1
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Allylic substitution reactions with fluorinated nucleophiles. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Shao Y, Huang X, Zhao C, Ke Z. Making more efficient lithium carbenoid reagents for cyclopropanation by hetero-aggregation: A DFT prediction on a new factor to control the SN2-Type organometallic reaction. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Molitor S, Feichtner KS, Gessner VH. Taming Metal/Fluorine Carbenoids. Chemistry 2017; 23:2527-2531. [PMID: 27906492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although Li/Cl carbenoids are versatile reagents in organic synthesis, the controlled handling of the extremely reactive and labile M/F carbenoids remains a challenge. We now show that even these compounds can be stabilized and isolated in solid state, as well as in solution. Particularly the sodium and potassium compounds exhibit a remarkable stability, thus allowing the first isolation of a room-temperature-stable fluorine carbenoid. Spectroscopic, as well as DFT studies confirmed the pronounced carbenoid character, showing M-F-C interactions with elongated C-F bonds. The different stabilities of the carbenoids was found to originate from the different strength of the M-F interaction. Hence, the lithium compounds are considerably more reactive than their heavier congeners. Reactivity studies showed that the nature of the metal also influences the reactivity, resulting in different selectivity in the addition to thioketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Molitor
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Stephan Feichtner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Gessner VH. Stability and reactivity control of carbenoids: recent advances and perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12011-12023. [PMID: 27498609 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal carbenoids such as lithium or Simmons-Smith-type reagents are widely used in organic synthesis, particularly in cyclopropanation and homologation reactions. These reagents are often highly reactive and thermally labile, thus limiting their isolation and hampering the development of new synthetic applications. Recent years however, have shown that by means of systematic stabilization a control of reactivity and the development of new applications is possible. This feature article documents recent developments in the control of carbenoid reactivity and stability and highlights structural and electronic properties as well as applications in main group element and transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria H Gessner
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Voukides AC, Cahill KJ, Johnson RP. Computational Studies on a Carbenoid Mechanism for the Doering–Moore–Skattebøl Reaction. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11815-23. [PMID: 24180520 DOI: 10.1021/jo401847v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C. Voukides
- Department
of Chemistry University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Katharine J. Cahill
- Department
of Chemistry University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Richard P. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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6
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Feng R, Zou JJ, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhao H. Theoretical Study on Cyclopropanation of endo-Dicyclopentadiene with Zinc Carbenoids: Effects of Solvent and (ICH2)2Zn. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10065-72. [PMID: 23088688 DOI: 10.1021/jo3015616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Feng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical
and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical
and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical
and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical
and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin
300072, P. R. China
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7
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Popescu AR, Musteti AD, Ferrer-Ugalde A, Viñas C, Núñez R, Teixidor F. Influential Role of Ethereal Solvent on Organolithium Compounds: The Case of Carboranyllithium. Chemistry 2012; 18:3174-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Lecachey B, Fressigné C, Oulyadi H, Harrison-Marchand A, Maddaluno J. First substoichiometric version of the catalytic enantioselective addition of an alkyllithium to an aldehyde. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9915-7. [PMID: 21811732 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A substoichiometric enantioselective version of the extremely fast nucleophilic addition of Alk-Li to RCHO is made possible thanks to a thorough analysis of the aggregation phenomena involved in the reaction: calculated quantities of LiCl must be added to the medium at the right time to keep the catalytic cycle running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Lecachey
- CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, Mont St Aignan, France
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9
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DFT and ONIOM study on the alkylation of the lithium enolate in solution: microsolvation cluster models for CH2=CHOLi + CH3Cl + (THF)0–6. Theor Chem Acc 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-011-0981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Arroyo Y, Meana Á, Sanz-Tejedor M, Alonso I, García Ruano J. 2-(p-Tolylsulfinyl)benzyl Halides as Efficient Precursors of Optically Pure trans-2,3-Disubstituted Aziridines. Chemistry 2010; 16:9874-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Viciu MS, Gupta L, Collum DB. Mechanism of lithium diisopropylamide-mediated substitution of 2,6-difluoropyridine. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6361-5. [PMID: 20397635 PMCID: PMC2872121 DOI: 10.1021/ja910834b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 2,6-difluoropyridine with lithium diisopropylamide in THF solution at -78 degrees C effects ortholithiation quantitatively. Warming the solution to 0 degrees C converts the aryllithium to 2-fluoro-6-(diisopropylamino)pyridine. Rate studies reveal evidence of a reversal of the ortholithiation and a subsequent 1,2-addition via two monomer-based pathways of stoichiometries [ArH*i-Pr(2)NLi(THF)](double dagger) and [ArH*i-Pr(2)NLi(THF)(3)](double dagger). Computational studies fill in the structural details and provide evidence of a direct substitution without the intermediacy of a Meisenheimer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai S. Viciu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Lekha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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12
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Deora N, Carlier PR. Computational Studies of Ion-Pair Separation of Benzylic Organolithium Compounds in THF: Importance of Explicit and Implicit Solvation. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9016452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nipa Deora
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
| | - Paul R. Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
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13
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Postigo L, Bellarosa L, Sánchez-Nieves J, Royo P, Lledós A, Mosquera MEG. Dinuclear Dicyclopentadienyl Titanium Complexes with Bridging Cyclopentadienylsiloxo Ligands. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om900938m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Postigo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Luca Bellarosa
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Pascual Royo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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14
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Pratt LM, Trần PTT, Nguỹên NV, Ramachandran B. Cyclopropanation Reactions of Halomethyllithium Carbenoids: A Computational Study of the Effects of Aggregation and Solvation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Werkema EL, Andersen RA, Yahia A, Maron L, Eisenstein O. Hydrogen for X-Group Exchange in CH3X (X = Cl, Br, I, OMe, and NMe2) by Monomeric [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2CeH: Experimental and Computational Support for a Carbenoid Mechanism. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om9001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Werkema
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France, and CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier France, and CNRS, Institut Charles Gerhardt, France, and ICSM, UM5257, CEA-CNRS-UM2, Site de Marcoule, BP17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur Cèze, France
| | - Richard A. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France, and CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier France, and CNRS, Institut Charles Gerhardt, France, and ICSM, UM5257, CEA-CNRS-UM2, Site de Marcoule, BP17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur Cèze, France
| | - Ahmed Yahia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France, and CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier France, and CNRS, Institut Charles Gerhardt, France, and ICSM, UM5257, CEA-CNRS-UM2, Site de Marcoule, BP17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur Cèze, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France, and CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier France, and CNRS, Institut Charles Gerhardt, France, and ICSM, UM5257, CEA-CNRS-UM2, Site de Marcoule, BP17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur Cèze, France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France, and CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier France, and CNRS, Institut Charles Gerhardt, France, and ICSM, UM5257, CEA-CNRS-UM2, Site de Marcoule, BP17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur Cèze, France
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16
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De Sterck B, Van Speybroeck V, Mangelinckx S, Verniest G, De Kimpe N, Waroquier M. Theoretical Study on the Structural Properties of Various Solvated Metalated 3-Halo-1-azaallylic Anions. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6375-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811317y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Sterck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Verniest
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Declerck R, De Sterck B, Verstraelen T, Verniest G, Mangelinckx S, Jacobs J, De Kimpe N, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V. Insight into the Solvation and Isomerization of 3-Halo-1-azaallylic Anions from Ab Initio Metadynamics Calculations and NMR Experiments. Chemistry 2009; 15:580-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Khartabil HK, Gros PC, Fort Y, Ruiz-López MF. A Theoretical Study on nBuLi/Lithium Aminoalkoxide Aggregation in Hexane and THF. J Org Chem 2008; 73:9393-402. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8019434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan K. Khartabil
- Equipe Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, and Equipe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-University, CNRS, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Philippe C. Gros
- Equipe Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, and Equipe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-University, CNRS, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Yves Fort
- Equipe Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, and Equipe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-University, CNRS, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Equipe Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, and Equipe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-University, CNRS, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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19
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Azizoglu A, Balci M, Mieusset JL, Brinker UH. Substituent Effects on the Ring-Opening Mechanism of Lithium Bromocyclopropylidenoids to Allenes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8182-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Azizoglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Metin Balci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Pratt LM, Nguyen SC, Bui TT. A computational study of lithium ketone enolate aggregation in the gas phase and in THF solution. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6086-91. [PMID: 18646860 DOI: 10.1021/jo800528y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation state of several lithium enolates were calculated in the gas phase and in THF solution by the B3LYP DFT and MP2 methods. The gas phase free energies of aggregate formation were underestimated by the DFT calculations, compared to those obtained by the G3MP2 method, although DFT did correctly predict the hexamer to be the major gas phase species. The DFT calculations correctly predicted the tetramer to be the major species in THF, while MP2 underestimated the stability of the tetramer relative to the dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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21
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Riggs JC, Ramirez A, Cremeens ME, Bashore CG, Candler J, Wirtz MC, Coe JW, Collum DB. Structural and Rate Studies of the Formation of Substituted Benzynes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:3406-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0754655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Riggs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Matthew E. Cremeens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Crystal G. Bashore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John Candler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michael C. Wirtz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jotham W. Coe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
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22
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Kapeller DC, Hammerschmidt F. Preparation and Configurational Stability of Chiral Chloro-[D1]methyllithiums of 98% Enantiomeric Excess. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:2329-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0779708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar C. Kapeller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Ke Z, Zhou Y, Gao H, Zhao C, Phillips DL. On the mechanism and stereochemistry of chiral lithium-carbenoid-promoted cyclopropanation reactions. Chemistry 2007; 13:6724-31. [PMID: 17508383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the mechanism and stereochemistry of chiral lithium-carbenoid-promoted cyclopropanation reactions by using density functional theory (DFT) methods is reported. Previous work suggested that this type of cyclopropanation reaction may proceed by competition between a methylene-transfer mechanism and a carbometalation mechanism. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the intramolecular cyclopropanation reactions promoted by chiral carbenoids 1 and 2 proceed by the methylene-transfer mechanism. The carbometalation mechanism was found to have a much higher reaction barrier and does not appear to compete with the methylene-transfer mechanism. The Lewis base group does not enhance the carbometalation pathway enough to compete with the methylene-transfer pathway. The present computational results are consistent with experimental observations for these cyclopropanation reactions. The factors governing the stereochemistry of the intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction by the methylene-transfer mechanism were examined to help elucidate the origin of the stereoselectivity observed in experiments. Both the directing group and the configuration at the C(1) centre were found to play a key role in the stereochemistry. Carbenoid 1 has a chiral C(1) centre of R configuration. The Lewis base group directs the cyclization of carbenoid 1 to form a single product. In contrast, the Lewis base group cannot direct the cyclization of carbenoid 2 to furnish a stereoselective product due to the S configuration of the chiral C(1) centre in carbenoid 2. This relationship of the stereochemistry to the chiral character of the carbenoid has implications for the design of new efficient carbenoid reagents for stereoselective cyclopropanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofeng Ke
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Pratt LM, Phan DHT, Tran PTT, Nguyen NV. Basis Set and Electron Correlation Effects on Lithium Carbenoid Dimerization Energies. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pratt LM, Truhlar DG, Cramer CJ, Kass SR, Thompson JD, Xidos JD. Aggregation of Alkyllithiums in Tetrahydrofuran. J Org Chem 2007; 72:2962-6. [PMID: 17358078 DOI: 10.1021/jo062557o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory was used to examine the solvation number and aggregation state of several alkyllithium compounds in clusters with tetrahydrofuran molecules coordinated to each lithium atom. We then made the microsolvation approximation and approximated the bulk free energy of solvation by the free energy of clustering with solvent molecules in the gas phase. The trends in the computed results are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA.
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Ke Z, Zhao C, Phillips DL. Methylene Transfer or Carbometalation? A Theoretical Study to Determine the Mechanism of Lithium Carbenoid-Promoted Cyclopropanation Reactions in Aggregation and Solvation States. J Org Chem 2007; 72:848-60. [PMID: 17253804 DOI: 10.1021/jo062129i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations for the lithium carbenoid-promoted cyclopropanations in aggregation and solvation states are presented in order to investigate the controversy of the mechanistic dichotomy, that is, the methylene-transfer mechanism and the carbometalation mechanism. The methylene-transfer mechanism represents the reaction reality, whereas the carbometalation pathway does not appear to compete significantly with the methylene-transfer pathway and should be ruled out as a major factor. A simple model calculation for monomeric lithium carbenoid-promoted cyclopropanations with ethylene in the gas phase is not sufficient to reflect the reaction conditions accurately or to determine the reaction mechanism since its result is inconsistent with the experimental facts. The aggregated lithium carbenoids are the most probable reactive species in the reaction system. The calculated reaction barriers of the methylene-transfer pathways are 10.1 and 8.0 kcal/mol for the dimeric (LiCH2F)2 and tetrameric (LiCH2F)4 species, respectively, compared with the reaction barrier of 16.0 kcal/mol for the monomeric LiCH2F species. In contrast, the reaction barriers of the carbometalation pathways are 26.8 kcal/mol for the dimeric (LiCH2F)2 and 33.9 kcal/mol for the tetrameric (LiCH2F)4 species, compared with the reaction barrier of 12.5 kcal/mol for the monomeric LiCH2F species. The effects of solvation were investigated by explicit coordination of the solvent molecules to the lithium centers. This solvation effect is found to enhance the methylene-transfer pathway, while it is found to impede the carbometalation pathway instead. The combined effects of the aggregation and solvation lead to barriers to reaction in the range of 7.2-9.0 kcal/mol for lithium carbenoid-promoted cyclopropanation reactions along the methylene-transfer pathway. Our computational results are in good agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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A computational study of halomethyllithium carbenoid mixed aggregates with lithium halides and lithium methoxide. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Van Speybroeck V, Moonen K, Hemelsoet K, Stevens CV, Waroquier M. Unexpected Four-Membered over Six-Membered Ring Formation during the Synthesis of Azaheterocyclic Phosphonates: Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8468-78. [PMID: 16802812 DOI: 10.1021/ja0584119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of functionalized aminophosphonates is studied on both experimental and theoretical grounds. In a recently described route to phosphono-beta-lactams [Stevens C. V.; Vekemans, W.; Moonen, K.; Rammeloo, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 1619], it was found that starting from an ambident allylic anion only four-membered rings were formed without any trace of six-membered lactams. New anion trapping experiments revealed that the gamma-anion is highly reactive in intermolecular reactions. Ab initio calculations predict higher reaction barriers for the gamma-anion due to restricted rotation about the C-N bond and due to highly strained transition states during ring closure. The sodium or lithium counterion, explicit dimethyl ether solvent molecules, and bulk solvent effects were properly taken into account at various levels of theory.
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Ando K. Theoretical Study on the Lithium−Halogen Exchange Reaction of 1,1-Dihaloalkenes with Methyllithium and the Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of the Resulting α-Halo Alkenyllithiums. J Org Chem 2006; 71:1837-50. [PMID: 16496968 DOI: 10.1021/jo0519662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition structures for the lithium-bromine exchange reaction of 1,1-dibromoalkenes with methyllithium have been located by both the B3LYP and the MP2 levels of theory with the 6-31+G basis set. The reaction with methyllithium dimer gave similar results with lower activation energies. These calculations predict both the kinetic and the thermodynamic stereoselectivity correctly. That is, the sterically more constrained bromine atom of 1,1-dibromoalkenes was predominantly reacted with alkyllithium (dimer) in the kinetic condition. The intramolecular substitution reaction of 4,4-dibromo-3-methyl-3-pentenol in the presence of methyllithium has been investigated. After deprotonation of the alcohol and the lithium-bromine exchange reaction, the intramolecular substitution reaction occurs to give dihydrofuran in a concerted manner. The intermolecular substitution of alpha-chloro alkenyllithium with methyllithium was also studied for comparison. The formation of the indene derivative from 3-(o-bromophenyl)-1,1-dibromo-1-propene in the presence of methyllithium occurs in a similar manner. The lithium-bromine exchange reaction of bromobenzene with methyllithium occurs in an S(N)2 mechanism and the solvent plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ando
- College of Education, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Mieusset JL, Brinker UH. On the Existence of Uncharged Molecules with a Pyramidally Coordinated Carbon: The Cases of Pentacyclo[4.3.0.02,9.03,8.07,9]non-4-ene and Heptacyclo- [7.6.0.01,5.05,15.06,14.010,14.010,15]pentadecane. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10572-5. [PMID: 16323874 DOI: 10.1021/jo051847m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] B3LYP/6-31G(d) and MP2 calculations predict interactions between the divalent carbon and one double bond in tricyclo[3.2.2.0(2,4)]nona-6,8-dien-3-ylidene (3). Carbene 3 easily forms the more stable 4, a species with a pyramidal geometry. Moreover, the kinetic stability of 4 has been investigated, and some of its decay products are described. Interestingly, 3,3-dibromotricyclo[3.2.2.0(2,4)]nona-6,8-diene (1), the precursor of carbenoid 3, has already been reported and shown to undergo a formal dimerization to give 2. In addition, 15, a compound structurally related to 4, is expected to have a substantially greater stability toward further rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Pratt LM, Lê LT, Truong TN. A computational study of mixed aggregates of chloromethyllithium with lithium dialkylamides. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8298-302. [PMID: 16209570 DOI: 10.1021/jo051031l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to examine the possible formation of mixed aggregates between chloromethyllithium carbenoids and lithium dimethylamide (LiDMA). In the gas phase mixed aggregates were readily formed and consisted of mixed dimers, mixed trimers, and mixed tetramers. THF solvation disfavored the formation of mixed tetramers and resulted in less exergonic free energies of mixed dimer and mixed trimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA.
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Computational methods were used to determine the structure, bonding, and aggregation states of oxiranyllithium in the gas phase and in THF solution, at 200 and 298 K. THF solvation was modeled by microsolvation with explicit THF ligands, forming a supermolecule that includes the oxiranyllithium aggregate and its first solvation shell. Because oxiranyllithium has a chiral center, two diastereomeric dimers were formed, the RR and the RS, along with their enantiomers. Similarly, three diastereomers of the tetramer were formed, the RRRR, RRRS, and RRSS and their enantiomers. Oxiranyllithium was found to exist predominantly as the tetramer in the gas phase, while the dimer was the dominant species in THF solution. The relative concentrations of the different stereoisomers were calculated from equilibrium constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, 1000 17th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA.
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Pratt LM, Van Nguyên N, Ramachandran B. Computational Strategies for Evaluating Barrier Heights for Gas-Phase Reactions of Lithium Enolates. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4279-83. [PMID: 15903301 DOI: 10.1021/jo0503409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase activation energies were calculated for three lithium enolate reactions by using several different ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods to determine which levels of theory generate acceptable results. The reactions included an aldol-type addition of an enolate to an aldehyde, a proton transfer from an alcohol to a lithium enolate, and an S(N)2 reaction of an enolate with chloromethane. For each reaction, the calculations were performed for both the monomeric and dimeric forms of the lithium enolate. It was found that transition state geometry optimization with B3LYP followed by single point MP2 calculations generally provided acceptable results compared to higher level ab initio methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, 1000 17th Avenue North, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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Pratt LM. A Computational Study of Lithium Dialkylamide Mixed Aggregates with Lithium Chloride. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Molecular modeling was used to determine the structure of lithium vinylcarbenoids in the gas phase and in THF solution. Solvent effects were modeled by microsolvation with explicit THF ligands on each of the lithium atoms. The carbenoid geometries are dependent on the heteroatom and on solvation. The calculations predict 1-chlorovinyllithium and 1-bromovinyllithium to be a mixture of monomer and dimer at 200 K and mostly monomer at higher temperatures, whereas the 1-fluoro-, 1-methoxy-, and 1-dimethylaminovinyllithium are predicted to be dimeric in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, 1000 17th Avenue N, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA.
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Abstract
Computational methods were used to determine the structure of dilithiodiamines and the effects of solvation by ethereal solvents. Solvation was examined by the use of microsolvation with explicit dimethyl ether or THF ligands and by the combined use of microsolvation and the IEFPCM continuum solvent model. It was determined that each of the compounds studied exists exclusively as a bridged intramolecular dimer, both in the gas phase and in solution. Thermodynamic properties were calculated at 200 and 298 K to estimate the effect of temperature on the cyclization energies. Infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the proposed intramolecular dimer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA.
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Pratt LM, Mogali S, Glinton K. Solvent effects on the aggregation state of lithium dialkylaminoborohydrides. J Org Chem 2003; 68:6484-8. [PMID: 12919007 DOI: 10.1021/jo034498+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to determine the effects of ethereal solvents on the aggregation state of lithium dialkylaminoborohydrides (LABs). The calculations included dimerization energies in the gas phase, with continuum solvation only, microsolvation with coordinating ethereal ligands, and a combination of the microsolvation and continuum models. The continuum model alone overestimates the stability of the dimers, apparently due to the lack of steric effects from the coordinating ethereal ligands. The use of the combined microsolvation and continuum solvation models predicts lithium dimethylaminoborohydride to be a mixture of monomer and dimer in THF, and more sterically hindered lithium aminoborohydrides to exist primarily as monomers. The kinetics of amination of 1-chlorodecane by lithium dimethylaminoborohydride showed no detectable change in reaction rate with time, suggesting that the LAB reagent may exist primarily as a monomer in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, 1000 17th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA.
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