1
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Peschel MT, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C, de Vivie-Riedle R. Simulation of the non-adiabatic dynamics of an enone-Lewis acid complex in an explicit solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39193656 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Unlocking the full potential of Lewis acid catalysis for photochemical transformations requires a comprehensive understanding of the ultrafast dynamics of substrate-Lewis acid complexes. In a previous article [Peschel et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 10155], time-resolved spectroscopy supported by static calculations revealed that the Lewis acid remains attached during the relaxation of the model complex cyclohexenone-BF3. In contrast to the experimental observation, surface-hopping dynamics in the gas phase predicted ultrafast heterolytic dissociation. We attributed the discrepancy to missing solvent interactions. Thus, in this work, we present an interface between the SHARC and FermiONs++ program packages, which enables us to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of cyclohexenone-BF3 in an explicit solvent environment. Our simulations demonstrate that the solvent prevents the dissociation of the complex, leading to an intriguing dissociation-reassociation mechanism. Comparing the dynamics with and without triplet states highlights their role in the relaxation process and shows that the Lewis acid inhibits intersystem crossing. These findings provide a clear picture of the relaxation process, which may aid in designing future Lewis acid catalysts for photochemical applications. They underscore that an explicit solvent model is required to describe relaxation processes in weakly bound states, as energy transfer to the solvent is crucial for the system to reach its minimum geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Peschel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kussmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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2
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Peng LY, Jin R, Zhang SR, Liu XY, Fang WH, Cui G. Roles of Nonadiabatic Processes, Reaction Mechanism, and Selectivity in Cu-Catalyzed [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Norbornene and Acetone to Oxetane. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11334-11346. [PMID: 39094225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Oxetane has been extensively studied for its applications in medicinal chemistry and as a reactive intermediate in synthesis. Experiments report a Cu-catalyzed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of acetone and norbornene to oxetane, which is proposed to deviate from the conventional Paternò-Büchi reaction. However, its mechanism at the atomic level is not clear. In this study, we used a combination of multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) and density functional theory to systematically investigate the reaction mechanism and elucidate the factors contributing to the diastereomeric selectivity. Initially, the formation of the TpCu(Norb) complex is achieved by strong interaction between tris(pyrazolyl)borate Cu(I) (TpCu) and norbornene in the ground state (S0). Upon photoexcitation, TpCu(Norb) eventually decays to the T1 state, in which TpCu(Norb) attacks acetone to initiate subsequent reactions and produces final endo- or exo-oxetane products. All these reactions initially involve the C-C bond formation in the T1 state thereto leading to a ring-opening intermediate. This intermediate then undergoes a nonradiative transition to the S0 state, producing a five-membered ring intermediate, from which the C-O bond is formed, leading to the experimentally dominant exo-product. In contrast, the endo-oxetane formation requires a rearrangement process after the C-C bond is formed because of the large steric effects. As a consequence, the different reaction pathways generating exo- and endo-products exhibit large differences in the free-energy barriers, which results in a diastereomeric selectivity observed experimentally. Additionally, the nonradiative transition is found to play an important role in facilitating these reaction steps. The present computational study provides valuable mechanistic insights into Cu-catalyzed photocycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shi-Ru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Sun R, Song X, Wang S, Zhang X, Yan H, Wang Y. Construction of 3,9-diazatetraasteranes and 3,9-diazatetracyclododecanes by photocycloaddition reaction of 1,4-dihydropyridines: Experimental and theoretical investigation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Insight for the photochemical reaction of 4-aryl-4H-pyran: Experimental and theoretical studies. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Zhang T, Cusumano AQ, Hafeman NJ, Loskot SA, Reimann CE, Virgil SC, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. Investigations of an Unexpected [2+2] Photocycloaddition in the Synthesis of (-)-Scabrolide A from Quantum Mechanics Calculations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14115-14124. [PMID: 36269312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We utilize ab initio quantum mechanics calculations to evaluate a range of plausible mechanistic pathways for the unexpected formation of a [6-4-4] ring system from an enone-olefin photocycloaddition in the synthesis of (-)-scabrolide A, previously reported by our group. We present a mechanistic analysis that is consistent with all current experimental observations, including the photoexcitation, the C-C bond formation, and the associated chemo- and diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicholas J Hafeman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Steven A Loskot
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christopher E Reimann
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott C Virgil
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Yan B, Zhou M, Li J, Li X, He S, Zuo J, Sun H, Li A, Puno P. (−)‐Isoscopariusin A, a Naturally Occurring Immunosuppressive Meroditerpenoid: Structure Elucidation and Scalable Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing‐Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiao‐Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Shi‐Jun He
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian‐Ping Zuo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Han‐Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pema‐Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
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7
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Peschel MT, Kabaciński P, Schwinger DP, Thyrhaug E, Cerullo G, Bach T, Hauer J, Vivie‐Riedle R. Activation of 2‐Cyclohexenone by BF
3
Coordination: Mechanistic Insights from Theory and Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin T. Peschel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 81377 München Germany
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniel P. Schwinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Regina Vivie‐Riedle
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 81377 München Germany
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8
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Peschel MT, Kabaciński P, Schwinger DP, Thyrhaug E, Cerullo G, Bach T, Hauer J, de Vivie-Riedle R. Activation of 2-Cyclohexenone by BF 3 Coordination: Mechanistic Insights from Theory and Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10155-10163. [PMID: 33595902 PMCID: PMC8252487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acids have recently been recognized as catalysts enabling enantioselective photochemical transformations. Mechanistic studies on these systems are however rare, either due to their absorption at wavelengths shorter than 260 nm, or due to the limitations of theoretical dynamic studies for larger complexes. In this work, we overcome these challenges and employ sub-30-fs transient absorption in the UV, in combination with a highly accurate theoretical treatment on the XMS-CASPT2 level. We investigate 2-cyclohexenone and its complex to boron trifluoride and analyze the observed dynamics based on trajectory calculations including non-adiabatic coupling and intersystem crossing. This approach explains all ultrafast decay pathways observed in the complex. We show that the Lewis acid remains attached to the substrate in the triplet state, which in turn explains why chiral boron-based Lewis acids induce a high enantioselectivity in photocycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Peschel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel P Schwinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
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9
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Yan B, Zhou M, Li J, Li X, He S, Zuo J, Sun H, Li A, Puno P. (−)‐Isoscopariusin A, a Naturally Occurring Immunosuppressive Meroditerpenoid: Structure Elucidation and Scalable Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12859-12867. [PMID: 33620745 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing‐Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiao‐Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Shi‐Jun He
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian‐Ping Zuo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Han‐Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pema‐Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
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10
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Tymann DC, Benedix L, Iovkova L, Pallach R, Henke S, Tymann D, Hiersemann M. Photochemical Approach to the Cyclohepta[b]indole Scaffold by Annulative Two-Carbon Ring-Expansion. Chemistry 2020; 26:11974-11978. [PMID: 32463529 PMCID: PMC7540574 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the implementation of the concept of a photochemically elicited two-carbon homologation of a π-donor-π-acceptor substituted chromophore by triple-bond insertion. Implementing a phenyl connector between the slide-in module and the chromophore enabled the synthesis of cylohepta[b]indole-type building blocks by a metal-free annulative one-pot two-carbon ring expansion of the five-membered chromophore. Post-irradiative structural elaboration provided founding members of the indolo[2,3-d]tropone family of compounds. Control experiments in combination with computational chemistry on this multibond reorganization process founded the basis for a mechanistic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Benedix
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Lyuba Iovkova
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Roman Pallach
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Sebastian Henke
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - David Tymann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
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11
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Daub ME, Jung H, Lee BJ, Won J, Baik MH, Yoon TP. Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloadditions of Cinnamate Esters: Generalizing Lewis Acid Catalysis of Triplet Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9543-9547. [PMID: 31145856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the enantioselective [2+2] cycloaddition of simple cinnamate esters, the products of which are useful synthons for the controlled assembly of cyclobutane natural products. This method utilizes a cocatalytic system in which a chiral Lewis acid accelerates the transfer of triplet energy from an excited-state Ir(III) photocatalyst to the cinnamate ester. Computational evidence indicates that the principal role of the Lewis acid cocatalyst is to lower the absolute energies of the substrate frontier molecular orbitals, leading to greater electronic coupling between the sensitizer and substrate and increasing the rate of the energy transfer event. These results suggest Lewis acids can have multiple beneficial effects on triplet sensitization reactions, impacting both the thermodynamic driving force and kinetics of Dexter energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elisabeth Daub
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Joonghee Won
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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12
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Xin Y, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M, Álvarez-Larena A, Busqué F, Alibés R. Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of 2(5 H)-Furanones to Temporarily Tethered Terminal Alkenes as a Stereoselective Source of Enantiomerically Pure Polyfunctionalyzed Cyclobutanes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3188-3199. [PMID: 29461058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allyloxymethyloxymethyl and 4-pentenoyloxymethyl substituents have been used as tethering groups to study the intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of chiral 5-substituted 2(5 H)-furanones. The photoreactions proceed in good yield and provide the expected regio- and diastereoselective tricyclic compounds with complementary regioselectivity, which depends on whether the vinyl chain is attached to the furanone by an acetal or an ester linkage. Computational simulations agree with experimental observations and indicate that the origin of the different observed regioselectivity in the intramolecular photochemical reaction of lactones 5 and 6 arises from the relative stability of the initial conformers. The synthetic potential of the enantiomerically pure photoadducts is illustrated by preparing an all- cis 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclobutane bearing fully orthogonally protected hydroxyl groups.
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13
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Fan Q, Tan H, Li P, Yan H. Hetero-intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-dihydropyridines: a combined experimental and DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A detailed DFT mechanistic study of hetero-intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-DHPs was carried out for investigating the regioselectivity of such transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwen Fan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Hongbo Tan
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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14
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Mooneyham AE, McDonnell MP, Drucker S. Cavity Ringdown Spectrum of 2-Cyclohexen-1-one in the CO/Alkenyl CC Stretch Region of the S 1(n, π*)-S 0 Vibronic Band System. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2343-2352. [PMID: 28260378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 2-cyclohexen-1-one (2CHO) molecule serves as a prototype for understanding the photochemical properties of conjugated enones. We have recorded the cavity ringdown (CRD) absorption spectrum of 2CHO vapor at room temperature over the 360-380 nm range. This portion of the spectrum encompasses the S1(n,π*) ← S0 vibronic band system in the region of the C═C and C═O stretch fundamentals. We have assigned about 40 vibronically resolved features in the spectrum, affording fundamental frequencies for 7 different vibrational modes in the S1(n,π*) state, including the C═C (1554 cm-1) and OC-CH (1449 cm-1) stretch modes. The C═O stretch character is spread over at least four different vibrational modes in the S1(n,π*) state, with fundamentals spanning the 1340-1430 cm-1 interval. This finding stems from a significant reduction in C═O bond order upon excitation, which leads to near-coincidence of the C═O stretch and several CH2 wag frequencies. Such complexities make 2CHO an ideal candidate for testing excited-state computational methods. We have used the present spectroscopic results to test EOM-EE-CCSD harmonic-frequency predictions for the S1(n,π*) state. We have also benchmarked the performance of less costly computational methods, including CIS(D) and TDDFT. For certain density functionals (e.g., B3LYP and PBE0), we find that the accuracy of TDDFT frequency predictions can approach but not meet that of EOM-EE-CCSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mooneyham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire , Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Michael P McDonnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire , Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Stephen Drucker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire , Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
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15
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Cao J, Xie ZZ. Internal conversion and intersystem crossing in α,β-enones: a combination of electronic structure calculations and dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:6931-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The geometrical constraint of the ring gives rise to a smaller spin–orbital coupling in the singlet–triplet crossing region, resulting in a lower intersystem crossing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-material Science
- Guizhou Education University
- Guiyang
- China
- Guizhou Synergetic Innovation Center of Scientific Big Data for Advanced Manufacturing Technology
| | - Zhi-Zhong Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
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16
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Metternich JB, Gilmour R. A Bio-Inspired, Catalytic E → Z Isomerization of Activated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11254-7. [PMID: 26310905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, Nature's flavin-mediated activation of complex (poly)enes has been translated to a small molecule paradigm culminating in a highly (Z)-selective, catalytic isomerization of activated olefins using (-)-riboflavin (up to 99:1 Z/E). In contrast to the prominent Z → E isomerization of the natural system, it was possible to invert the directionality of the isomerization (E → Z) by simultaneously truncating the retinal scaffold, and introducing a third olefin substituent to augment A1,3-strain upon isomerization. Consequently, conjugation is reduced in the product chromophore leading to a substrate/product combination with discrete photophysical signatures. The operationally simple isomerization protocol has been applied to a variety of enone-derived substrates and showcased in the preparation of the medically relevant 4-substituted coumarin scaffold. A correlation of sensitizer triplet energy (ET) and reaction efficiency, together with the study of additive effects and mechanistic probes, is consistent with a triplet energy transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B Metternich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. How cyclobutanes are assembled in nature--insights from quantum chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:5042-50. [PMID: 24710596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic production of cyclobutanes leads to many complex natural products. Recently, theoretical work employing quantum chemical calculations has shed light on many of the details of cyclobutane-formation, in particular, for terpene natural products. Specific insights and general principles derived from these theoretical studies are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Yagishita F, Baba N, Ueda Y, Katabira S, Kasashima Y, Mino T, Sakamoto M. Diastereoselective photodimerization reactions of chromone-2-carboxamides to construct a C2-chiral scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9644-9. [PMID: 25347709 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of three chromone-2-carboxamides with a chiral auxiliary resulted in diastereoselective formation of a C2-chiral anti-HH dimer scaffold. Selection of the solvent polarity and decreasing the temperature resulted in asymmetric induction with up to 84% diastereomeric excess (de).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Yagishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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19
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Margaretha P. Retrospective View on Recent Developments in Cyclobutane Synthesisvia[2+2] Photocycloaddition of Unsaturated Ketones to Acyclic Dienes. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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McAnally MO, Zabronsky KL, Stupca DJ, Phillipson K, Pillsbury NR, Drucker S. Lowest triplet (n,π*) state of 2-cyclohexen-1-one: characterization by cavity ringdown spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:214311. [PMID: 24320384 DOI: 10.1063/1.4834655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cavity ringdown (CRD) absorption spectrum of 2-cyclohexen-1-one (2CHO) was recorded over the range 401.5-410.5 nm in a room-temperature gas cell. The very weak band system (ε ≤ 0.1 M(-1) cm(-1)) in this spectral region is due to the T1(n, π*) ← S0 electronic transition. The 0(0)(0) origin band was assigned to the feature observed at 24,558.8 ± 0.3 cm(-1). We have assigned 46 vibronic transitions in a region extending from -200 to +350 cm(-1) relative to the origin band. For the majority of these transitions, we have made corresponding assignments in the spectrum of the deuterated derivative 2CHO-2,6,6-d3. From the assignments, we determined fundamental frequencies for several vibrational modes in the T1(n, π*) excited state of 2CHO, including the lowest ring-twisting (99.6 cm(-1)) and ring-bending (262.2 cm(-1)) modes. These values compare to fundamentals of 122.2 cm(-1) and 251.9 cm(-1), respectively, determined previously for the isoconfigurational S1(n, π*) excited state of 2CHO and 99 cm(-1) and 248 cm(-1), respectively, for the S0 ground state. With the aid of quantum-mechanical calculations, we have also ascertained descriptions for these two modes, thereby resolving ambiguities appearing in the previous literature. The ring-twisting mode (ν39) contains a significant contribution from O=C-C=C torsion, whereas the ring-bending mode (ν38 in the ground state) involves mainly the motion of C-5 with respect to the plane containing the other heavy atoms. The CRD spectroscopic data for the T1(n, π*) state have allowed us to benchmark several computational methods for treating excited states, including time-dependent density functional theory and an equation-of-motion coupled cluster method. In turn, the computational results provide an explanation for observed differences in the T1(n, π*) vs. S1(n, π*) ring frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O McAnally
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, USA
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21
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Parella R, Gopalakrishnan B, Babu SA. Direct Bis-Arylation of Cyclobutanecarboxamide via Double C–H Activation: An Auxiliary-Aided Diastereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Access to Trisubstituted Cyclobutane Scaffolds Having Three Contiguous Stereocenters and an All-cis Stereochemistry. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11911-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4019733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramarao Parella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli
P.O., Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Knowledge
City, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Bojan Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli
P.O., Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Knowledge
City, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli
P.O., Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Knowledge
City, Punjab 140306, India
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22
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Zhou M, Zhang HB, Wang WG, Gong NB, Zhan R, Li XN, Du X, Li LM, Li Y, Lu Y, Pu JX, Sun HD. Scopariusic Acid, a New Meroditerpenoid with a Unique Cyclobutane Ring Isolated from Isodon scoparius. Org Lett 2013; 15:4446-9. [PMID: 23944990 DOI: 10.1021/ol401991u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ning-Bo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xue Du
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China, and Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
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23
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Abraham M, Reischl W, Kirchner KA, Roller A, Veiros LF, Widhalm M. Tandem RCM-Claisen rearrangement-[2+2] cycloaddition of O,O'-(but-2-en-1,4-diyl)-bridged binaphthols. Molecules 2012; 17:14531-54. [PMID: 23222901 PMCID: PMC6268543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempted RCM of 2,2'-bis(allyloxy)-1,1'-binaphthyl resulted in a Claisen-type rearrangement of a postulated labile dioxacyclodecine proceeding at room temperature and followed by [2+2] cycloaddition. Structures of products were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. A mechanistic rationalisation based on relative stabilities of proposed intermediates and transition states is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abraham
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria; E-Mails: (M.A.); (W.R.)
| | - Wolfgang Reischl
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria; E-Mails: (M.A.); (W.R.)
| | - Karl A. Kirchner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163/AC, A-1060 Wien, Austria; E-Mail:
| | - Alexander Roller
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria; E-Mail:
| | - Luis F. Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Michael Widhalm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria; E-Mails: (M.A.); (W.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-52111; Fax: +43-1-4277-9521
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24
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Zhang JZ, Zhu RX, Li G, Wang LN, Sun B, Chen WF, Liu L, Lou HX. Interconversion of the Pallambins through Photoinduced Rearrangement. Org Lett 2012; 14:5624-7. [PMID: 23131044 DOI: 10.1021/ol302295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Xiu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ning Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
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25
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Qiao Y, Chu TS. Reaction mechanism and chemoselectivity of intermolecular cycloaddition reactions between phenyl-substituted cyclopropenone ketal and methyl vinyl ketone. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3086-95. [PMID: 21438618 DOI: 10.1021/jo102454y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the mechanisms of the intermolecular [3+2] and [1+2] cycloaddition reactions of 1,1/1,3-dipolar π-delocalized singlet vinylcarbenes, which is obtained from cyclopropenone, with an electron-deficient C═O or C═C dipolarophile, to generate five-membered ring products are first disclosed by the density functional theory (DFT). Four reaction pathways, including two concerted [3+2] cycloaddition reaction pathways and two stepwise reaction pathways (an initial [1+2] cycloaddition and then a rearrangement from the [1+2] cycloadducts to the final [3+2] cycloadducts), are investigated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The calculated results reveal that, in contrast to the concerted C═O [3+2] cycloaddition reaction pathway, which is 7.1 kcal/mol more energetically preferred compared with its stepwise reaction pathway, the C═C dipolarophile favors undergoing [1+2] cycloaddition rather than concerted [3+2] cycloaddition (difference of 5.3 kcal/mol). The lowest free energy barrier of the C═O concerted [3+2] cycloaddition reaction pathway shows that it predominates all other reaction pathways. This observation is consistent with the finding that the C═O [3 + 2] cycloadduct is the main product under experimental conditions. In addition, natural bond orbital second-order perturbation charge analyses are carried out to explain the preferred chemoselectivity of C═O to the C═C dipolarophile and the origins of cis-stereoselectivity for C═C [1+2] cycloaddition. Solvent effects are further considered at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level in the solvents CH(3)CN, DMF, THF, CH(2)Cl(2), toluene, and benzene using the PCM model. The results indicate that the relative reaction trends and the main products are insensitive to the polarity of the reaction solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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26
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Cucarull-González JR, Hernando J, Alibés R, Figueredo M, Font J, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M. [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of 2(5H)-Furanone to Unsaturated Compounds. Insights from First Principles Calculations and Transient-Absorption Measurements. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4392-401. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - R. Alibés
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - M. Figueredo
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - J. Font
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | | | - M. Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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27
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Somekawa K, Odo Y, Shimo T. Molecular Simulations of Photoaddition Selectivity and Chirality in Challenging Photochemical Reactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Jaque P, Toro-Labbé A, Geerlings P, Proft FD. Theoretical Study of the Regioselectivity of [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions of Acrolein with Olefins. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:332-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jaque
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Sanrame CN, You Y, Talley M, Ivan MG, Scaiano J. Direct photobleaching of acrylates in polymethylsilsesquioxane films by 193nm irradiation. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Rishard MZM, Brown EA, Ausman LK, Drucker S, Choo J, Laane J. Ultraviolet Cavity Ringdown Spectra and the S1(n,π*) Ring-Inversion Potential Energy Function for 2-Cyclohexen-1-one-d0 and Its 2,6,6-d3 Isotopomer. J Phys Chem A 2007; 112:38-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z. M. Rishard
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, and Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Korea
| | - Elizabeth A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, and Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Korea
| | - Logan K. Ausman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, and Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Korea
| | - Stephen Drucker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, and Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Korea
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, and Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Korea
| | - Jaan Laane
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, and Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Korea
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31
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Pillsbury NR, Zwier TS, Judge RH, Drucker S. Jet-Cooled Phosphorescence Excitation Spectrum of the T1(n,π*) ← S0 Transition of 2-Cyclopenten-1-one. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8357-66. [PMID: 17676824 DOI: 10.1021/jp072353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The T1(n,pi*) <-- S0 transition of 2-cyclopenten-1-one (2CP) was investigated by using phosphorescence excitation (PE) spectroscopy in a free-jet expansion. The origin band, near 385 nm, is the most intense feature in the T1(n,pi*) <-- S0 PE spectrum. A short progression in the ring-bending mode (nu'(30)) is also observed. The effective vibrational temperature in the jet is estimated at 50 K. The spectral simplification arising from jet cooling helps confirm assignments made previously in the room-temperature cavity ringdown (CRD) absorption spectrum, which is congested by vibrational hot bands. In addition to the origin and nu'(30) assignments, the jet-cooled PE spectrum also confirms the 28(0)(1) (C=O out-of-plane wag), 29(0)(1) (C=C twist), and 19(0)(1) (C=O in-plane wag) band assignments that were made in the T1(n,pi*) <-- S0 room-temperature CRD spectrum. The temporal decay of the T1 state of 2CP was investigated as a function of vibronic excitation. Phosphorescence from the v' = 0 level persists the entire time the molecules traverse the emission detection zone. Thus the phosphorescence lifetime of the v' = 0 level is significantly longer than the 2 micros transit time through the viewing zone. Higher vibrational levels in the T1 state have shorter phosphorescence lifetimes, on the order of 2 micros or less. The concomitant reduction in emission quantum yield causes the higher vibronic bands (above 200 cm(-1)) in the PE spectrum to be weak. It is proposed that intersystem crossing to highly vibrationally excited levels of the ground state is responsible for the faster decay and diminished quantum yield. The jet cooling affords partial rotational resolution in the T1(n,pi*) <-- S0 spectrum of 2CP. The rotational structure of the origin band was simulated by using inertial constants available from a previously reported density functional (DFT) calculation of the T1(n,pi*) state, along with spin constants obtained via a fitting procedure. Intensity parameters were also systematically varied. The optimized intensity factors support a model that identifies the S2(pi,pi*) <-- S0 transition in 2CP as the sole source of oscillator strength for the T1(n,pi*) <-- S0 transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Pillsbury
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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Zhang RB, Eriksson LA. A triplet mechanism for the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in UV-irradiated DNA. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:7556-62. [PMID: 16599537 DOI: 10.1021/jp060196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction pathways for the photochemical formation of cyclobutane thymine dimers in DNA are explored using hybrid density functional theory techniques. It is concluded that the thymine-thymine [2 + 2] cycloaddition displays favorable energy barriers and reaction energies in both the triplet and the singlet excited states. The stepwise cycloaddition in the triplet excited state involves the initial formation of a diradical followed by ring closure via singlet-triplet interaction. The triplet mechanism is thus completely different from the concerted singlet state cycloaddition processes. The key geometric features and electron spin densities are also discussed. Bulk solvation has a major effect by reducing the barriers and increasing the diradical stabilities. The present results provide a rationale for the faster cycloreaction observed in the singlet excited states than in the triplet excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Bo Zhang
- Department of Natural Sciences and Orebro Life Science Center, Orebro University, 70182 Orebro, Sweden
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Durbeej B, Eriksson LA. On the Formation of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers in UV-irradiated DNA: Why are Thymines More Reactive?¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780159otfocp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Avenoza A, Busto JH, Canal N, García JI, Jiménez-Osés G, Peregrina JM, Pérez-Fernández M. Mechanistic study of the ring-size modulation in Michael–Dieckmann type reactions of 2-acylaminoacrylates with ketene diethyl acetal. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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De Proft F, Fias S, Van Alsenoy C, Geerlings P. Spin-Polarized Conceptual Density Functional Theory Study of the Regioselectivity in the [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Enones to Substituted Alkenes. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6335-43. [PMID: 16833976 DOI: 10.1021/jp050773f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of the regioselectivity of the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition of triplet enones with a series of ground-state electron-rich and electron-poor alkenes using density functional theory (DFT)-based reactivity descriptors is presented. Using the concepts of local softness combined with a local hard and soft acids and bases principle and a softness matching approach, the regioselectivity of this reaction can only be explained in the case of the interaction of the triplet enones with electron-rich alkenes. In the next part, the regioselectivity was assessed within the framework of conceptual spin-polarized conceptual DFT, considering response functions of the system's external potential v, number of electrons N, and spin number NS (with NS being the difference between the number of alpha and beta electrons in the spin-polarized system). Within this theory, the concepts of local spin philicity and donicity are introduced. Using the spin philicity concept, the regioselectivity can almost be completely interpreted as resulting from the interaction of the site on the alkene with the highest spin philicity (i.e., lowest destabilization upon increasing spin number) with the site showing the highest change of spin number on the enone expected to result in the largest stabilization of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Odo Y, Shimo T, Hori K, Somekawa K. Origin of Regioselectivity in Photocycloaddition Reactions of 2-Cyclohexenone with Cycloalkenecarboxylates. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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García-Expósito E, Alvarez-Larena A, Branchadell V, Ortuño RM. [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition of 1,1-Diethoxyethylene to Chiral Polyfunctional 2-Cyclohexenones. Regioselectivity and π-Facial Discrimination. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1120-5. [PMID: 14961660 DOI: 10.1021/jo035532n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical [2 + 2]-cycloadditions of 1,1-diethoxyethylene to chiral polyfunctional 2-cyclohexenones have been carried out leading to the production of highly constrained unusual alpha-amino acids with excellent regioselectivity and satisfactory yields. Theoretical calculations have been done to rationalize the observed regio- and diastereoselectivity and show that regiochemistry is determined by the relative rate of formation of the 1,4-biradical intermediates and not by the stability of these species.
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Durbeej B, Eriksson LA. On the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in UV-irradiated DNA: why are thymines more reactive? Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:159-67. [PMID: 12945584 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0159:otfocp>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reaction pathways for thermal and photochemical formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in DNA are explored using density functional theory techniques. Although it is found that the thermal [2 + 2] cycloadditions of thymine + thymine (T + T --> T x T), cytosine + cytosine (C + C --> C x C) and cytosine + thymine (C + T --> C x T) all are similarly unfavorable in terms of energy barriers and reaction energies, the excited-state energy curves associated with the corresponding photochemical cycloadditions display differences that--in line with experimental findings--unanimously point to the predominance of T x T in UV-irradiated DNA. It is shown that the photocycloaddition of thymines is facilitated by the fact that the S1 state of the corresponding reactant complex lies comparatively high in energy. Moreover, at a nuclear configuration coinciding with the ground-state transition structure, the excited-state energy curve displays an absolute minimum only for the T + T system. Finally, the T + T system is also associated with the most favorable excited-state energy barriers and has the smallest S2-S0 energy gap at the ground-state transition structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Durbeej
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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