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Kabaciński P, Marabotti P, Fazzi D, Petropoulos V, Iudica A, Serafini P, Cerullo G, Casari CS, Zavelani-Rossi M. Disclosing Early Excited State Relaxation Events in Prototypical Linear Carbon Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18382-18390. [PMID: 37525883 PMCID: PMC10450801 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) linear nanostructures comprising sp-hybridized carbon atoms, as derivatives of the prototypical allotrope known as carbyne, are predicted to possess outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties. Despite recent advances in their synthesis, their chemical and physical properties are still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the photophysics of a prototypical polyyne (i.e., 1D chain with alternating single and triple carbon bonds) as the simplest model of finite carbon wire and as a prototype of sp-carbon-based chains. We perform transient absorption experiments with high temporal resolution (<30 fs) on monodispersed hydrogen-capped hexayne H─(C≡C)6─H synthesized by laser ablation in liquid. With the support of computational studies based on ground state density functional theory (DFT) and excited state time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations, we provide a comprehensive description of the excited state relaxation processes at early times following photoexcitation. We show that the internal conversion from a bright high-energy singlet excited state to a low-lying singlet dark state is ultrafast and takes place with a 200 fs time constant, followed by thermalization on the picosecond time scale and decay of the low-energy singlet state with hundreds of picoseconds time constant. We also show that the time scale of these processes does not depend on the end groups capping the sp-carbon chain. The understanding of the primary photoinduced events in polyynes is of key importance both for fundamental knowledge and for potential optoelectronic and light-harvesting applications of low-dimensional nanostructured carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kabaciński
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Marabotti
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università degli studi di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasilis Petropoulos
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Iudica
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrick Serafini
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie IFN-CNR, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Zavelani-Rossi
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie IFN-CNR, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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2
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Schwinger DP, Peschel MT, Rigotti T, Kabaciński P, Knoll T, Thyrhaug E, Cerullo G, Hauer J, de Vivie-Riedle R, Bach T. Photoinduced B-Cl Bond Fission in Aldehyde-BCl 3 Complexes as a Mechanistic Scenario for C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18927-18937. [PMID: 36205547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In concert with carbonyl compounds, Lewis acids have been identified as a versatile class of photocatalysts. Thus far, research has focused on activation of the substrate, either by changing its photophysical properties or by modifying its photochemistry. In this work, we expand the established mode of action by demonstrating that UV photoexcitation of a Lewis acid-base complex can lead to homolytic cleavage of a covalent bond in the Lewis acid. In a study on the complex of benzaldehyde and the Lewis acid BCl3, we found evidence for homolytic B-Cl bond cleavage leading to formation of a borylated ketyl radical and a free chlorine atom only hundreds of femtoseconds after excitation. Both time-dependent density functional theory and transient absorption experiments identify a benzaldehyde-BCl2 cation as the dominant species formed on the nanosecond time scale. The experimentally validated B-Cl bond homolysis was synthetically exploited for a BCl3-mediated hydroalkylation reaction of aromatic aldehydes (19 examples, 42-76% yield). It was found that hydrocarbons undergo addition to the C═O double bond via a radical pathway. The photogenerated chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the alkane, and the resulting carbon-centered radical either recombines with the borylated ketyl radical or adds to the ground-state aldehyde-BCl3 complex, releasing a chlorine atom. The existence of a radical chain was corroborated by quantum yield measurements and by theory. The photolytic mechanism described here is based on electron transfer between a bound chlorine and an aromatic π-system on the substrate. Thereby, it avoids the use of redox-active transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Schwinger
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin T Peschel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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3
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Jaiswal VK, Kabaciński P, Nogueira de Faria BE, Gentile M, de Paula AM, Borrego-Varillas R, Nenov A, Conti I, Cerullo G, Garavelli M. Environment-Driven Coherent Population Transfer Governs the Ultrafast Photophysics of Tryptophan. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12884-12892. [PMID: 35796759 PMCID: PMC9305959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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By combining UV transient
absorption spectroscopy with sub-30-fs
temporal resolution and CASPT2/MM calculations, we present a complete
description of the primary photoinduced processes in solvated tryptophan.
Our results shed new light on the role of the solvent in the relaxation
dynamics of tryptophan. We unveil two consecutive coherent population
transfer events involving the lowest two singlet excited states: a
sub-50-fs nonadiabatic La → Lb transfer
through a conical intersection and a subsequent 220 fs reverse Lb → La transfer due to solvent-assisted adiabatic
stabilization of the La state. Vibrational fingerprints
in the transient absorption spectra provide compelling evidence of
a vibronic coherence established between the two excited states from
the earliest times after photoexcitation and lasting until the back-transfer
to La is complete. The demonstration of response to the
environment as a driver of coherent population dynamics among the
excited states of tryptophan closes the long debate on its solvent-assisted
relaxation mechanisms and extends its application as a local probe
of protein dynamics to the ultrafast time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marziogiuseppe Gentile
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana Maria de Paula
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Rocio Borrego-Varillas
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Borrego-Varillas R, Nenov A, Kabaciński P, Conti I, Ganzer L, Oriana A, Jaiswal VK, Delfino I, Weingart O, Manzoni C, Rivalta I, Garavelli M, Cerullo G. Tracking excited state decay mechanisms of pyrimidine nucleosides in real time. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7285. [PMID: 34907186 PMCID: PMC8671501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA owes its remarkable photostability to its building blocks-the nucleosides-that efficiently dissipate the energy acquired upon ultraviolet light absorption. The mechanism occurring on a sub-picosecond time scale has been a matter of intense debate. Here we combine sub-30-fs transient absorption spectroscopy experiments with broad spectral coverage and state-of-the-art mixed quantum-classical dynamics with spectral signal simulations to resolve the early steps of the deactivation mechanisms of uridine (Urd) and 5-methyluridine (5mUrd) in aqueous solution. We track the wave packet motion from the Franck-Condon region to the conical intersections (CIs) with the ground state and observe spectral signatures of excited-state vibrational modes. 5mUrd exhibits an order of magnitude longer lifetime with respect to Urd due to the solvent reorganization needed to facilitate bulky methyl group motions leading to the CI. This activates potentially lesion-inducing dynamics such as ring opening. Involvement of the 1nπ* state is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - Aurelio Oriana
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ines Delfino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Rivalta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364, Lyon, France
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy.
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5
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Kabaciński P, Romanelli M, Ponkkonen E, Jaiswal VK, Carell T, Garavelli M, Cerullo G, Conti I. Unified Description of Ultrafast Excited State Decay Processes in Epigenetic Deoxycytidine Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11070-11077. [PMID: 34748341 PMCID: PMC8607503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic DNA modifications play a fundamental role in modulating gene expression and regulating cellular and developmental biological processes, thereby forming a second layer of information in DNA. The epigenetic 2'-deoxycytidine modification 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine, together with its enzymatic oxidation products (5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine, and 5-carboxyl-2'-deoxycytidine), are closely related to deactivation and reactivation of DNA transcription. Here, we combine sub-30-fs transient absorption spectroscopy with high-level correlated multiconfigurational CASPT2/MM computational methods, explicitly including the solvent, to obtain a unified picture of the photophysics of deoxycytidine-derived epigenetic DNA nucleosides. We assign all the observed time constants and identify the excited state relaxation pathways, including the competition of intersystem crossing and internal conversion for 5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine and ballistic decay to the ground state for 5-carboxy-2'-deoxycytidine. Our work contributes to shed light on the role of epigenetic derivatives in DNA photodamage as well as on their possible therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eveliina Ponkkonen
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Peschel MT, Kabaciński P, Schwinger DP, Thyrhaug E, Cerullo G, Bach T, Hauer J, Vivie‐Riedle R. Activation of 2‐Cyclohexenone by BF
3
Coordination: Mechanistic Insights from Theory and Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin T. Peschel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 81377 München Germany
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniel P. Schwinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Regina Vivie‐Riedle
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 81377 München Germany
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7
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Peschel MT, Kabaciński P, Schwinger DP, Thyrhaug E, Cerullo G, Bach T, Hauer J, de Vivie-Riedle R. Activation of 2-Cyclohexenone by BF 3 Coordination: Mechanistic Insights from Theory and Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10155-10163. [PMID: 33595902 PMCID: PMC8252487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acids have recently been recognized as catalysts enabling enantioselective photochemical transformations. Mechanistic studies on these systems are however rare, either due to their absorption at wavelengths shorter than 260 nm, or due to the limitations of theoretical dynamic studies for larger complexes. In this work, we overcome these challenges and employ sub-30-fs transient absorption in the UV, in combination with a highly accurate theoretical treatment on the XMS-CASPT2 level. We investigate 2-cyclohexenone and its complex to boron trifluoride and analyze the observed dynamics based on trajectory calculations including non-adiabatic coupling and intersystem crossing. This approach explains all ultrafast decay pathways observed in the complex. We show that the Lewis acid remains attached to the substrate in the triplet state, which in turn explains why chiral boron-based Lewis acids induce a high enantioselectivity in photocycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Peschel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel P Schwinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
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8
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Kalwarczyk E, Kabaciński P, Kardaś TM, Górecka E, Bilski H, Fiałkowski M. A Seedless Method for Gold Nanoparticle Growth inside a Silica Matrix: Fabrication of Materials Capable of Third-Harmonic Generation in the Near-Infrared. Chempluschem 2020; 84:525-533. [PMID: 31943903 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A composite in which gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) approximately 10 nm in size are embedded in amorphous transparent silica matrix has been produced. The synthetic protocol uses HAuCl4 as the Au ion source, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the SiO2 precursor, and l-ascorbic acid (AA) as the reducing agent. AA is employed before the sol-gel process in an amount sufficient only for reduction of Au3+ ions to Au+ . By using a cationic surfactant, benzylcetyldimethylammonium chloride hydrate (BDAC) and/or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), the Au+ ions are encapsulated within metalomicelles, which prevents them from being reduced to Au0 and enables their homogeneous distribution in the gel. Reduction of Au+ to Au0 and the growth of the AuNPs occurs at room temperature during the gelation, and arises from the release of EtOH during the hydrolysis of TEOS. The composites contain 0.027 wt % of Au. They exhibit nonlinear optical behavior characterized by the third-order nonlinear refraction index, n2 , in the range 3.6-5.7×10-16 cm2 W-1 at λ=1.030 μm. The composites are capable of effective third-harmonic generation of ultrashort near-IR (210 fs, 1.030 μm) laser pulse through a direct third-order mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kalwarczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-622, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Kardaś
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Górecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Bilski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Fiałkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-006, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Kabaciński P, Kardaś TM, Stepanenko Y, Radzewicz C. Nonlinear refractive index measurement by SPM-induced phase regression. Opt Express 2019; 27:11018-11028. [PMID: 31052953 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.011018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herewith, we describe how intensity and phase of the ultrashort pulse retrieved with second-harmonic frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG) can be utilized for measurement of the nonlinear refractive index (n 2). Through comparison with available literature, we show that our method surpasses Z-scan in terms of precision by a factor of two, and thus, constitutes an interesting alternative. We present results for various materials: fused silica, calcite, YVO 4, BiBO, CaF 2, and YAG at 1030 nm. Unlike the Z-scan, the use of this method is not restricted to free-space geometry, but due to its characteristics, it can be used in integrated waveguides or photonic crystal fibers as well.
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