaction without diminished yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Silas Götz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Mirko Brodsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Simon N Kessler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andreas H Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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10
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Expeditious Preparation of Open-Cage Fullerenes by Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes and C60
: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2018; 24:10653-10661. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Tanaka T, Morimoto K, Ishida T, Takahashi T, Fukaya N, Choi JC, Kabe Y. Regioselective Hydroamination of Open-cage Ketolactam Derivatives of C60 with Phenylhydrazine and Water Encapsulation. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.171198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takahashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Norihisa Fukaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
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12
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Mizunuma R, Tanaka T, Nakamura Y, Kamijima Y, Kabe Y. Direct benzyne-C60 addition does not generate a [5,6] open fulleroid. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Brotsman VA, Ioutsi VA, Rybalchenko AV, Markov VY, Belov NM, Lukonina NS, Troyanov SI, Ioffe IN, Trukhanov VA, Galimova GK, Mannanov AA, Zubov DN, Kemnitz E, Sidorov LN, Magdesieva TV, Paraschuk DY, Goryunkov AA. Tightly Bound Double-Caged [60]Fullerene Derivatives with Enhanced Solubility: Structural Features and Application in Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1075-1086. [PMID: 28281332 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel highly soluble double-caged [60]fullerene derivatives were prepared by means of lithium-salt-assisted [2+3] cycloaddition. The bispheric molecules feature rigid linking of the fullerene spheres through a four-membered cycle and a pyrrolizidine bridge with an ester function CO2 R (R=n-decyl, n-octadecyl, benzyl, and n-butyl; compounds 1 a-d, respectively), as demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed three closely overlapping pairs of reversible peaks owing to consecutive one-electron reductions of fullerene cages, as well as an irreversible oxidation peak attributed to abstraction of an electron from the nitrogen lone-electron pair. Owing to charge delocalization over both carbon cages, compounds 1 a-d are characterized by upshifted energies of frontier molecular orbitals, a narrowed bandgap, and reduced electron-transfer reorganization energy relative to pristine C60 . Neat thin films of the n-decyl compound 1 a demonstrated electron mobility of (1.3±0.4)×10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which was comparable to phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and thus potentially advantageous for organic solar cells (OSC). Application of 1 in OSC allowed a twofold increase in the power conversion efficiencies of as-cast poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/1 devices relative to the as-cast P3HT/PCBM ones. This is attributed to the good solubility of 1 and their enhanced charge-transport properties - both intramolecular, owing to tightly linked fullerene cages, and intermolecular, owing to the large number of close contacts between the neighboring double-caged molecules. Test P3HT/1 OSCs demonstrated power-conversion efficiencies up to 2.6 % (1 a). Surprisingly low optimal content of double-caged fullerene acceptor 1 in the photoactive layer (≈30 wt %) favored better light harvesting and carrier transport owing to the greater content of P3HT and its higher degree of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy A Ioutsi
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Rybalchenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu Markov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita M Belov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia S Lukonina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy A Trukhanov
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina K Galimova
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artur A Mannanov
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Zubov
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics RAS, Leninsky Prospekt, 32A, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lev N Sidorov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Magdesieva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu Paraschuk
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Tanaka T, Nojiri R, Sugiyama Y, Sawai R, Takahashi T, Fukaya N, Choi JC, Kabe Y. Regioselective Diels–Alder reaction to open-cage ketolactam derivatives of C60. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6136-6146. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01347g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Open-cage ketolactam fullerenes reacted with dienes on the rim of the orifice both regio- and endo-selectively, which were confirmed by 2D INADEQUATE 13C NMR of 13C enriched material/HMBC spectra as well as the theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka 259-1293
- Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nojiri
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka 259-1293
- Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka 259-1293
- Japan
| | - Ryouhei Sawai
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka 259-1293
- Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takahashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Norihisa Fukaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Yoshio Kabe
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka 259-1293
- Japan
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Komatsu K. Molecular surgical synthesis of H₂@C₆₀: recollections. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20110636. [PMID: 23918715 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first synthesis of endohedral fullerene containing molecular hydrogen, H₂@C₆₀, is briefly summarized. The synthesis was conducted according to what we call the 'molecular surgical method', that is, opening a hole on a C₆₀ surface, enlargement of the hole, insertion of a guest species and enclosure of the hole without loss of the encapsulated guest. The entire process involves three chemical reactions to open the hole and four reactions to gradually reduce the hole size and finally close the hole. The total yield of the product, H₂@C₆₀, based on consumed C₆₀ was 9%. The encapsulated molecule of hydrogen exhibited a 6 ppm upfield-shifted ¹H NMR signal when compared with free hydrogen, indicating the aromaticity at the inner centre of the C₆₀ cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Komatsu
- Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
The low or lack of solubility of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene/graphite in organic solvents and water severely hampers the study of their chemical functionalizations and practical applications. Covalent and noncovalent functionalizations of fullerenes and related materials via mechanochemistry seem appealing to tackle these problems. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive coverage on the mechanochemical reactions of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphite, including dimerizations and trimerizations, nucleophilic additions, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Diels-Alder reactions, [2 + 1] cycloadditions of carbenes and nitrenes, radical additions, oxidations, etc. It is intriguing to find that some reactions of fullerenes can only proceed under solvent-free conditions or undergo different reaction pathways from those of the liquid-phase counterparts to generate completely different products. We also present the application of the mechanical milling technique to complex formation, nanocomposite formation and enhanced hydrogen storage of carbon-related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-E Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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Gan L, Yang D, Zhang Q, Huang H. Preparation of open-cage fullerenes and incorporation of small molecules through their orifices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1498-1507. [PMID: 20437499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Open-cage fullerenes can act as hosts for small molecules such as water, nitrogen, or hydrogen, forming endohedral fullerenes. Following a brief summary of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen insertion in the fullerene framework to form homofullerenes, methods of creating a hole in the fullerene surface are surveyed. Techniques of hole enlargement and the insertion of atoms or molecules through the orifice to form endohedral fullerenes are described. Finally, the possibility of subsequent closure of the hole is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
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Vougioukalakis GC, Roubelakis MM, Orfanopoulos M. Open-cage fullerenes: towards the construction of nanosized molecular containers. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:817-44. [DOI: 10.1039/b913766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Fukuda T, Hashimoto N, Araki Y, El-Khouly M, Ito O, Kobayashi N. Phthalocyanine-C60Fused Conjugates Exhibiting Molecular Orbital Interactions Depending on the Solvent Polarity. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1678-86. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kabe Y, Hachiya H, Saito T, Shimizu D, Ishiwata M, Suzuki K, Yakushigawa Y, Ando W. Diastereoselective syntheses and oxygenation of silyl fulleroids. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Margetić D, Murata Y, Komatsu K, Marinić Z. Rigid Alicyclic Molecules from Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enes (=8,9,10-Trinorbornenes) and 1,4-Dipyridin-2-ylphthalazines as Stereoselective Coupling Agents. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Komatsu K. Studies on Two- and Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Systems with Unique Structures and Properties. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Xiao Z, Yao J, Yang D, Wang F, Huang S, Gan L, Jia Z, Jiang Z, Yang X, Zheng B, Yuan G, Zhang S, Wang Z. Synthesis of [59]fullerenones through peroxide-mediated stepwise cleavage of fullerene skeleton bonds and X-ray structures of their water-encapsulated open-cage complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:16149-62. [PMID: 18052066 DOI: 10.1021/ja0763798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene skeleton modification has been investigated through selective cleavage of the fullerene carbon-carbon bonds under mild conditions. Several cage-opened fullerene derivatives including three [59]fullerenones with an 18-membered-ring orifice and one [59]fullerenone with a 19-membered-ring orifice have been prepared starting from the fullerene mixed peroxide 1, C60(OOtBu)6. The prepositioned tert-butyl peroxy groups in 1 serve as excellent oxygen sources for formation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The cage-opening reactions were initiated by photoinduced homolysis of the tBu-O bond, followed by sequential ring expansion steps. A key step of the ring expansion reactions is the oxidation of adjacent fullerene hydroxyl and amino groups by diacetoxyliodobenzene (DIB). Aminolysis of a cage-opened fullerene derivative containing an anhydride moiety resulted in multiple bond cleavage in one step. A domino mechanism was proposed for this reaction. Decarboxylation led to elimination of one carbon atom from the C60 cage and formation of [59]fullerenones. The cage-opened [59]fullerenones were found to encapsulate water under mild conditions. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic data. Single-crystal structures were also obtained for five skeleton-modified derivatives including two water-encapsulated fulleroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Rodríguez B, Bruckmann A, Rantanen T, Bolm C. Solvent-Free Carbon-Carbon Bond Formations in Ball Mills. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thilgen C, Diederich F. Structural Aspects of Fullerene ChemistryA Journey through Fullerene Chirality. Chem Rev 2006; 106:5049-135. [PMID: 17165683 DOI: 10.1021/cr0505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Thilgen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Peng R, Wang G, Shen Y, Li Y, Zhang T, Liu Y, Murata Y, Komatsu K. Solvent‐Free Reactions of Fullerenes with Diethyl Bromomalonate in the Presence of Inorganic Bases Under High‐Speed Vibration Milling Conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru‐Fang Peng
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Guan‐Wu Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
- b State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Ye‐Bing Shen
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yu‐Jin Li
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
- b State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Ting‐Hu Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
| | - You‐Cheng Liu
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
- b State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- c Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Komatsu
- c Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Murata M, Murata Y, Komatsu K. Synthesis and Properties of Endohedral C60 Encapsulating Molecular Hydrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8024-33. [PMID: 16771518 DOI: 10.1021/ja061857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the details of our study to synthesize a new endohedral fullerene, H2@C60, in more than 100 mg quantities by closure of the 13-membered ring orifice of an open-cage fullerene using four-step organic reactions. The 13-membered ring orifice in a previously synthesized open-cage fullerene incorporating hydrogen in 100% yield was reduced to a 12-membered ring by extrusion of a sulfur atom at the rim of the orifice, and the ring was further reduced into an eight-membered ring by reductive coupling of two carbonyl groups also at the orifice. Final closure of the orifice was completed by a thermal reaction. Purification of H2@C60 was accomplished by recycle HPLC. A gradual downfield shift of the NMR signal for the encapsulated hydrogen observed upon reduction of the orifice size was interpreted based on the gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) and the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations. The spectral as well as electrochemical examination of the properties of H2@C60 has shown that the electronic interaction between the encapsulated hydrogen and outer C60 pi-system is quite small but becomes appreciable when the outer pi-system acquires more than three extra electrons. Four kinds of exohedral derivatives of H2@C60 were synthesized. The tendency in the shift of the NMR signal of the inner hydrogen was found to be quite similar to that observed for the 3He NMR signal of the corresponding derivatives of 3He@C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Huang S, Wang F, Gan L, Yuan G, Zhou J, Zhang S. Preparation of Fullerendione through Oxidation of Vicinal Fullerendiol and Intramolecular Coupling of the Dione To Form Hemiketal/Ketal Moieties. Org Lett 2005; 8:277-9. [PMID: 16408894 DOI: 10.1021/ol052602z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Vicinal fullerendiol is oxidized to fullerendione in good yield by (diacetoxy)iodobenzene. The resulting cage-opened fullerendione reacts with oxygen nucleophiles in the presence of BF(3).Et(2)O to form fullerene hemiketal/ketal derivatives through coupling of the two carbonyl groups. Fullerene-mixed peroxide derivatives are involved in all these reactions. The compounds are characterized by spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H. Mechanochemistry: The Mechanical Activation of Covalent Bonds. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2921-48. [PMID: 16092823 DOI: 10.1021/cr030697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Beyer
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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Komatsu K, Murata Y. A New Route to an Endohedral Fullerene by Way of σ-Framework Transformations. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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[60]Fullerene adducts with 9-substituted anthracenes: mechanochemical preparation and retro Diels–Alder reaction. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kemner E, Hirsch A, Zerbetto F. A Woodward−Hoffmann Approach to the C60 Cluster Opening Leading to Homo[60]fullerenes. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047580x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewout Kemner
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Wang GW, Li YJ, Peng RF, Liang ZH, Liu YC. Are the pyrazolines formed from the reaction of [60]fullerene with alkyl diazoacetates unstable? Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Murata Y, Suzuki M, Rubin Y, Komatsu K. Structure of the Hydration Product of the C60-Di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine Adduct. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.76.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Novel solvent-free reaction of C60 with active methylene compounds in the presence of Na2CO3 under high-speed vibration milling. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suresh CH, Vijayalakshmi PS, Iwamatsu SI, Murata S, Koga N. Rearrangement of the cyclohexadiene derivatives of C60 to bis(fulleroid) and bis(methano)fullerene: structure, stability, and mechanism. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3522-31. [PMID: 12713355 DOI: 10.1021/jo0340096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclohexadiene derivative of C(60) rearranges photochemically to bis(fulleroid) (two [6,5] open structure) and bis(methano)fullerene (two [6,6] closed structure). During this process, a [6,5] open/[6,6] closed intermediate is observed. The isolated intermediate undergoes photochemical rearrangement to bis(fulleroid) and bis(methano)fullerene. On the other side, it undergoes retrorearrangement to the starting material in the dark. The structure and energetics of these C(60) derivatives have been studied at the AM1, PM3, RHF, and B3LYP levels of theory. It is found that bis(fulleroid) bearing four tert-butoxycarbonyl substituents is 5.8 kcal/mol (B3LYP) more stable than the corresponding bis(methano)fullerene. The isolated intermediate having the [6,5] open/[6,6] closed structure is 6.7 kcal/mol more favorable than the previously proposed two [6,5] closed intermediate, and the formation of this compound is well explained by the di-pi-methane rearrangement. (13)C NMR calculation at the B3LYP level reproduced the experimental chemical shifts with very good accuracy for each molecular system. Theoretical studies mainly at the unrestricted B3LYP level on singlet and triplet state potential energy surfaces on fullerene derivatives support the di-pi-methane rearrangement mechanism. The previously proposed symmetrical [4+4]/[2+2+2] and the novel proposed unsymmetrical di-pi-methane pathways may coexist during the reaction.
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Dunsch L, Rapta P, Gromov A, Staško A. In situ ESR/UV–vis–NIR spectroelectrochemistry of C60 and its dimers C120, C120O and C120OS. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Solvent-free reactions of fullerenes and N-alkylglycines with and without aldehydes under high-speed vibration milling. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Iwamatsu Si SI, Vijayalakshmi PS, Hamajima M, Suresh CH, Koga N, Suzuki T, Murata S. A novel photorearrangement of a cyclohexadiene derivative of C60. Org Lett 2002; 4:1217-20. [PMID: 11922822 DOI: 10.1021/ol025678t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Photorearrangement of tetraalkoxycarbonyl-substituted cyclohexadiene derivatives of C(60) yields not only well-known bis(fulleroid) but also bis(methano)fullerene. Existence of a labile and structurally new intermediate is observed in the reaction mixture. The discovery of the compound suggests the existence of another possible pathway giving those two products other than the widely accepted [4 + 4]/[2 + 2 + 2] mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho-ichi Iwamatsu Si
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Graduate School of Environmental Studies and Graduate School of Human Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Xu X, Xing Y, Liang Y, Shang Z, Wang G, Cai Z, Pan Y, Zhao X. Systematic investigation of the molecular behavior of C50X2(X = H,F): An echo of the H/F parallels on structures and energetics among their derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b206653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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