1
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Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Electrophilicity index revisited. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:278-297. [PMID: 35546516 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and accessible review of general interest to the chemistry community; because the electrophilicity index is a very useful global reactivity descriptor defined within a conceptual density functional theory framework. Our group has also introduced electrophilicity based new global and local reactivity descriptors and also new associated electronic structure principles, which are important indicators of structure, stability, bonding, reactivity, interactions, and dynamics in a wide variety of physico-chemical systems and processes. This index along with its local counterpart augmented by the associated electronic structure principles could properly explain molecular vibrations, internal rotations and various types of chemical reactions. The concept of the electrophilicity index has been extended to dynamical processes, excited states, confined environment, spin-dependent and temperature-dependent situations, biological activity, site selectivity, aromaticity, charge removal and acceptance, presence of external perturbation through solvents, external electric and magnetic fields, and so forth. Although electrophilicity and its local variant can adequately interpret the behavior of a wide variety of systems and different physico-chemical processes involving them, their predictive potential remains to be explored. An exhaustive review on all these aspects will set the tone of the future research in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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2
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P, Domingo LR, Soto-Delgado J. The catalytic effects of a thiazolium salt in the oxa-Diels-Alder reaction between benzaldehyde and Danishefsky's diene: a molecular electron density theory study. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9306-9317. [PMID: 34651154 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxa-Diels-Alder (ODA) reaction of benzaldehyde with Danishefsky's diene in the presence of a [thiazolium][Cl] salt, as a model of an ionic liquid, has been studied within Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) computational level. The formation of two hydrogen bonds (HBs) between the thiazolium cation and the carbonyl oxygen of benzaldehyde modifies neither the electrophilic character of benzaldehyde nor its electronic structure substantially but accelerates the reaction considerably. This ODA reaction presents an activation energy of 4.5 kcal mol-1; the formation of the only observed dihydropyranone is strongly exothermic by -28.8 kcal mol-1. The presence of the [thiazolium][Cl] salt decreases the Gibbs free energy of activation of the ODA reaction between benzaldehyde and Danishefsky's diene by 5.9 kcal mol-1. This ODA reaction presents total para regioselectivity and high endo stereoselectivity. This ODA reaction takes place through a highly asynchronous polar transition state structure (TS) associated with a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism. ELF analysis of para/endo TSs associated with the ODA reactions in the absence and presence of the [thiazolium][Cl] salt shows that the formation of the HBs at the TSs does not modify their electronic structure substantially. This MEDT study makes it possible to conclude that the acceleration found in the ODA reaction of benzaldehyde with Danishefsky's diene in ILs is a consequence of an increase of the global electron density transfer at TS3-pn, resulting from HB formation, and the greater strength of the HBs at the polar TS3-pn compared to that at the benzaldehyde : [thiazolium][Cl] complex, and that the strength in the HB formed is more relevant that than an increase of the electrophilic character of the interaction between reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Soto-Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.
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3
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Darroudi M, Hamzehloueian M, Sarrafi Y. An experimental and mechanism study on the regioselective click reaction toward the synthesis of thiazolidinone-triazole. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06113. [PMID: 33644441 PMCID: PMC7889834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient procedure for the synthesis of novel thiazolidinone triazoles through 32 cycloaddition reactions in the presence of copper(I) species was described, and the molecular mechanism of this 32CA was investigated computationally. Different possible pathways for CA process have been studied to achieve this goal, including one-step pathways for both regioisomers 1,4- and 1,5-triazoles (uncatalyzed, mono-copper, di-copper) and also mono- and di-copper stepwise pathways for 1,4-disubstituted triazole. It was exhibited that the most convenient route in terms of energy barriers includes two copper ions. Based on the calculation, the reaction follows a di-copper stepwise mechanism involving the formation of a six-membered ring and then undergoes a ring contraction to a five-membered ring. The regiochemistry of the reaction was investigated based on local and global reactivity indices of reactants, the transition state stabilities calculation. The electron reorganization along the uncatalyzed one-step mechanism has been investigated by the ELF topological analysis of the bonding changes along with the CA reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Darroudi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, 47416 Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, 47416 Babolsar, Iran
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4
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Quesadas-Rojas M, Mena-Rejon GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Cáceres-Castillo DR, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Theoretical insight into the on-water catalytic effect in the biogenesis of triterpene dimers: from one-step to two-step hetero Diels–Alder reactions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative pathway to the hetero Diels–Alder reaction for the biogenic origin of triterpene dimers is presented here. In this new pathway, the explicit water molecules take a fundamental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Quesadas-Rojas
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Educación Superior, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - David R. Cáceres-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano-Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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5
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Taherinia D, Mahmoodi MM, Fattahi A. Theoretical investigation of the effect of hydrogen bonding on the stereoselectivity of the Diels–Alder reaction. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the computational prediction of high exo selectivities in a series of Diels–Alder reactions with H-bonding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
| | - M. Mohsen Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Alireza Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
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6
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Emamian S, Domingo LR, Javad Hosseini S, Ali‐Asgari S. A Study of the Effects of the Lewis Acid Catalysts on Oxa‐Diels‐Alder Reactions through Molecular Electron Density Theory. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood BranchIslamic Azad University Shahrood Iran
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | | | - Safa Ali‐Asgari
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood BranchIslamic Azad University Shahrood Iran
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7
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Zhong LP, Lan J, Li X, Li CC, Chung LW. Unusual KIE and dynamics effects in the Fe-catalyzed hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of unactivated aldehydes and dienes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1850. [PMID: 32296076 PMCID: PMC7160212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction is an important synthetic method for many natural products. An iron(III) catalyst was developed to catalyze the challenging HDA reaction of unactivated aldehydes and dienes with high selectivity. Here we report extensive density-functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics simulations that show effects of iron (including its coordinate mode and/or spin state) on the dynamics of this reaction: considerably enhancing dynamically stepwise process, broadening entrance channel and narrowing exit channel from concerted asynchronous transition states. Also, our combined computational and experimental secondary KIE studies reveal unexpectedly large KIE values for the five-coordinate pathway even with considerable C-C bond forming, due to equilibrium isotope effect from the change in the metal coordination. Moreover, steric and electronic effects are computationally shown to dictate the C=O chemoselectivity for an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, which is verified experimentally. Our mechanistic study may help design homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological catalysts for this challenging reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhong
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jialing Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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8
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Attarbashi M, Shiraz NZ, Samadizadeh M. DFT studies on the diastereoselectivity and regioselectivity of multicomponent domino Knoevenagel/Diels–Alder reaction. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633620500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, mechanism and stereochemistry of multicomponent domino Knoevenagel/Diels–Alder reaction were investigated theoretically. Structures of reagents, transition states, intermediates, and products were optimized at M062X/6-31[Formula: see text]G(d,p) level of theory. Although the mechanism of this reaction involved several processes, including bond rotation, isomerization, asymmetric cycloaddition, acid-base, and nucleophile–electrophile competitions, critical processes were studied to provide a clearer picture of the mechanism of this valuable reaction in terms of stereochemistry considerations. According to the results, the ring closure step of reaction performed via a polar Dield-Alder mechanism, having enthalpy at approximately 40[Formula: see text]kcal/mol. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction was controlled by the interaction of dienophile with the less hindered face of diene through a more stable endo transition state ([Formula: see text] and 27.31 in methanol and gas phase, respectively). HSAB criteria could explain the regioselectivity of this reaction by considering the least softness difference ([Formula: see text]) for interacting C-atoms based on Hirshfeld populations. The result was the creation of cis-spiro cyclohexanone under kinetic and thermodynamic controls as a predominant diastereoselective and regioselective product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Attarbashi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch 146786831, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Zabarjad Shiraz
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch 146786831, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjaneh Samadizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch 146786831, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Cáceres-Castillo D, Mena-Rejón GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Mechanistic study of the formation of quercetine cycloadducts under microwave conditions: a theoretical approach. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1643509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cáceres-Castillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejón
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Carolina S. Castro-Segura
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano-Quiñones
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
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10
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Amiri K, Khosravi H, Balalaie S, Golmohammadi F, Anwar MU, Al-Harrasi A. Regio- and chemo-selective cyclization of allenic-Ugi products for the synthesis of 3-pyrroline skeletons. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8858-8870. [PMID: 31556430 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01963d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient and stable novel class of allenic-Ugi products through a Crabbé homologation reaction is successfully demonstrated. Then, a regio- and chemo-selective cyclization of allenic-Ugi derivatives in a 5-exo-dig fashion to access 3-pyrroline skeletons is developed. Also, computational studies were performed and explained to provide insights into the reaction mechanism. This approach displays high bond-forming efficiency and atom economy with high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Amiri
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Shahrestani N, Khosravi H, Jadidi K, Notash B, Naderi S. Organocatalytic synthesis of enantiopure spiro acenaphthyl-pyrrolizidine/pyrrolidines: justifying the regioselectivity based on a distortion/interaction model. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7013-7024. [PMID: 31305857 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient organocatalytic [3 + 2] reaction with Schreiner's thiourea organocatalyst for the synthesis of a small library of novel enantiopure stable spiroacenaphthyl-pyrrolidines/pyrrolizidines with high regio- and diastereoselectivity (up to 99%) is described for the first time. These chiral compounds were synthesized by a three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of (E)-1-(2-oxoacenaphthylen-1(2H)-ylidene) pyrrolidin-1-ium-2-ide as a dipolar and (S)-cinnamoyl/crotonoyl oxazolidinone as a dipolarophile. The absolute configuration of cycloadducts was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The origin of catalyst reactivity and regio- and stereoselectivity was investigated through DFT calculations. DFT calculations showed that the regioselectivity was controlled by the distortion (deformation) of reactants and Schreiner's thiourea acts as a LUMO-lowering catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Shahrestani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Hormoz Khosravi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Khosrow Jadidi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Behrouz Notash
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Soheila Naderi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
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12
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Zhang T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huo F, Li Z, Zeng Q, He H, Li X. Theoretical Insights Into the Depolymerization Mechanism of Lignin to Methyl p-hydroxycinnamate by [Bmim][FeCl 4] Ionic Liquid. Front Chem 2019; 7:446. [PMID: 31275927 PMCID: PMC6591258 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization of lignin into valuable aromatic compounds is an important starting point for its valorization strategies, which requires the cleavage of C-O and C-C bonds between lignin monomer units. The catalytic cleavage of these bonds is still difficult and challenging. Our previous experimental investigation (Green Chem., 2018, 20: 3743) has shown that methyl p-hydroxycinnamate (MPC) can be produced from molecular tailoring of H unit in lignin by the cleavage of the γ-O ester bond. In this study, the mechanism of [Bmim][FeCl4]-catalyzed depolymerization of lignin was investigated by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The results reveal that [FeCl4]- anion of the catalyst plays a decisive role in the whole catalytic process, where two possible activation modes including three different potential reaction pathways can realize the depolymerization of lignin model compound. The calculated overall barriers of the catalytic conversion along these potential routes show that the third potential pathway, i.e., methanol firstly activated by [Bmim][FeCl4], has the most probability with the lowest energy barrier, while the second pathway is excluded because the energy barrier is too high. Also, the results illustrate that the solvent effect is beneficial to the reduction of the relative energy for the reaction to form the transition states. Hence, the obtained molecular level information can identify the favorable conversion process catalyzed by metallic ionic liquids to a certain extent, and it is desirable to enhance the utilization of biomass as a ubiquitous feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Xie P, Wang J, Liu Y, Fan J, Wo X, Fu W, Sun Z, Loh TP. Water-promoted C-S bond formation reactions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 29615622 PMCID: PMC5883052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Allylic sulfones, owning to their widespread distributions in biologically active molecules, received increasing attention in the past few years. However, the synthetic method under mild conditions is still a challenging task. In this paper, we report a sulfinic acids ligation with allylic alcohols via metal-free dehydrative cross-coupling. Both aliphatic and aromatic sulfinic acids react with various allylic alcohols to deliver the desired allylic sulfones in high yields with excellent selectivity. This carbon-sulfur bond formation reaction is highly efficient and practical since it works under metal-free, neutral, aqueous media and at room temperature in which the products even can be obtained by simple filtration without the need for organic extraction or column chromatography. Water is found to be essential for the success of this carbon-sulfur bond formation reaction. DFT calculations imply that water acts as promoter in this transformation via intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiangyang Wo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Weishan Fu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zuolian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China. .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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14
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Martínez S, Carrau G, Gonzalez D, Veiga N. Diels-Alder Reaction of Levoglucosenone with a Protected cis
-Cyclohexadienediol: Structural and Electronic Basis behind the Unexpected Stereoselectivity. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Martínez
- Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Carrau
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - David Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
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15
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Ali-Asgari S, Izadi Nia J, Zali S. Regioselectivity in the hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of styrenes with 2-aza-1,3-butadiene: a DFT study. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-017-1332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Delarmelina M, Greco SJ, Carneiro JWDM. Single step mechanism for nucleophilic substitution of 2,3-dichloro naphthoquinone using nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles: A DFT approach. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Hamzehloueian M. A density functional theory study on the reaction mechanism of hydrazones with α-oxo-ketenes: Comparison between stepwise 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and Diels–Alder pathways. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Computational study of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between methyl 2-trifluorobutynoate and substituted azides in terms of reactivity indices and activation parameters. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 73:143-151. [PMID: 28279822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of methyl 2-trifluorobutynoate with various azides has been studied in terms of several theoretical approaches at DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The mechanism of regioselectivity of these reactions was investigated through the evaluation of the potential energy surface of the cycloaddition process calculations and density DFT-based reactivity indices. These approaches were successfully applied to prediction of preferable regio-isomers for various reactions of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. The reactions were followed by performing transition state optimization, calculation of Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate and activation energies. Analysis of the geometries of the corresponding transition structures shows that the cycloaddition takes place along a single elementary step (one-step mechanism) but asynchronous mechanism. The calculation of the activation energies and reaction energies show that the 1,5-regioisomer for substituted phenyl azides as dipoles and the 1,4-regioisomer for substituted benzyl azides as dipoles are thermodynamically in all the cycloadditions reactions. The solvent effect was also studied in the solvent tert-butyl alcohol using self-consistent reaction field model. The observed regioselectivity was explained by using developed DFT-based reactivity descriptors, such as Fukui and Parr functions. The results were compared with experimental data to find a good agreement.
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19
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Darroudi M, Sarrafi Y, Hamzehloueian M. Theoretical exploration of mechanism of carbapenam formation in catalytic Kinugasa reaction. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Jha SK, Brown K, Todde G, Subramanian G. A mechanochemical study of the effects of compression on a Diels-Alder reaction. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:074307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv K. Jha
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39402, USA
| | - Katie Brown
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Guido Todde
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39402, USA
| | - Gopinath Subramanian
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39402, USA
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21
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Khan TS, Gupta S, Alam MI, Haider MA. Reactivity descriptor for the retro Diels–Alder reaction of partially saturated 2-pyrones: DFT study on substituents and solvent effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22303f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The retro-Diels–Alder (rDA) reaction of partially saturated 2-pyrones were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations in polar and non-polar solvents, and fundamental descriptors were proposed to understand the electronic and solvent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin S. Khan
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Shelaka Gupta
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Md. Imteyaz Alam
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - M. Ali Haider
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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22
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Chornous VA, Mel’nik OY, Mel’nik DA, Rusanov EB, Vovk MV. Polyfunctional imidazoles: XI. Reaction of 1-aryl-4-chloro-5-(2-nitrovinyl)-1H-imidazoles with nonstabilized azomethine ylides. Synthesis of (1-aryl-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-substituted nitropyrrolidines and nitropyrrolizines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Shahrestani N, Salahi F, Tavakoli N, Jadidi K, Hamzehloueian M, Notash B. Asymmetric synthesis approach of enantiomerically pure spiro-indenoquinoxaline pyrrolidines and spiro-indenoquinoxaline pyrrolizidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Avcı D, Bahçeli S, Tamer Ö, Atalay Y. Comparative study of DFT/B3LYP, B3PW91, and HSEH1PBE methods applied to molecular structures and spectroscopic and electronic properties of flufenpyr and amipizone. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structures, conformational analyses, vibrational (IR) frequencies and their assignments, maximum electronic absorption wavelengths (gas phase and in ethanol solvent), 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values (gas phase and in CDCl3 solvent), HOMO−LUMO analysis, molecular electrostatic potential surfaces, and nonlinear optical properties of flufenpyr (C14H9ClF4N2O4) and amipizone (C14H16ClN3O) compounds that have many biological activities have been calculated using the DFT/B3LYP, B3PW91, and HSEH1PBE methods with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set in the ground state. A comparison among the results calculated at the mentioned levels indicates that the HSEH1PBE calculations give usually greater values compared with the others in terms of vibrational frequencies, the maximum electronic absorption wavelengths, and HOMO−LUMO energy gaps of the title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Avcı
- Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - S. Bahçeli
- Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ö. Tamer
- Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Y. Atalay
- Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
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25
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Understanding the molecular mechanism and regioselectivity in the synthesis of celecoxib via a domino reaction: A DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Roca-López D, Polo V, Tejero T, Merino P. Mechanism Switch in Mannich-Type Reactions: ELF and NCI Topological Analyses of the Reaction between Nitrones and Lithium Enolates. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Singh K, Tiwari MK, Ghosh M, Panda C, Weitz A, Hendrich MP, Dhar BB, Vanka K, Sen Gupta S. Tuning the reactivity of Fe(V)(O) toward C-H bonds at room temperature: effect of water. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1535-42. [PMID: 25594114 PMCID: PMC4332042 DOI: 10.1021/ic502535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an Fe(V)(O) species has been postulated as the active intermediate for the oxidation of both C-H and C═C bonds in the Rieske dioxygenase family of enzymes. Understanding the reactivity of these high valent iron-oxo intermediates, especially in an aqueous medium, would provide a better understanding of these enzymatic reaction mechanisms. The formation of an Fe(V)(O) complex at room temperature in an aqueous CH3CN mixture that contains up to 90% water using NaOCl as the oxidant is reported here. The stability of Fe(V)(O) decreases with increasing water concentration. We show that the reactivity of Fe(V)(O) toward the oxidation of C-H bonds, such as those in toluene, can be tuned by varying the amount of water in the H2O/CH3CN mixture. Rate acceleration of up to 60 times is observed for the oxidation of toluene upon increasing the water concentration. The role of water in accelerating the rate of the reaction has been studied using kinetic measurements, isotope labeling experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A kinetic isotope effect of ∼13 was observed for the oxidation of toluene and d8-toluene showing that C-H abstraction was involved in the rate-determining step. Activation parameters determined for toluene oxidation in H2O/CH3CN mixtures on the basis of Eyring plots for the rate constants show a gain in enthalpy with a concomitant loss in entropy. This points to the formation of a more-ordered transition state involving water molecules. To further understand the role of water, we performed a careful DFT study, concentrating mostly on the rate-determining hydrogen abstraction step. The DFT-optimized structure of the starting Fe(V)(O) and the transition state indicates that the rate enhancement is due to the transition state's favored stabilization over the reactant due to enhanced hydrogen bonding with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan
K. Singh
- Chemical
Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Mrityunjay k. Tiwari
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Munmun Ghosh
- Chemical
Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Chakadola Panda
- Chemical
Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Andrew Weitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael P. Hendrich
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Basab B. Dhar
- Chemical
Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Chemical
Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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28
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Li W, Yang N, Lv Y. Theoretical study of the BINOL–zinc complex-catalyzed asymmetric inverse-electron-demand imino Diels–Alder reaction: mechanism and stereochemistry. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioselectivity originates from the hindrance of a BINOL ligand, and the exo-selectivity is achieved by the favored electrophilic/nucleophilic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yajing Lv
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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29
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Hamzehloueian M, Sarrafi Y, Aghaei Z. An experimental and theoretical study on the regioselective synthesis of a new class of spiropyrrolothiazoles with quinoxaline motifs via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. An evaluation of DFT methods. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), wB97xD/6-31G(d,p) and M06-2X/6-31G(d,p) methods revealed the importance of π/π interactions in regio- and stereoselectivity of cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Mazandaran
- 47416 Babolsar
- Iran
| | - Zahra Aghaei
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Mazandaran
- 47416 Babolsar
- Iran
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30
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Belding L, Taimoory SM, Dudding T. Mirroring Enzymes: The Role of Hydrogen Bonding in an Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Aza-Henry Reaction—a DFT Study. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501062u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Belding
- Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | - Travis Dudding
- Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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31
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Chemouri H, Mekelleche SM. On the importance of hydrogen bonding in the promotion of Diels–Alder reactions of unactivated aldehydes: a computational study. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.846485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Sáez JA, Mekelleche SM. Understanding the mechanism of the Povarov reaction. A DFT study. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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33
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Sarotti AM. Unraveling polar Diels–Alder reactions with conceptual DFT analysis and the distortion/interaction model. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:187-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Chandraprakash K, Sankaran M, Uvarani C, Shankar R, Ata A, Dallemer F, Mohan PS. A strategic approach to the synthesis of novel class of dispiroheterocyclic derivatives through 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide with (E)-3-arylidene-2,3-dihydro-8-nitro-4-quinolone. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Domingo LR, Pérez P, Sáez JA. Understanding C–C bond formation in polar reactions. An ELF analysis of the Friedel–Crafts reaction between indoles and nitroolefins. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40929e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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Sarrafi Y, Hamzehloueian M, Alimohammadi K, Yeganegi S. Experimental and theoretical approaches to [1,5]-prototropic generation of an azomethine ylide and a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for novel spiropyrrolidine oxindoles synthesis. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Mancini PM, Ormachea CM, Della Rosa CD, Kneeteman MN, Suarez AG, Domingo LR. Ionic liquids and microwave irradiation as synergistic combination for polar Diels–Alder reactions using properly substituted heterocycles as dienophiles. A DFT study related. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Sunoj RB, Anand M. Microsolvated transition state models for improved insight into chemical properties and reaction mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12715-36. [PMID: 22893252 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, several methods have been developed to effectively represent the chemical behavior of solutes in solvents. The environmental effects arising due to solvation can generally be achieved either through inclusion of discrete solvent molecules or by inscribing into a cavity in a homogeneous and continuum dielectric medium. In both these approaches of computational origin, the perturbations on the solute induced by the surrounding solvent are at the focus of the problem. While the rigor and method of inclusion of solvent effects vary, such solvation models have found widespread applications, as evident from modern chemical literature. A hybrid method, commonly referred to as cluster-continuum model (CCM), brings together the key advantages of discrete and continuum models. In this perspective, we intend to highlight the latent potential of CCM toward obtaining accurate estimates on a number of properties as well as reactions of contemporary significance. The objective has generally been achieved by choosing illustrative examples from the literature, besides expending efforts to bring out the complementary advantages of CCM as compared to continuum or discrete solvation models. The majority of examples emanate from the prevalent applications of CCM to organic reactions, although a handful of interesting organometallic reactions have also been discussed. In addition, increasingly accurate computations of properties like pK(a) and solvation of ions obtained using the CCM protocol are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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39
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González-Navarrete P, Domingo LR, Andrés J, Berski S, Silvi B. Electronic fluxes during diels-alder reactions involving 1,2-benzoquinones: mechanistic insights from the analysis of electron localization function and catastrophe theory. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:2400-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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40
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Linder M, Brinck T. Stepwise Diels-Alder: more than just an oddity? A computational mechanistic study. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6563-73. [PMID: 22780581 DOI: 10.1021/jo301176t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have employed hybrid DFT and SCS-MP2 calculations at the SMD-PCM-6-311++G(2d,2p)//6-31+G(d) level to investigate the relationship between three possible channels for forming a Diels-Alder adduct from a highly nucleophilic diene and moderately to highly electrophilic dienophiles. We discuss geometries optimized using the B3LYP and M06-2X functionals with the 6-31+(d) basis set. The transition states and intermediates are characterized on the basis of geometric and electronic properties, and we also address the possibility of predicting detectability of a zwitterionic intermediate based on its relative stability. Our results show that a conventional Diels-Alder transition state conformation yields intermediates in all four investigated cases, but that these are too short-lived to be detected experimentally for the less activated reactants. The stepwise trans pathway, beginning with a conjugate addition-like transition state, becomes increasingly competitive with more activated reactants and is indeed favored for the most electrophilic dienophiles. Addition of a trans diene leads to a dead-end as the trans intermediates have insurmountable rotation barriers that prohibit formation of the second bond, unless another, heterocyclic intermediate is formed. We also show that introduction of a hydrogen bond donating catalyst favors a stepwise pathway even for less activated dienophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Linder
- Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm
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41
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Pérez P, Sáez JA. Understanding the origin of the asynchronicity in bond-formation in polar cycloaddition reactions. A DFT study of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of carbonyl ylides with 1,2-benzoquinones. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00717c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Rosa CD, Ormachea C, Kneeteman MN, Adam C, Mancini PM. Diels–Alder reactions of N-tosylpirroles developed in protic ionic liquids. Theoretical studies using DFT methods. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Linder M, Johansson AJ, Brinck T. Mechanistic Insights into the Stepwise Diels–Alder Reaction of 4,6-Dinitrobenzofuroxan. Org Lett 2011; 14:118-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202913w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Linder
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm
| | - Adam Johannes Johansson
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm
| | - Tore Brinck
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm
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44
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CHEMOURI H, MEKELLECHE SM. AN ANALYSIS OF THE REGIOSELECTIVITY IN HETERO DIELS–ALDER REACTIONS USING DFT-BASED REACTIVITY INDEXES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633606002210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The regioselectivity of hetero Diels–Alder reactions (HDA) of 2-azabutadiene with aldehydes has been elucidated by means of Gazquez–Mendez rules, which are based on the calculation of local softnesses of the four terminal atoms involved in cyclization. The theoretical results obtained with the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method confirm the regioselectivities observed experimentally for all substituents ( R = H , CH 3, CN ) present in the aldehyde reactant. The regioselectivities of these HDA reactions have been confirmed by the calculation of the activation barriers corresponding to the two cyclization modes, and also by the application of the Houk rule and the maximum hardness principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. CHEMOURI
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université A. Belkaïd, B. P. 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
| | - S. M. MEKELLECHE
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université A. Belkaïd, B. P. 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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46
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Benchouk W, Mekelleche SM, Silvi B, Aurell MJ, Domingo LR. Understanding the kinetic solvent effects on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile N-oxide: a DFT study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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An experimental and theoretical investigation of the regio- and stereoselectivity of the polar [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to nitrostyrenes. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Wei D, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Sun D, Zhang W, Tang M. A DFT study on enantioselective synthesis of aza-β-lactams via NHC-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes with diazenedicarboxylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Cao X, Qin S, Su Z, Yang H, Hu C, Feng X. Theoretical Study on Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction of Butadiene with Benzaldehyde Catalyzed by Chiral InIII Complexes. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Su Z, Qin S, Hu C, Feng X. Theoretical Investigations on the Mechanism of Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Brassard’s Diene and 1, 3-Butadiene Catalyzed by a Tridentate Schiff Base Titanium(IV) Complex. Chemistry 2010; 16:4359-67. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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