1
|
Liu X, Zhang Q, Knoll W, Liedberg B, Wang Y. Rational Design of Functional Peptide-Gold Hybrid Nanomaterials for Molecular Interactions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000866. [PMID: 32743897 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively used for decades in biosensing-related development due to outstanding optical properties. Peptides, as newly realized functional biomolecules, are promising candidates of replacing antibodies, receptors, and substrates for specific molecular interactions. Both peptides and AuNPs are robust and easily synthesized at relatively low cost. Hence, peptide-AuNP-based bio-nano-technological approaches have drawn increasing interest, especially in the field of molecular targeting, cell imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. Many excellent works in these areas have been reported: demonstrating novel ideas, exploring new targets, and facilitating advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Importantly, some of them also have been employed to address real practical problems, especially in remote and less privileged areas. This contribution focuses on the application of peptide-gold hybrid nanomaterials for various molecular interactions, especially in biosensing/diagnostics and cell targeting/imaging, as well as for the development of highly active antimicrobial/antifouling coating strategies. Rationally designed peptide-gold nanomaterials with functional properties are discussed along with future challenges and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road 16, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road 16, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 4, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road 16, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balliu A, Baltzer L. Conjugation of a Dipicolyl Chelate to Polypeptide Conjugates Increases Binding Affinities for Human Serum Albumin and Survival Times in Human Serum. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1408-1414. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Balliu
- Department of Chemistry-BMC; Uppsala University; PO. Box 576 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lars Baltzer
- Department of Chemistry-BMC; Uppsala University; PO. Box 576 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Q, Wang J, Boyd BJ. Peptide-based biosensors. Talanta 2015; 136:114-27. [PMID: 25702993 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptides have been used as components in biological analysis and fabrication of novel biosensors for a number of reasons, including mature synthesis protocols, diverse structures and as highly selective substrates for enzymes. Bio-conjugation strategies can provide an efficient way to convert interaction information between peptides and analytes into a measurable signal, which can be used for fabrication of novel peptide-based biosensors. Many sensitive fluorophores can respond rapidly to environmental changes and stimuli manifest as a change in spectral characteristics, hence environmentally-sensitive fluorophores have been widely used as signal markers to conjugate to peptides to construct peptide-based molecular sensors. Additionally, nanoparticles, fluorescent polymers, graphene and near infrared dyes are also used as peptide-conjugated signal markers. On the other hand, peptides may play a generalist role in peptide-based biosensors. Peptides have been utilized as bio-recognition elements to bind various analytes including proteins, nucleic acid, bacteria, metal ions, enzymes and antibodies in biosensors. The selectivity of peptides as an enzymatic substrate has thus been utilized to construct enzyme sensors or enzyme-activity sensors. In addition, progress on immobilization and microarray techniques of peptides has facilitated the progress and commercial application of chip-based peptide biosensors in clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Liu
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics-Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Australian Future Fibres Research and Innovation Centre, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong 3217, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics-Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crossing borders to bind proteins--a new concept in protein recognition based on the conjugation of small organic molecules or short peptides to polypeptides from a designed set. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1653-64. [PMID: 21461620 PMCID: PMC3093540 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new concept for protein recognition and binding is highlighted. The conjugation of small organic molecules or short peptides to polypeptides from a designed set provides binder molecules that bind proteins with high affinities, and with selectivities that are equal to those of antibodies. The small organic molecules or peptides need to bind the protein targets but only with modest affinities and selectivities, because conjugation to the polypeptides results in molecules with dramatically improved binder performance. The polypeptides are selected from a set of only sixteen sequences designed to bind, in principle, any protein. The small number of polypeptides used to prepare high-affinity binders contrasts sharply with the huge libraries used in binder technologies based on selection or immunization. Also, unlike antibodies and engineered proteins, the polypeptides have unordered three-dimensional structures and adapt to the proteins to which they bind. Binder molecules for the C-reactive protein, human carbonic anhydrase II, acetylcholine esterase, thymidine kinase 1, phosphorylated proteins, the D-dimer, and a number of antibodies are used as examples to demonstrate that affinities are achieved that are higher than those of the small molecules or peptides by as much as four orders of magnitude. Evaluation by pull-down experiments and ELISA-based tests in human serum show selectivities to be equal to those of antibodies. Small organic molecules and peptides are readily available from pools of endogenous ligands, enzyme substrates, inhibitors or products, from screened small molecule libraries, from phage display, and from mRNA display. The technology is an alternative to established binder concepts for applications in drug development, diagnostics, medical imaging, and protein separation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis of C-11 linked active ester derivatives of vitamin D3 and their conjugations to 42-residue helix–loop–helix peptides. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Environmentally sensitive fluorescent sensors based on synthetic peptides. SENSORS 2010; 10:3126-44. [PMID: 22319290 PMCID: PMC3274215 DOI: 10.3390/s100403126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors allow the direct detection of molecular analytes, by associating a biological receptor with a transducer able to convert the analyte-receptor recognition event into a measurable signal. We review recent work aimed at developing synthetic fluorescent molecular sensors for a variety of analytes, based on peptidic receptors labeled with environmentally sensitive fluorophores. Fluorescent indicators based on synthetic peptides are highly interesting alternatives to protein-based sensors, since they can be synthesized chemically, are stable, and can be easily modified in a site-specific manner for fluorophore coupling and for immobilization on solid supports.
Collapse
|
7
|
Aili D, Selegård R, Baltzer L, Enander K, Liedberg B. Colorimetric protein sensing by controlled assembly of gold nanoparticles functionalized with synthetic receptors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2445-2452. [PMID: 19588465 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy is described for the colorimetric sensing of proteins, based on polypeptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Recognition is accomplished using a polypeptide sensor scaffold designed to specifically bind to the model analyte, human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII). The extent of particle aggregation, induced by the Zn(2+)-triggered dimerization and folding of a second polypeptide also present on the surface of the gold nanoparticle, gives a readily detectable colorimetric shift that is dependent on the concentration of the target protein. In the absence of HCAII, particle aggregation results in a major redshift of the plasmon peak, whereas analyte binding prevented the formation of dense aggregates, significantly reducing the magnitude of the redshift. The versatility of the technique is demonstrated using a second model system based on the recognition of a peptide sequence from the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP) by a recombinant antibody fragment (Fab57P). Concentrations down to approximately 10 nM and approximately 25 nM are detected for HCAII and Fab57P, respectively. This strategy is proposed as a generic platform for robust and specific protein analysis that can be further developed to monitor a wide range of target proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aili
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enander K, Choulier L, Olsson AL, Yushchenko DA, Kanmert D, Klymchenko AS, Demchenko AP, Mély Y, Altschuh D. A peptide-based, ratiometric biosensor construct for direct fluorescence detection of a protein analyte. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1864-70. [PMID: 18693760 DOI: 10.1021/bc800159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, synthesis, and functional evaluation of peptide-based fluorescent constructs for wavelength-ratiometric biosensing of a protein analyte. The concept was shown using the high-affinity model interaction between the 18 amino acid peptide pTMVP and a recombinant antibody fragment, Fab57P. pTMVP was functionalized in two different positions with 6-bromomethyl-2-(2-furanyl)-3-hydroxychromone, an environmentally sensitive fluorophore with a two-band emission. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the interaction between pTMVP and Fab57P was largely preserved upon labeling. The biosensor ability of the labeled peptide constructs was evaluated in terms of the relative intensity change of the emission bands from the normal (N*) and tautomer (T*) excited-state species of the fluorophore ( I(N*)/I(T*)) upon binding of Fab57P. When the peptide was labeled in the C terminus, the I(N*)/I(T*) ratio changed by 40% upon analyte binding, while labeling close to the residues most important for binding resulted in a construct that completely lacked ratiometric biosensor ability. Integrated biosensor elements for reagentless detection, where peptides and ratiometric fluorophores are combined to ensure robustness in both recognition and signaling, are expected to become an important contribution to the design of future protein quantification assays in immobilized formats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Enander
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carlsson J, Gullstrand C, Westermark GT, Ludvigsson J, Enander K, Liedberg B. An indirect competitive immunoassay for insulin autoantibodies based on surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:882-7. [PMID: 18722764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a sensitive and specific method based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for detection of insulin autoantibodies (IAA) in serum samples from individuals at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). When measuring trace molecules in undiluted sera with label-free techniques like SPR, non-specific adsorption of matrix proteins to the sensor surface is often a problem, since it causes a signal that masks the analyte response. The developed method is an indirect competitive immunoassay designed to overcome these problems. Today, IAA is mainly measured in radio immunoassays (RIAs), which are time consuming and require radioactively labeled antigen. With our SPR-based immunoassay the overall assay time is reduced by a factor of >100 (4 days to 50min), while sensitivity is maintained at a level comparable to that offered by RIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Carlsson
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aili D, Enander K, Rydberg J, Nesterenko I, Björefors F, Baltzer L, Liedberg B. Folding Induced Assembly of Polypeptide Decorated Gold Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5780-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aili
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Enander
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Rydberg
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Nesterenko
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Björefors
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Baltzer
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krishnamurthy VM, Kaufman GK, Urbach AR, Gitlin I, Gudiksen KL, Weibel DB, Whitesides GM. Carbonic anhydrase as a model for biophysical and physical-organic studies of proteins and protein-ligand binding. Chem Rev 2008; 108:946-1051. [PMID: 18335973 PMCID: PMC2740730 DOI: 10.1021/cr050262p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George K. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam R. Urbach
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irina Gitlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Katherine L. Gudiksen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Katritzky AR, Yoshioka M, Narindoshvili T, Chung A, Johnson JV. Fluorescent labeling of peptides on solid phase. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4582-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b811693h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
13
|
Altschuh D, Oncul S, Demchenko AP. Fluorescence sensing of intermolecular interactions and development of direct molecular biosensors. J Mol Recognit 2006; 19:459-77. [PMID: 17089349 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biosensors are devices of molecular size that are designed for sensing different analytes on the basis of biospecific recognition. They should provide two coupled functions - the recognition (specific binding) of the target and the transduction of information about the recognition event into a measurable signal. The present review highlights the achievements and prospects in design and operation of molecular biosensors for which the transduction mechanism is based on fluorescence. We focus on the general strategy of fluorescent molecular sensing, construction of sensor elements, based on natural and designed biopolymers (proteins and nucleic acids). Particular attention is given to the coupling of sensing elements with fluorescent reporter dyes and to the methods for producing efficient fluorescence responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Altschuh
- UMR 7175 CNRS/ULP, ESBS, Parc d'Innovation, Bld S. Brant, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Andersson T, Lundquist M, Dolphin GT, Enander K, Jonsson BH, Nilsson JW, Baltzer L. The Binding of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II by Functionalized Folded Polypeptide Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:1245-52. [PMID: 16298304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several receptors for human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) have been prepared by covalently attaching benzenesulfonamide carboxylates via aliphatic aminocarboxylic acid spacers of variable length to the side chain of a lysine residue in a designed 42 residue helix-loop-helix motif. The sulfonamide group binds to the active site zinc ion of human carbonic anhydrase II located in a 15 A deep cleft. The dissociation constants of the receptor-HCAII complexes were found to be in the range from low micromolar to better than 20 nM, with the lowest affinities found for spacers with less than five methylene groups and the highest affinity found for the spacer with seven methylene groups. The results suggest that the binding is a cooperative event in which both the sulfonamide residue and the helix-loop-helix motif contribute to the overall affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Andersson
- Department of Chemistry-IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park SY, Uenishi K, Kawakami Y. Induced Circular Dichroism to Optically Active Poly{[methyl(1-naphthyl)silylene](o-phenylene)methylene}s Assisted by Supramolecular Complexation withβ-Cyclodextrin. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Engfeldt T, Renberg B, Brumer H, Nygren PA, Karlström AE. Chemical Synthesis of Triple-Labelled Three-Helix Bundle Binding Proteins for Specific Fluorescent Detection of Unlabelled Protein. Chembiochem 2005; 6:1043-50. [PMID: 15880677 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Site-specifically triple-labelled three-helix bundle affinity proteins (affibody molecules) have been produced by total chemical synthesis. The 58 aa affinity proteins were assembled on an automated peptide synthesizer, followed by manual on-resin incorporation of three different reporter groups. An orthogonal protection strategy was developed for the site-specific introduction of 5-(2-aminethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (EDANS) and 6-(7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-ylamino)-hexanoic acid (NBDX), constituting a donor/acceptor pair for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and a biotin moiety, used for surface immobilization. Circular dichroism and biosensor studies of the synthetic proteins and their recombinant counterparts revealed that the synthetic proteins were folded and retained their binding specificities. The biotin-conjugated protein could be immobilized onto a streptavidin surface without loss of activity. The synthetic, doubly fluorescent-labelled affinity proteins were shown to function as fluorescent biosensors in an assay for the specific detection of unlabelled human IgG and IgA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torun Engfeldt
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Enander K, Aili D, Baltzer L, Lundström I, Liedberg B. Alpha-helix-inducing dimerization of synthetic polypeptide scaffolds on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:2480-2487. [PMID: 15752043 DOI: 10.1021/la048029u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Designed, synthetic polypeptides that assemble into four-helix bundles upon dimerization in solution were studied with respect to folding on planar gold surfaces. A model system with controllable dimerization properties was employed, consisting of negatively and positively charged peptides. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance based measurements showed that at neutral pH, the peptides were able to form heterodimers in solution, but unfavorable electrostatic interactions prevented the formation of homodimers. The dimerization propensity was found to be both pH- and buffer-dependent. A series of infrared absorption-reflection spectroscopy experiments of the polypeptides attached to planar gold surfaces revealed that if the negatively charged peptide was immobilized from a loading solution where it was folded, its structure was retained on the surface provided it had a cysteine residue available for anchoring to gold. If it was immobilized as random coil, it remained unstructured on the surface but was able to fold through heterodimerization if subsequently exposed to a positively charged polypeptide. When the positively charged peptide was immobilized as random coil, heterodimerization could not be induced, probably because of high-affinity interactions between the charged primary amine groups and the gold surface. These observations are intended to pave the way for future engineering of functional surfaces based on polypeptide scaffolds where folding is known to be crucial for function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Enander
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BMC, Box 599, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nicoll AJ, Weston CJ, Cureton C, Ludwig C, Dancea F, Spencer N, Smart OS, Günther UL, Allemann RK. De novo design of a stable N-terminal helical foldamer. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:4310-5. [PMID: 16327890 DOI: 10.1039/b513891d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A peptide NTH-18 was synthesized in which a N-terminal helix is stabilised by two crossed disulfide bonds to a C-terminal extension. The design was inspired by the structure of the neurotoxic peptide apamin, which has previously been used to stabilise helices in miniature enzymes. CD- and NMR-spectroscopy indicated that NTH-18 adopted a fold similar to that found in apamin. However, the arrangement of the elements of secondary structures was inverted relative to apamin; a N-terminal alpha-helix was connected by a reverse turn to a C-terminal extension of non-canonical secondary structure. NTH-18 displayed significant stability to heat and changes of pH. The high definition of the N-terminal end of the alpha-helix of NTH-18 should make this peptide a useful vehicle to stabilise alpha-helices in proteins with applications in protein engineering and molecular recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Nicoll
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roy BC, Banerjee AL, Swanson M, Jia XG, Haldar MK, Mallik S, Srivastava DK. Two-Prong Inhibitors for Human Carbonic Anhydrase II. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:13206-7. [PMID: 15479058 DOI: 10.1021/ja047271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme inhibitors are usually designed by taking into consideration the overall dimensions of the enzyme's active site pockets. This conventional approach often fails to produce desirable affinities of inhibitors for their cognate enzymes. To circumvent such constraints, we contemplated enhancing the binding affinities of inhibitors by attaching tether groups, which would interact with the surface exposed amino acid residues. This strategy has been tested for the inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase II. Benzenesulfonamide serves as a weak inhibitor for the enzyme, but when it is conjugated to iminodiacetate-Cu2+ (which interacts with the surface-exposed His residues) via a spacer group, its binding affinity is enhanced by about 2 orders of magnitude. This "two-prong" approach is expected to serve as a general strategy for converting weak inhibitors of enzymes into tight-binding inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. A survey of the year 2002 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2004; 16:351-82. [PMID: 14732928 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled 819 articles published in the year 2002 that involved commercial optical biosensor technology. The literature demonstrates that the technology's application continues to increase as biosensors are contributing to diverse scientific fields and are used to examine interactions ranging in size from small molecules to whole cells. Also, the variety of available commercial biosensor platforms is increasing and the expertise of users is improving. In this review, we use the literature to focus on the basic types of biosensor experiments, including kinetics, equilibrium analysis, solution competition, active concentration determination and screening. In addition, using examples of particularly well-performed analyses, we illustrate the high information content available in the primary response data and emphasize the impact of including figures in publications to support the results of biosensor analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Enander K, Dolphin GT, Liedberg B, Lundström I, Baltzer L. A versatile polypeptide platform for integrated recognition and reporting: affinity arrays for protein-ligand interaction analysis. Chemistry 2004; 10:2375-85. [PMID: 15146511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200305391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A molecular platform for protein detection and quantification is reported in which recognition has been integrated with direct monitoring of target-protein binding. The platform is based on a versatile 42-residue helix-loop-helix polypeptide that dimerizes to form four-helix bundles and allows site-selective modification with recognition and reporter elements on the side chains of individually addressable lysine residues. The well-characterized interaction between the model target-protein carbonic anhydrase and its inhibitor benzenesulfonamide was used for a proof-of-concept demonstration. An affinity array was designed where benzenesulfonamide derivatives with aliphatic or oligoglycine spacers and a fluorescent dansyl reporter group were introduced into the scaffold. The affinities of the array members for human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) were determined by titration with the target protein and were found to be highly affected by the properties of the spacers (dissociation constant Kd=0.02-3 microM). The affinity of HCAII for acetazolamide (Kd=4 nM) was determined in a competition experiment with one of the benzenesulfonamide array members to address the possibility of screening substance libraries for new target-protein binders. Also, successful affinity discrimination between different carbonic anhydrase isozymes highlighted the possibility of performing future isoform-expression profiling. Our platform is predicted to become a flexible tool for a variety of biosensor and protein-microarray applications within biochemistry, diagnostics and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Enander
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology, Biology and Chemistry, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Enander K, Dolphin GT, Baltzer L. Designed, Functionalized Helix−Loop−Helix Motifs that Bind Human Carbonic Anhydrase II: A New Class of Synthetic Receptor Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:4464-5. [PMID: 15070333 DOI: 10.1021/ja038799c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides designed to fold into helix-loop-helix motifs and to dimerize to form four-helix bundles were functionalized by the introduction of a sulfonamide derivative known to bind human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) and one or both of the dansyl- and methoxycoumarin fluorescent probes. The 42-residue sequence DC that carries all three substituents in solvent-exposed positions was found to bind HCAII with a dissociation constant of 5 nM in aqueous solution at pH 7. At 2 muM concentration, DC was mainly dimeric in aqueous solution but bound HCAII as a monomer. Upon addition of a large excess of a helix-loop-helix motif without a high-affinity ligand, KE2-Q, a ternary complex was formed between HCAII, DC, and KE2-Q. Hydrophobic interactions between DC and HCAII and coordination of the sulfonamide group to the zinc ion of HCAII contributed cooperatively to binding in a demonstration of the usefulness of folded polypeptide-small organic molecule chimera as novel protein receptors. The DC homodimer was found to be a very sensitive biosensor component due to intermolecular quenching of its fluorescence that was inhibited upon binding to HCAII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Enander
- Department of Chemistry-IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|