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Yoshida Y, Honma M, Kimura Y, Abe H. Structure, Synthesis and Inhibition Mechanism of Nucleoside Analogues as HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). ChemMedChem 2021; 16:743-766. [PMID: 33230979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although treatments against HIV infection are available, AIDS remains a serious disease that causes many deaths annually. Although a variety of anti-HIV drugs have been synthesized and marketed to treat HIV-infected patients, nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which mimic nucleosides, are used extensively and remain a subject of interest to medicinal chemists. However, HIV has acquired drug resistance against NRTIs, and thus the struggle to find novel therapies continues. In this review, we trace the trajectory of NRTIs, focusing on the synthesis, mechanisms of action and applications of NRTIs that have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masakazu Honma
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Research Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, >, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kimura
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
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Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Fluorinated Uridine Analogues Provide Insight into a Neighbouring-Group Participation Mechanism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235513. [PMID: 33255573 PMCID: PMC7728060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated nucleoside analogues have attracted much attention as anticancer and antiviral agents and as probes for enzymatic function. However, the lack of direct synthetic methods, especially for 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-difluoro nucleosides, hamper their practical utility. In order to design more efficient synthetic methods, a better understanding of the conformation and mechanism of formation of these molecules is important. Herein, we report the synthesis and conformational analysis of a 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-difluoro and a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro uridine derivative and provide an insight into the reaction mechanism. We suggest that the transformation most likely diverges from the SN1 or SN2 pathway, but instead operates via a neighbouring-group participation mechanism.
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Zhang Q, He P, Zhou G, Gu Y, Fu T, Xue D, Liu HM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,6-dichloropurine bicyclonucleosides containing a triazolyl-carbohydrate moiety. Carbohydr Res 2013; 382:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gore KR, Harikrishna S, Pradeepkumar PI. Influence of 2'-fluoro versus 2'-O-methyl substituent on the sugar puckering of 4'-C-aminomethyluridine. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9956-62. [PMID: 24016294 DOI: 10.1021/jo4012333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of 4'-C-aminomethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorouridine, a therapeutically appealing RNA modification. Conformational analysis by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations using trinucleotide model systems revealed that modified sugar adopts C3'-endo conformation. In this conformer, a weak intramolecular C-H···F H-bond between the hydrogen atom of the 4'-C-CH2 group and the F atom at the 2' position is observed. Comparative studies with unmodified, 2'-fluoro-, 2'-O-methyl-, and 4'-C-aminomethyl-2'-O-methyluridine showed the chemical nature of 2'-substituent dictates the sugar puckering of 2',4'-modified nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran R Gore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076, India
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5
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Maruyama T, Sakakibara N, Tsukamoto I, Isono Y, Takata M, Konishi R, Kato Y. A New Method for Synthesis and Angiogenic Evaluation of Leteprinim Potassium and Its Novel Analogs. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602
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Katayama S, Takamatsu S, Hirose N, Izawa K, Maruyama T. Synthesis of fluorinated nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 1:Unit 1.12. [PMID: 18428944 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0112s25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two practical synthetic approaches to the production of lodenosine [FddA, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine] via 6-chloropurine riboside or 6-chloropurine 3'-deoxyriboside are described. The reaction sequence contains new fluorination methods and new applications of radical reduction. The reagents and reaction conditions of each step have been carefully selected to ensure robustness and safety.
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9
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Fluorination of triptolide and its analogues and their cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2459-63. [PMID: 18321701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of triptolide and its analogues with a fluorinating agent, that is, bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (Deoxo-Fluor) or (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST), was studied. One of the fluorinated products, 14beta-dehydroxy-14beta-fluoro triptolide, was found to be more cytotoxic than the parent natural triptolide.
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10
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Ikejiri M, Saijo M, Morikawa S, Fukushi S, Mizutani T, Kurane I, Maruyama T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nucleoside analogues having 6-chloropurine as anti-SARS-CoV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2470-3. [PMID: 17336519 PMCID: PMC7126875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues that have 6-chloropurine as the nucleobase were synthesized and evaluated for anti-SARS-CoV activity by plaque reduction and yield reduction assays in order to develop novel anti-SARS-CoV agents. Among these analogues, two compounds, namely, 1 and 11, exhibited promising anti-SARS-CoV activity that was comparable to those of mizoribine and ribavirin, which are known anti-SARS-CoV agents. Moreover, we observed several SAR trends such as the antiviral effects of the 6-chloropurine moiety, unprotected 5′-hydroxyl group and benzoylated 5′-hydroxyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ikejiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurane
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tokumi Maruyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Torii T, Onishi T, Izawa K, Maruyama T, Demizu Y, Neyts J, De Clercq E. Synthesis of 6-arylthio analogs of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoroguanosine and their effect against hepatitis B virus replication. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:655-65. [PMID: 16838853 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600686394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A key compound, 2-amino-6-chlor-9-(2,3-dideoxy-3-fluoro-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)puine, was prepared from 2-amino-6-chloropurine riboside in 5 steps, then subjected to the nucleophilic displacement with benzenethiols to afford 6-arylthio congeners. These compounds showed a similar anti-HBV effect to that of 2',3' dideoxy-3'-fluoroguanosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Torii
- Amino Science Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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A synthesis of 3′-α-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine via a bromine rearrangement during fluorination with MOST reagent. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Wnuk SF, Companioni DR, Neschadimenko V, Robins MJ. The beta-fluorine effect. Electronic versus steric effects in radical deoxygenations of fluorine-containing pentofuranose nucleosides. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8794-7. [PMID: 12467391 DOI: 10.1021/jo020428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective pyramidalization of free radicals by a vicinal fluorine substituent, the beta-fluorine effect, was invoked to rationalize a 77:23 anti/syn ratio of 2-deuterio-1-fluorocyclopentanes obtained by radical reduction of trans-2-fluoro-1-bromocyclopentane with tributyltin deuteride (Dolbier, W. R., Jr.; Bartberger, M. D. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4984-4985). We have evaluated analogous reductions of the four possible stereoisomers of some adenine 2'(3')-fluoro-3'(2')-O-phenoxythiocarbonyl nucleoside derivatives. In all cases, the steric effect of adenine on the beta face directs deuterium transfer from the stannane to C2'(C3') on the alpha face of the furanose ring. However, the beta-fluorine effect enhances ratios of deuterium transfer anti to the vicinal fluorine substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA
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14
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Takamatsu S, Katayama S, Hirose N, De Cock E, Schelkens G, Demillequand M, Brepoels J, Izawa K. Convenient synthesis of fluorinated nucleosides with perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2002; 21:849-61. [PMID: 12537026 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120016572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides are effective dehydroxy-fluorination agents for the hydroxyl group at the sugar moiety of nucleoside derivatives and give the corresponding fluorinated nucleosides in good yield with an inversion of configuration in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takamatsu
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan.
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