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Galeotti M, Lee W, Sisti S, Casciotti M, Salamone M, Houk KN, Bietti M. Radical and Cationic Pathways in C( sp3)-H Bond Oxygenation by Dioxiranes of Bicyclic and Spirocyclic Hydrocarbons Bearing Cyclopropane Moieties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24021-24034. [PMID: 37874906 PMCID: PMC10636757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A product and DFT computational study on the reactions of 3-ethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETFDO) with bicyclic and spirocyclic hydrocarbons bearing cyclopropyl groups was carried out. With bicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes (n = 3-6), diastereoselective formation of the alcohol product derived from C2-H bond hydroxylation was observed, accompanied by smaller amounts of products derived from oxygenation at other sites. With 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, rearranged products were also observed in addition to the unrearranged products deriving from oxygenation at the most activated C2-H and C5-H bonds. With spiro[2.5]octane and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane, reaction with ETFDO occurred predominantly or exclusively at the axial C4-H to give unrearranged oxygenation products, accompanied by smaller amounts of rearranged bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-1-ols. The good to outstanding site-selectivities and diastereoselectivities are paralleled by the calculated activation free energies for the corresponding reaction pathways. Computations show that the σ* orbitals of the bicyclo[n.1.0]alkane cis or trans C2-H bonds and spiro[2.5]octanes axial C4-H bond hyperconjugatively interact with the Walsh orbitals of the cyclopropane ring, activating these bonds toward HAT to ETFDO. The detection of rearranged oxygenation products in the oxidation of 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, spiro[2.5]octane, and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane provides unambiguous evidence for the involvement of cationic intermediates in these reactions, representing the first examples on the operation of ET pathways in dioxirane-mediated C(sp3)-H bond oxygenations. Computations support these findings, showing that formation of cationic intermediates is associated with specific stabilizing hyperconjugative interactions between the incipient carbon radical and the cyclopropane C-C bonding orbitals that trigger ET to the incipient dioxirane derived 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-butoxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Casciotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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2
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Galeotti M, Vicens L, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Resolving Oxygenation Pathways in Manganese-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Functionalization via Radical and Cationic Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7391-7401. [PMID: 35417154 PMCID: PMC9052745 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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The C(sp3)–H bond oxygenation of the cyclopropane-containing
mechanistic probes 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane and
spiro[2.5]octane with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by manganese complexes
bearing aminopyridine tetradentate ligands has been studied. Mixtures
of unrearranged and rearranged oxygenation products (alcohols, ketones,
and esters) are obtained, suggesting the involvement of cationic intermediates
and the contribution of different pathways following the initial hydrogen
atom transfer-based C–H bond cleavage step. Despite such a
complex mechanistic scenario, a judicious choice of the catalyst structure
and reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, and carboxylic acid)
could be employed to resolve these oxygenation pathways, leading,
with the former substrate, to conditions where a single unrearranged
or rearranged product is obtained in good isolated yield. Taken together,
the work demonstrates an unprecedented ability to precisely direct
the chemoselectivity of the C–H oxidation reaction, discriminating
among multiple pathways. In addition, these results conclusively demonstrate
that stereospecific C(sp3)–H oxidation can take
place via a cationic intermediate and that this path can become exclusive
in governing product formation, expanding the available toolbox of
aliphatic C–H bond oxygenations. The implications of these
findings are discussed in the framework of the development of synthetically
useful C–H functionalization procedures and the associated
mechanistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laia Vicens
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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3
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El-Assaad TH, Zhu J, Sebastian A, McGrath DV, Neogi I, Parida KN. Dioxiranes: A Half-Century Journey. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dioxiranes are multi-tasking reagents inheriting mild and selective oxygen transfer attributes. These oxidants are accessed from the reaction of ketones with an oxidant and are employed stoichiometrically or catalytically (in...
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Griffin JD, Vogt DB, Du Bois J, Sigman MS. Mechanistic Guidance Leads to Enhanced Site-Selectivity in C–H Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Ruthenium bis(Bipyridine) Complexes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - David B. Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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5
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Direct oxidative functionalization of saturated dispiro-cyclopropanated bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Andriasov KS, Sedenkova KN, Eremenko MG, Gloriosov IP, Grishin YK, Kuznetsova TS, Averina EB. Direct oxidative functionalization of saturated dispiro-cyclopropanated bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rana S, Biswas JP, Paul S, Paik A, Maiti D. Organic synthesis with the most abundant transition metal–iron: from rust to multitasking catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:243-472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promising aspects of iron in synthetic chemistry are being explored for three-four decades as a green and eco-friendly alternative to late transition metals. This present review unveils these rich iron-chemistry towards different transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | | | - Sabarni Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Aniruddha Paik
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI)
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9
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McManus JB, Griffin JD, White AR, Nicewicz DA. Homobenzylic Oxygenation Enabled by Dual Organic Photoredox and Cobalt Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10325-10330. [PMID: 32459471 PMCID: PMC7476681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds in the presence of more activated benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds is often a nontrivial, if not impossible task. Herein we show that leveraging the reactivity of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds to achieve reactivity at the homobenzylic position can be accomplished using dual organic photoredox/cobalt catalysis. Through a two-part catalytic system, alkyl arenes undergo dehydrogenation followed by an anti-Markovnikov Wacker-type oxidation to grant benzyl ketone products. This formal homobenzylic oxidation is accomplished with high atom economy without the use of directing groups, achieving valuable reactivity that traditionally would require multiple chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B McManus
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeremy D Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alexander R White
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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10
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D'Accolti L, Annese C, Fusco C. Continued Progress towards Efficient Functionalization of Natural and Non-natural Targets under Mild Conditions: Oxygenation by C-H Bond Activation with Dioxirane. Chemistry 2019; 25:12003-12017. [PMID: 31150563 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The successful isolation and characterization of a dioxirane species in 1988 opened up one of the most attractive methods for the efficient oxidation of simple and/or structurally complex molecules. Dioxirane today rank among the most powerful tools in organic chemistry, with numerous applications in commercially important processes. They were quickly recognized as efficient oxygen transfer agents, especially for epoxidations and for a wide range of O-insertion reactions into C-H bonds. Dioxirane possess catalytic activity and appear as highly (chemo-, regio-, and stereo-) selective oxidants, despite their reactivity under mild and strictly neutral conditions being controlled by a combination of steric and electronic factors. In this review, we discuss some of the most recent and significant developments in the selective homogeneous and heterogeneous oxyfunctionalization of non-activated C-H bonds in hydrocarbons of natural and non-natural targets by using isolated dioxirane or, more generally, by using the ketones (i.e., the dioxirane precursors) as organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D'Accolti
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Annese
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Council of Research of Italy, CNR-ICCOM, SS Bari, Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusco
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Council of Research of Italy, CNR-ICCOM, SS Bari, Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Bari, Italy
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11
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Abstract
The atomistic change of C( sp3)-H to C( sp3)-O can have a profound impact on the physical and biological properties of small molecules. Traditionally, chemical synthesis has relied on pre-existing functionality to install new functionality, and directed approaches to C-H oxidation are an extension of this logic. The impact of developing undirected C-H oxidation reactions with controlled site-selectivity is that scientists gain the ability to diversify complex structures at sites remote from existing functionality, without having to carry out individual de novo syntheses. This Perspective offers a historical view of why, as recently as 2007, it was thought that the differences between aliphatic C-H bonds of the same bond type (for example, 2° aliphatic) were not large enough to distinguish them preparatively with small-molecule catalysis in the absence of directing groups or molecular recognition elements. We give an account of the discovery of Fe(PDP)-catalyzed non-directed aliphatic C-H hydroxylations and how the electronic, steric, and stereoelectronic rules for predicting site-selectivity that emerged have affected a shift in how the chemical community views the reactivity among these bonds. The discovery that site-selectivity could be altered by tuning the catalyst [i.e., Fe(CF3-PDP)] with no changes to the substrate or reaction now gives scientists the ability to exert control on the site of oxidation on a range of functionally and topologically diverse compounds. Collectively, these findings have made possible the emerging area of late-stage C-H functionalizations for streamlining synthesis and derivatizing complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Christina White
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois
at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois
at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Sedenkova KN, Andriasov KS, Stepanova SA, Gloriozov IP, Grishin YK, Kuznetsova TS, Averina EB. Direct Oxidation of Cyclopropanated Cyclooctanes as a Synthetic Approach to Polycyclic Cyclopropyl Ketones. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya N. Sedenkova
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds RAS; Severnyi Proezd 1 142432 Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russian Federation
| | - Kristian S. Andriasov
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A. Stepanova
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Igor P. Gloriozov
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yuri K. Grishin
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Tamara S. Kuznetsova
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Elena B. Averina
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds RAS; Severnyi Proezd 1 142432 Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russian Federation
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13
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Sedenkova KN, Averina EB, Grishin YK, Andriasov KS, Stepanova SA, Roznyatovsky VA, Kutateladze AG, Rybakov VB, Albov DV, Kuznetsova TS, Zefirov NS. Beyond the Dimer and Trimer: Tetraspiro[2.1.2(5).1.2(9).1.2(13).1(3)] hexadecane-1,3,5,7-tetraone--the Cyclic Tetramer of Carbonylcyclopropane. Chemistry 2016; 22:3996-9. [PMID: 26762227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspiro[2.1.2(5).1.2(9).1.2(13).1(3)]hexadecane-1,3,5,7-tetraone 4, a unique tetraketone containing a cyclooctane core and four spiroannelated cyclopropane moieties, represents the previously unknown cyclotetramer of carbonylcyclopropane. For this purpose oxidation of the parent polyspirocyclic hydrocarbon was examined under various oxidative conditions, and the reactivity of oxidants towards methylene groups of the eight-membered cycle, activated by adjacent spirocyclopropane rings, was evaluated and contrasted. Whereas the treatment of tetraspirohexadecane with ozone resulted in monooxidation, its reaction with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane afforded the product of four-fold oxidation, triketoalcohol 10. Subsequent oxidation of the latter with Dess-Martin periodinane gave the target tetraketone 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya N Sedenkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena B Averina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri K Grishin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kristian S Andriasov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Stepanova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly A Roznyatovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei G Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA.
| | - Victor B Rybakov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Albov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tamara S Kuznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay S Zefirov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Abstract
The total synthesis of racemic maoecrystal V has been accomplished. Key steps include an intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization to rapidly construct the core system from simple starting materials and the creation of the A-C ring trans-fusion through intramolecular delivery of a hydrogen to the hindered β-face of the ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. If C-H bonds could talk: selective C-H bond oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3362-74. [PMID: 21413105 PMCID: PMC3980681 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1065] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxidation has a long history and an ongoing presence in research at the forefront of chemistry and interrelated fields. As such, numerous highly useful articles and reviews have been written on this subject. Logically, these are generally written from the perspective of the scope and limitations of the reagents employed. This Minireview instead attempts to emphasize chemoselectivity imposed by the nature of the substrate. Consequently, many landmark discoveries in the field of C-H oxidation are not discussed, but hopefully the perspective taken herein will allow C-H oxidation reactions to be more readily incorporated into synthetic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. Wenn C-H-Bindungen sprechen könnten - selektive Oxidationen von C-H-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baumstark AL, Vasquez PC, Cunningham M, Leggett-Robinson PM. The oxidation of secondary alcohols by dimethyldioxirane: re-examination of kinetic isotope effects. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2010.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Mello R, Royo J, Andreu C, Báguena-Añó M, Asensio G, González-Núñez ME. On the Reactivity of C(sp3)–H σ-Bonds: Oxygenation with Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Grabovskiy SA, Antipin AV, Ivanova EV, Dokichev VA, Tomilov YV, Kabal'nova NN. Oxidation of some cage hydrocarbons by dioxiranes. Nature of the transition structure for the reaction of C-H bonds with dimethyldioxirane: a comparison of B3PW91 density functional theory with experiment. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2302-10. [PMID: 17609762 DOI: 10.1039/b707753j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl- (DMD) and methyl(trifluoromethyl)-dioxiranes were used for oxyfunctionalization of spiro{1',7-cyclopropan-(E)-2-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane} (), tricyclo[3.2.2.0(2,4)]nonane (), exo-endo-endo- () and exo-exo-exo- () heptacyclo[9.3.1.0(2,10).0(3,8).0(4,6).0(5,9).0(12,14)]pentadecane, yielding tertiary alcohols as the main products. The rate constants for oxidation of by DMD were measured and the Arrhenius parameters determined. The DFT theory (B3LYP and B3PW91) using restricted and unrestricted methods was employed to study the oxidation reaction of the C-H bond of cage hydrocarbons , adamantane, and acetone with DMD. The kinetic isotopic effect calculated using unrestricted methods agreed with experiment. The reaction mechanism in terms of the concerted oxygen insertion vs. the radical part is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Grabovskiy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia. ,
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de Meijere A, Kozhushkov SI, Schill H. Three-Membered-Ring-Based Molecular Architectures. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4926-96. [PMID: 17165680 DOI: 10.1021/cr0505369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin de Meijere
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Curci R, D'Accolti L, Fusco C. A novel approach to the efficient oxygenation of hydrocarbons under mild conditions. Superior oxo transfer selectivity using dioxiranes. Acc Chem Res 2006; 39:1-9. [PMID: 16411734 DOI: 10.1021/ar050163y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of efficient and general methods for the selective oxyfunctionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds continues to represent a major challenge for the community of chemists, despite the fact that the oxidation of alkanes is a major feature of the chemical economy. A low level of selectivity is characteristic of large-scale oxidation of hydrocarbons performed under customary industrial oxidizing conditions (e.g., the catalytic air oxidation of cycloalkanes); in these processes, selectivity is difficult to control, because they are often impacted by the usual problems associated with free-radical chain reactions. Thus, in the last decades much work has been devoted to the search for general methods of selective oxidation that could be applied to a variety of satured hydrocarbons. In this context, just a few leading methods appear encouraging at the present time. This Account addresses a new approach developed in our laboratory, consisting in the application of isolated dioxiranes, a class of powerful yet selective oxidants. We contend that the method shows promise to contribute resolution of a well-recognized general problem in the existing chemistry of alkanes, that is, to achieve efficient oxyfunctionalizations with high selectivity for simple as well as structurally complex targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Curci
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, v. Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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de Meijere A, Lee CH, Kuznetsov MA, Gusev DV, Kozhushkov SI, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR. Preparation and Reactivity of [D3d]-Octahedrane: The Most Stable (CH)12 Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2005; 11:6175-84. [PMID: 16075443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the (CH)12 hydrocarbon [D(3d)]-octahedrane (heptacyclo[6.4.0.0(2,4).0(3,7).0(5,12).0(6,10).0(9,11)]dodecane) 1 and its selective functionalization retaining the hydrocarbon cage is described. The B3LYP/6-311+G* strain energy of 1 is 83.7 kcal mol(-1) (4.7 kcal mol(-1) per C-C bond) which is significantly higher than that of the structurally related (CH)16 [D(4d)]-decahedrane 2 (75.4 kcal mol(-1); 3.1 kcal mol(-1) per C-C bond) and (CH)20 [I(h)]-dodecahedrane 3 (51.5 kcal mol(-1); 1.7 kcal mol(-1) per C-C bond); the heats of formation for 1-3 computed according to homodesmotic equations are 52, 35, and 4 kcal mol(-1). Catalytic hydrogenation of 1 leads to consecutive opening of the two cyclopropane rings to give C2-bisseco-octahedrane (pentacyclo[6.4.0.0(2,6).0(3,11).0(4,9)]dodecane) 16 as the major product. Although 1 is highly strained, its carbon skeleton is kinetically quite stable: Upon heating, 1 does not decompose until above 180 degrees C. The B3LYP/6-31G* barriers for the S(R)2 attack of the tBuO. and Br3C. radicals on a carbon atom of one of the cyclopropane fragments (Delta(298) = 27-28 kcal mol(-1)) are higher than those for hydrogen atom abstraction. The latter barriers are virtually identical for the abstraction from the C1-H and C2-H positions with the tBuO. radical (DeltaG(298) = 17.4 and 17.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively), but significantly different for the reaction at these positions with the Br3C. radical (DeltaG(298) = 18.8 and 21.0 kcal mol(-1)). These computational results agree well with experiments, in which the chlorination of 1 with tert-butyl hypochlorite gave a mixture of 1- and 2-chlorooctahedranes (ratio 3:2). The bromination with carbon tetrabromide under phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) conditions (nBu4NBr/NaOH) selectively gave 1-bromooctahedrane in 43 % isolated yield. For comparison, the PTC bromination was also applied to 2,4-dehydroadamantane yielding 54 % 7-bromo-2,4-dehydroadamantane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin de Meijere
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
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González-Núñez ME, Royo J, Mello R, Báguena M, Ferrer JM, Ramírez de Arellano C, Asensio G, Prakash GKS. Oxygenation of Alkane C−H Bonds with Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane: Effect of the Substituents and the Solvent on the Reaction Rate. J Org Chem 2005; 70:7919-24. [PMID: 16277311 DOI: 10.1021/jo0509511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Chemical reaction: See text] The mechanism of the oxygenation of alkane C-H bonds with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (1a) is studied through the effect of the substituent and solvent on the rate of oxygenation of 2-substituted adamantanes (2). The results suggest a remarkable electron deficiency at the reacting carbon atom in the transition state leading to the regular oxygenation products. The linearity of the Hammett plot reveals that the reaction mechanism does not change within a range of 0.15-0.67 units of sigma(I). A change in the solvent does not affect the distribution of the products, indicating a through-bond transmission of the substituent effect as the origin of the deactivation of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E González-Núñez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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D'Accolti L, Fusco C, Annese C, Rella MR, Turteltaub JS, Williard PG, Curci R. Concerning the Efficient Conversion of Epoxy Alcohols into Epoxy Ketones Using Dioxiranes. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8510-3. [PMID: 15549832 DOI: 10.1021/jo048816w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Representative epoxy alcohols are cleanly converted into the corresponding epoxy ketones in high yield by selective oxidation using dimethyldioxirane (1a) and its trifluoro analogue (1b) under mild conditions. The oxidation is found to take place leaving the configuration at the epoxy functionality unaffected. The direct oxyfunctionalization of simple cyclic epoxides with the powerful dioxirane 1b provides another attractive method to access epoxy ketones regioselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D'Accolti
- Dipartimento Chimica, Università di Bari, CNR-ICCOM, v. Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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