1
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Le BQG, Doan TLH. Trend in biodegradable porous nanomaterials for anticancer drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1874. [PMID: 36597015 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biodegradable nanomaterials have exhibited remarkable promise for drug administration to tumors due to their high drug-loading capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and clearance. This review will discuss and summarize the trends in utilizing biodegradable nanomaterials for anticancer drug delivery, including biodegradable periodic mesoporous organosilicas (BPMOs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The distinct structure and features of BPMOs and MOFs will be initially evaluated, as well as their use as delivery vehicles for anticancer drug delivery applications. Then, the themes for the development of each material will be utilized to illustrate their drug delivery performance. Finally, the current obstacles and potential for future development as efficient drug delivery systems will be thoroughly reviewed. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Quang Gia Le
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tan Le Hoang Doan
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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2
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Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Santra S, Majee A, Varaksin MV, Charushin VN. Folic Acid Antimetabolites (Antifolates): A Brief Review on Synthetic Strategies and Application Opportunities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196229. [PMID: 36234766 PMCID: PMC9573478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites of folic acid represent a large group of drugs and drug candidates, including those for cancer chemotherapy. In this current review, the most common methods and approaches are presented for the synthesis of therapeutically significant antimetabolites of folic acid, which are Methotrexate (MTX), Raltitrexed (Tomudex, ZD1694), Pralatrexate, Pemetrexed, TNP-351, and Lometrexol. In addition, the applications or uses of these folic acid antimetabolites are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. Kovalev
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: or (G.V.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
- Correspondence: or (G.V.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Mikhail V. Varaksin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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3
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Gulati S, John SE, Shankaraiah N. Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:819-865. [PMID: 33968258 PMCID: PMC8077743 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted (MWA) multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have successfully emerged as one of the useful tools in the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles. These reactions are strategically employed for the generation of a variety of heterocycles along with multiple point diversifications. Over the last few decades classical MCRs such as Ugi, Biginelli, etc. have witnessed enhanced yield and efficiency with microwave assistance. The highlights of MWA-MCRs are high yields, reduced reaction time, selectivity, atom economy and simpler purification techniques, such an approach can accelerate the drug discovery process. The present review focuses on the recent advances in MWA-MCRs and their mechanistic insights over the past decade and shed light on its advantage over the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gulati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
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4
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Wang S, Yuan XH, Wang SQ, Zhao W, Chen XB, Yu B. FDA-approved pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles for cancer therapy: Synthesis and clinical application. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113218. [PMID: 33540357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the development of anticancer agents over the past few decades, and a lot of new anticancer agents from natural and synthetic sources have been produced. Among heterocyclic compounds, pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles possess a variety of biological activities such as anticancer, antiviral, etc. To date, 147 pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles have been approved for clinical assessment or are currently being used in clinic, 57 of which have been approved by FDA for clinical treatment of various diseases, and 22 of them are being used in the clinic for the treatment of different cancers. As the potentially privileged scaffolds, pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles may be used to discover new drugs with similar biological targets and improved therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the anticancer applications and synthetic routes of 22 approved pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocyclic drugs in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Han Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Cancer Institute, NO.127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Wen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Cancer Institute, NO.127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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5
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Three‐component reaction for synthesis of
2‐amino
‐6‐aryl‐5‐(phenylamino)‐3,
7‐dihydro‐4
H
‐pyrrolo[2,3‐
d
]pyrimidin‐4‐one derivatives in water. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Abstract
This review describes the non-exhaustive scenery of the synthesis of various
biologically interesting pyrimidine annulated five-membered heterocyclic ring systems
that have been appeared in the literature during the last two decades. During this period,
different synthetic routes and various methodologies have been developed for the functionalization
of pyrimidine ring towards the construction of five-membered heterocyclic
rings. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the assorted methodologies that
have been reported about the chemistry of construction of pyrimidines annulated nitrogen,
oxygen and sulphur containing five-membered heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, 713304, Rishra, West Bangal, India
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7
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Wang K, Wang QQ, Wang MN, Xing S, Zhu B, Zhang ZH. Supramolecular Amphiphilic Assembly Formed by the Complexation of Calixpyridinium with Alimta. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9020-9028. [PMID: 31203624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the host-guest interaction between calixpyridinium and anionic anticancer drug Alimta was studied in aqueous media. Spherical supramolecular amphiphilic assembly rather than simple complex was accidentally fabricated by the complexation of calixpyridinium with Alimta. It is the third kind of anionic guest to be discovered to form the higher-order assembly by the complexation of calixpyridinium besides polyanionic guest and anionic gemini surfactant guest. The finding of this assembly approach supplies a new idea to construct various self-assembly architectures in water via the complexation of calixpyridinium with anionic drugs. The resulting calixpyridinium-drug assemblies may also have the potential to adjust the effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Binshuixi Road 393 , Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Qi-Qi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Binshuixi Road 393 , Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Mi-Ni Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Binshuixi Road 393 , Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Binshuixi Road 393 , Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Binshuixi Road 393 , Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Ze-Hao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Binshuixi Road 393 , Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387 , China
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8
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Chopra N, Chopra G, Kaur D. Exploring the Role of Consecutive Addition of Nitrogen Atoms on Stability and Reactivity of Hydrogen-Bonded Azine-Water Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8112-8121. [PMID: 31459902 PMCID: PMC6648882 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and density functional theory with dispersion function calculations have been applied to investigate the hydrogen-bonding interaction between azines and water. The study suggests that the ability of nitrogen present in azine to act as a hydrogen-bond acceptor decreases in the order of pyridine (PY) > diazine (DZ) > triazine (TZ) > tetrazine (TTZ) > pentazine (PZ) > hexazine (HZ). Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, atoms in molecules, symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT), and molecular electrostatic potential studies reflect the factors important for hydrogen-bond strength as well as for the structural, electronic, and vibrational changes occurring during complexation. NBO analysis reflects that upon gradual addition of nitrogen atoms, hyperconjugation leads to an increase in the population of antibonding O-H bond, thus causing elongation and weakening of O-H bond in complexes incorporating N···H-OW interaction, whereas rehybridization leads to an increase in the s character of the carbon hybrid orbital in C-H bond, thus causing contraction and shortening of C-H bond in complexes having C-H···OW interactions. From the topological analysis, an excellent linear correlation is found to exist between stabilization energy (ΔE BSSE), electron density (ρc), and its Laplacian (∇2ρc) at the bond critical points.
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9
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Gad SF, El-Demerdash SH, El-Mehasseb IM, El-Nahas AM. Structure, stability and conversions of tautomers and rotamers of azulene-based uracil analogue. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Ahmadi Sabegh M, Khalafy J, Etivand N. One-pot, Three-component Synthesis of a Series of New Bis-pyrrolo[2,3- d
]pyrimidines in the Presence of TPAB under Reflux Conditions. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ahmadi Sabegh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Jabbar Khalafy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Nasser Etivand
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
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11
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Kapil S, Singh PK, Silakari O. An update on small molecule strategies targeting leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:339-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Man Y, Liu B. Progress in Total Syntheses of Anti-malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Compounds. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Man
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 China
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13
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Xie Y, Ma X, Liu X, Long Q, Wang Y, Yao Y, Cai Q. Carrier-Free Microspheres of an Anti-Cancer Drug Synthesized via a Sodium Catalyst for Controlled-Release Drug Delivery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E281. [PMID: 29439458 PMCID: PMC5848978 DOI: 10.3390/ma11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are several challenges involved in the development of effective anti-cancer drugs, including accurate drug delivery without toxic side effects. Possible systemic toxicity and the rapid biodegradation of drug carriers are potential risks in the use of carriers for drug-delivery formulations. Therefore, the carrier-free drug delivery of an anti-cancer drug is desirable. Herein, 4-amino-2-benzyl-6-methylpyrimidine (ABMP) was synthesized via a new method using a sodium catalyst, and proved to be effective in inducing breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) apoptosis. Moreover, the transparent amorphous state solid of ABMP was demonstrated to have a slow-release property in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Microspheres of ABMP were prepared with diameters in the range of 5-15 μm. The slow-release property of the ABMP microspheres indicated their potential use for controlled-release drug delivery. We believe that microspheres of ABMP have potential as a new kind of carrier-free anti-cancer drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Southern China Branch, Sinopec Commercial Holding Company Limited, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Xujie Liu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qingming Long
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Youwei Yao
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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14
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Bayat M, Nasri S. Synthesis and dynamic 1 H NMR study of pyrazolo substituted pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidines via a regioselective heterocyclization. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Antineoplastic Drug Loading and Delivery. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4040087. [PMID: 29168760 PMCID: PMC5750611 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells are a population of undifferentiated multipotent adult cells possessing extensive self-renewal properties and the potential to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal lineage cells. They express broad anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity on the immune system and after transplantation can interact with the surrounding microenvironment, promoting tissue healing and regeneration. For this reason, mesenchymal stromal cells have been widely used in regenerative medicine, both in preclinical and clinical settings. Another clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells is the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to neoplastic cells, maximizing the cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and minimizing collateral damage to non-neoplastic tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are home to the stroma of several primary and metastatic neoplasms and hence can be used as vectors for targeted delivery of antineoplastic drugs to the tumour microenvironment, thereby reducing systemic toxicity and maximizing antitumour effects. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine are the chemotherapeutic drugs best loaded by mesenchymal stromal cells and delivered to neoplastic cells, whereas other agents, like pemetrexed, are not internalized by mesenchymal stromal cells and therefore are not suitable for advanced antineoplastic therapy. This review focuses on the state of the art of advanced antineoplastic cell therapy and its future perspectives, emphasizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical results and future clinical applications.
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16
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Whitehead A, Zhang Y, McCabe Dunn J, Sherer EC, Lam YH, Stelmach J, Sun A, Shiroda M, Orr RK, Waddell ST, Raghavan S. Selective Formation of Functionalized α-Quaternary Malononitriles toward 5,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolopyrimidinones. Org Lett 2017; 19:4448-4451. [PMID: 28812897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A modular, selective approach to complex α-tertiary substituted malononitriles is reported. The method takes advantage of β-ester-substituted α,α-dinitrile alkenes as highly reactive, chemoselective electrophiles for 1,4-additions with organometallic nucleophiles to produce functionally and sterically dense all-carbon quaternary centers. In the presence of a chiral ester auxiliary bearing an aromatic ring, the 1,4-addition occurs with good to excellent selectivity due to favorable cation-π interactions. The highly functionalized malononitriles represent versatile building blocks and can be applied toward efficient, highly selective syntheses of 5,5-disubstituted pyrrolopyrimidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Whitehead
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | - John Stelmach
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aaron Sun
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Melisa Shiroda
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Sherman T Waddell
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Subharekha Raghavan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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17
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Bayat M, Nasri S. A catalyst-free approach to regioselective synthesis of multi-functional 1 H -pyrrolo[1,2- a ]fused[1,3]diazaheterocycle using ketene dithioacetals in water–ethanol media. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Selvakumar B, Elango KP. Synthesis of Non-Glutamate-Type Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidines via Direct Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Solid Co 2(CO) 8 as a CO Source and Their Antibacterial Activity. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14894997017658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives by direct aminocarbonylation was demonstrated using solid Co2(CO)8 as a CO source in an autoclave at elevated temperature by reacting an aryl halide scaffold with a variety of amines. Using this method, 12 non-glutamate-type pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues were prepared. Some compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Selvakumar
- Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore 560 099, India
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
| | - Kuppanagounder P. Elango
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
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19
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Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Moradian M, Dadkhah-Tehrani S. A Practical One-Pot Electrochemical Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-b]indole Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Saikia L, Roudragouda P, Thakur AJ. A one pot, two-step synthesis of 5-arylpyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidines and screening of their preliminary antibacterial properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:992-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Dhimitruka I, Eubank TD, Gross AC, Khramtsov VV. New class of 8-aryl-7-deazaguanine cell permeable fluorescent probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4593-6. [PMID: 26320620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A one step synthesis of fluorescent 8-aryl-(7-deazaguanines) has been accomplished. Probes exhibit blue to green high quantum yield fluorescence in a variety of organic and aqueous solutions, high extinction coefficients, and large Stokes shifts often above 100 nm. The probes are highly cell permeable, and exhibit stable bright fluorescence once intracellular; therefore are suited to the design of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Timothy D Eubank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Health Sciences, Morgantown, VW 26506, United States
| | - Amy C Gross
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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22
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Qi H, Wen J, Li L, Bai R, Chen L, Wang D. An Efficient Synthesis of Pemetrexed Disodium. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - L. Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - R. Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - L. Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - D. Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
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23
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Ballini R, Petrini M. The Nitro to Carbonyl Conversion (Nef Reaction): New Perspectives for a Classical Transformation. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the impurities of pemetrexed disodium, an anticancer drug. Molecules 2015; 20:10004-31. [PMID: 26035100 PMCID: PMC6272243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A physicochemical characterization of the process-related impurities associated with the synthesis of pemetrexed disodium was performed. The possibility of pemetrexed impurities forming has been mentioned in literature, but no study on their structure has been published yet. This paper describes the development of the synthesis methods for these compounds and discusses their structure elucidation on the basis of two-dimensional NMR experiments and MS data. The identification of these impurities should be useful for the quality control during the production of the pemetrexed disodium salt.
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Prieur V, Heindler N, Rubio-Martínez J, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. One-pot synthesis of 4-aminated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines from alkynylpyrimidines under metal-catalyst-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Li WK, Liu ZS, He L, Kang TR, Liu QZ. Enantioselective Cycloadditions of Vinyl Cyclopropanes and Nitroolefins for Functionally and Optically Enriched Nitrocyclopentanes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Khalaf A, Huggan JK, Suckling CJ, Gibson C, Stewart K, Giordani F, Barrett MP, Wong PE, Barrack KL, Hunter WN. Structure-based design and synthesis of antiparasitic pyrrolopyrimidines targeting pteridine reductase 1. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6479-94. [PMID: 25007262 PMCID: PMC4136963 DOI: 10.1021/jm500483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis remains a major unmet health need in sub-Saharan Africa. Approaches involving new molecular targets are important; pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1), an enzyme that reduces dihydrobiopterin in Trypanosoma spp., has been identified as a candidate target, and it has been shown previously that substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are inhibitors of PTR1 from Trypanosoma brucei (J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 221-229). In this study, 61 new pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines have been prepared, designed with input from new crystal structures of 23 of these compounds complexed with PTR1, and evaluated in screens for enzyme inhibitory activity against PTR1 and in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. Eight compounds were sufficiently active in both screens to take forward to in vivo evaluation. Thus, although evidence for trypanocidal activity in a stage I disease model in mice was obtained, the compounds were too toxic to mice for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedawn
I. Khalaf
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Judith K. Huggan
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Suckling
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, (C.J.S.) E-mail: ; Tel.: +44 141 548 2271
| | - Colin
L. Gibson
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Stewart
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Giordani
- Wellcome
Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome
Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom,(M.P.B.) E-mail: ; Tel.: +44 141 330 6904
| | - Pui Ee Wong
- Wellcome
Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Keri L. Barrack
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United
Kingdom
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United
Kingdom,(W.N.H.) E-mail: ; Tel.: +44 1382 385745
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28
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Venkata Rao K, Raghu Prasad M, Raghuram Rao A. Facile Methods for the Synthesis of 5-Aryl and 5-Iodo Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Venkata Rao
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division; University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - M. Raghu Prasad
- Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram; West Godavari Dist. A.P 534 202 India
| | - A. Raghuram Rao
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division; University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University; Warangal 510009 India
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Prieur V, Rubio-Martínez J, Font-Bardia M, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Naidu PS, Bhuyan PJ. A novel one-pot three-component reaction for the synthesis of 5-arylamino-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines under microwave irradiation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Sharma M, Bhuyan PJ. A mild process of carbon–carbon bond formation in aqueous medium: synthesis of bis(pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl)methanes, a novel class of compounds. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Hao BY, Liu JQ, Zhang WH, Chen XZ. Chiral Pool Synthesis of N-Cbz-cis-(3R,4R)-3-methylamino-4-methylpiperidine from L-Malic acid. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.5.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Indumathi T, Muthusankar A, Shanmughavel P, Prasad KJR. Synthesis of hetero annulated carbazoles: exploration of in vitro cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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An efficient and facile synthesis of inhibitors for hepatitis C viral and anti-SARS agents: 4-aryl-5-cyano-1,6-dihydro-2-thiouracils. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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A short and efficient synthetic protocol for the synthesis of 5-substituted-4,6-dioxo-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Sondhi SM, Rani R, Roy P, Agrawal SK, Saxena AK. Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity evaluation of some heterocyclic amidine and bis-amidine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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MacDonald FK, Carneiro KM, Pottie IR. The first example of trimethylsilyl methylenenitronate reacting with aldehydes under an apparent Mukaiyama nitro-aldol reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Ni CY, Kan SS, Liu QZ, Kang TR. Diastereoselective and enantioselective capture of chiral zinc enolate using nitroolefins: a rapid access to chiral γ-nitro carbonyl compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6211-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05903c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Tulloch LB, Martini VP, Iulek J, Huggan JK, Lee JH, Gibson CL, Smith TK, Suckling CJ, Hunter WN. Structure-based design of pteridine reductase inhibitors targeting African sleeping sickness and the leishmaniases. J Med Chem 2010; 53:221-9. [PMID: 19916554 PMCID: PMC2804273 DOI: 10.1021/jm901059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Pteridine reductase (PTR1) is a target for drug development against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, parasites that cause serious tropical diseases and for which therapies are inadequate. We adopted a structure-based approach to the design of novel PTR1 inhibitors based on three molecular scaffolds. A series of compounds, most newly synthesized, were identified as inhibitors with PTR1-species specific properties explained by structural differences between the T. brucei and L. major enzymes. The most potent inhibitors target T. brucei PTR1, and two compounds displayed antiparasite activity against the bloodstream form of the parasite. PTR1 contributes to antifolate drug resistance by providing a molecular bypass of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition. Therefore, combining PTR1 and DHFR inhibitors might improve therapeutic efficacy. We tested two new compounds with known DHFR inhibitors. A synergistic effect was observed for one particular combination highlighting the potential of such an approach for treatment of African sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Tulloch
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK
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Gibson CL, Huggan JK, Kennedy A, Kiefer L, Lee JH, Suckling CJ, Clements C, Harvey AL, Hunter WN, Tulloch LB. Diversity oriented syntheses of fused pyrimidines designed as potential antifolates. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1829-42. [PMID: 19590778 DOI: 10.1039/b818339b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diversity oriented syntheses of some furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines related to folate, guanine, and diaminopyrimidine-containing drugs have been developed for the preparation of potential anti-infective and anticancer compounds. Amide couplings and Suzuki couplings on the basic heterocyclic templates were used, in the latter case yields being especially high using aromatic trifluoroborates as the coupling partner. A new ring synthesis of 6-aryl-substituted deazaguanines bearing 2-alkylthio groups has been developed using Michael addition of substituted nitrostyrenes. Diversity at C-2 has been introduced by oxidation and substitution with a range of amino nucleophiles. The chemical reactivity of these pyrrolopyrimidines with respect to both electrophilic substitution in ring synthesis and nucleophilic substitution for diversity is discussed. Several compounds were found to inhibit pteridine reductases from the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major at the micromolar level and to inhibit the growth of Trypanosma brucei brucei in cell culture at higher concentrations. From these results, significant structural features required for inhibition of this important drug target enzyme have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Gibson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
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41
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Yan LJ, Liu QZ, Wang XL. Novel chiral thioureas for highly enantioselective Michael reactions of malonates to nitroalkenes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Mao Z, Xu Y, Yu M, Long Y, Wu H. Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Analogues: “Pyridine Ring” Analogues of Pemetrexed. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Gangjee A, Yang J, Queener SF. Novel non-classical C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and as anti-opportunistic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8341-51. [PMID: 17010625 PMCID: PMC3850751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six novel C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 18-23 were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and as anti-opportunistic agents. These compounds represent the only examples of 9-methyl substitution in the carbon-carbon bridge of 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. The analogs 18-23 were synthesized in a concise eight-step procedure starting from the appropriate commercially available aromatic methyl ketones. The key step involved a Michael addition reaction of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine to the appropriate 1-nitroalkene, followed by ring closure of the nitro adducts via a Nef reaction. The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of DHFR from Pneumocystis carinii (pc), Toxoplasma gondii (tg), Mycobacterium avium (ma) and rat liver (rl). The biological result indicated that some of these analogs are potent inhibitors of DHFR and some have selectivity for pathogen DHFR. Compound 23 was a two digit nanomolar inhibitor of tgDHFR with 9.6-fold selectivity for tgDHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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44
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45
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Chapter 6.2 Six-membered ring systems: Diazines and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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