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Lorthioir O, Demanze S, Nassoy AC. Blue light enabled access to novel (hetero)aromatic bridged pyrrolidine alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Transfer of photochemistry from UV to visible: An expedient access to a bridged pyrrolidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Elliott LD, Kayal S, George MW, Booker-Milburn K. Rational Design of Triplet Sensitizers for the Transfer of Excited State Photochemistry from UV to Visible. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14947-14956. [PMID: 32786778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Time Dependent Density Functional Theory has been used to assist the design and synthesis of a series thioxanthone triplet sensitizers. Calculated energies of the triplet excited state (ET) informed both the type and position of auxochromes placed on the thioxanthone core, enabling fine-tuning of the UV-vis absorptions and associated triplet energies. The calculated results were highly consistent with experimental observation in both the order of the λmax and ET values. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their efficacies as triplet sensitizers in a variety of UV and visible light preparative photochemical reactions. The results of this study exceeded expectations; in particular [2 + 2] cycloaddition chemistry that had previously been sensitized in the UV was found to undergo cycloaddition at 455 nm (blue) with a 2- to 9-fold increase in productivity (g/h) relative to input power. This study demonstrates the ability of powerful modern computational methods to aid in the design of successful and productive triplet sensitized photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park,Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park,Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Kevin Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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4
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Otani Y, Park S, Ohwada T. Conformational preference of bicyclic β-amino acid dipeptides. Chirality 2020; 32:790-807. [PMID: 32239582 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bridged bicyclic amino acids have high potential applicability as self-organized, conformationally constrained synthetic building blocks that do not require assistance from hydrogen bond formation. We systematically investigated the intrinsic conformational propensities of dipeptides of bridged bicyclic β-amino acids by means of accelerated molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in methanol, chloroform, and water. While the main-chain conformation, represented by φ and θ values, is fixed by the nature of the bicyclic ring structure, rotation of the C-terminal carbonyl group (ψ) is also restricted, converging to one or two minima. In endo-type dipeptides, in which the two N- and C-terminal amides are spatially close to each other, the C-terminal amide plane is placed horizontally. In exo-type dipeptides, in which the two amides are on opposite sides of the ring plane, the C-terminal carbonyl group can take two types of positions: either parallel/antiparallel with the N-terminal carbonyl or beneath the bicyclic ring, forcing the amide NHMe moiety to lie outside of the ring. We also examined the cis-trans preference of model bicyclic amides. Although the parent amides exhibit cis-trans equilibrium without any preference, addition of a methyl group on one of the bridgehead positions tips the equilibrium towards trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seokhwi Park
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Moschner J, Stulberg V, Fernandes R, Huhmann S, Leppkes J, Koksch B. Approaches to Obtaining Fluorinated α-Amino Acids. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10718-10801. [PMID: 31436087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine does not belong to the pool of chemical elements that nature uses to build organic matter. However, chemists have exploited the unique properties of fluorine and produced countless fluoro-organic compounds without which our everyday lives would be unimaginable. The incorporation of fluorine into amino acids established a completely new class of amino acids and their properties, and those of the biopolymers constructed from them are extremely interesting. Increasing interest in this class of amino acids caused the demand for robust and stereoselective synthetic protocols that enable straightforward access to these building blocks. Herein, we present a comprehensive account of the literature in this field going back to 1995. We place special emphasis on a particular fluorination strategy. The four main sections describe fluorinated versions of alkyl, cyclic, aromatic amino acids, and also nickel-complexes to access them. We progress by one carbon unit increments. Special cases of amino acids for which there is no natural counterpart are described at the end of each section. Synthetic access to each of the amino acids is summarized in form of a table at the end of this article with the aim to make the information easily accessible to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Moschner
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rita Fernandes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jakob Leppkes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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6
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Levterov VV, Michurin O, Borysko PO, Zozulya S, Sadkova IV, Tolmachev AA, Mykhailiuk PK. Photochemical In-Flow Synthesis of 2,4-Methanopyrrolidines: Pyrrolidine Analogues with Improved Water Solubility and Reduced Lipophilicity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14350-14361. [PMID: 30358395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of 2,4-methanopyrrolidines was elaborated. The key synthetic step was an intramolecular photochemical [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of an acrylic acid derivative in flow. In spite of a higher molecular weight, 2,4-methanopyrrolidines were shown to have higher solubility in water and lower lipophilicity than pyrrolidines, important characteristics of bioactive molecules in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym V Levterov
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net)
| | - Oleg Michurin
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net)
| | - Petro O Borysko
- Bienta, Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.bienta.net)
| | - Sergey Zozulya
- Bienta, Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.bienta.net)
| | - Iryna V Sadkova
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net)
| | - Andrey A Tolmachev
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net).,Department of Chemistry , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Volodymyrska 64 , Kyiv 01601 , Ukraine (www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net).,Department of Chemistry , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Volodymyrska 64 , Kyiv 01601 , Ukraine (www.mykhailiukchem.org)
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7
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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8
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Krow GR, Gandla D, Cannon KC, Ross CW, Carroll PJ. C1-Substituted N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-syn-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as conformationally constrained β-amino acid precursors. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRegioselective introduction and transformation of substituents at the C
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10
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Otani Y, Hori T, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K, Ohwada T. Secondary structure of homo-thiopeptides based on a bridged β-proline analogue: preferred formation of extended strand structures with trans-thioamide bonds. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Krow GR, Yu F, Sender M, Gandla D, Lin G, DeBrosse C, Ross CW. Introduction of C(5/6) side chains onto 2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via a 6-anti-bromo-5-anti-hydroxy derivative. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of the title bromoalcohol provided the strained ketone, 5-bromo-6-oxo-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane. Additions of nucleophiles to either this or the debrominated ketone have been used to introduce 5(6)-syn-alkyl and aryl groups, 5(6)-alkylidene linkages, and 5(6)-anti-alkyl and acyl substituents. Facial selectivity is for additions to the 6-bromo-5-ketone and 5-alkylidene azabicycles to occur from the face syn to the nitrogen atom. The bromine atom of the title alcohol has also been replaced by a 6-anti-(1-hydroxyethyl) substituent using a directed radical addition process. The stereoselective functionalization reactions expand the range of available methano-bridged pyrrolidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Krow
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Matthew Sender
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Deepa Gandla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Guoliang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Charles DeBrosse
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Charles W. Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486-004, USA
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12
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Grygorenko OO, Radchenko DS, Volochnyuk DM, Tolmachev AA, Komarov IV. Bicyclic Conformationally Restricted Diamines. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5506-68. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Alexandra Matrosova Street, 23, Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Alexandra Matrosova Street, 23, Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
| | | | - Andrey A. Tolmachev
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Alexandra Matrosova Street, 23, Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
| | - Igor V. Komarov
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Alexandra Matrosova Street, 23, Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
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13
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Krow GR, Liu N, Sender M, Lin G, Centafont R, Sonnet PE, DeBrosse C, Ross CW, Carroll PJ, Shoulders MD, Raines RT. Oligomers of a 5-carboxy-methanopyrrolidine β-amino acid. A search for order. Org Lett 2010; 12:5438-41. [PMID: 21043445 PMCID: PMC2993784 DOI: 10.1021/ol1022917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD spectra for homooligomers (n = 4, 6, 8) of (1S,4R,5R)-5-syn-carboxy-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (MPCA), a methano-bridged pyrrolidine β-carboxylic acid, suggest an ordered secondary structure. Even in the absence of internal hydrogen bonding, solution NMR, X-ray, and in silico analyses of the tetramer are indicative of conformations with trans-amides and C(5)-amide-carbonyls oriented toward the C(4) bridgehead. This highly constrained β-amino acid could prove useful in the ongoing development of well-defined foldamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Krow
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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14
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Tkachenko AN, Radchenko DS, Mykhailiuk PK, Grygorenko OO, Komarov IV. 4-Fluoro-2,4-methanoproline. Org Lett 2009; 11:5674-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902381w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton N. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Vul. Volodymyrska 64, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine, and Enamine Ltd., Vul. Oleksandra Matrosova 23, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Vul. Volodymyrska 64, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine, and Enamine Ltd., Vul. Oleksandra Matrosova 23, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Vul. Volodymyrska 64, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine, and Enamine Ltd., Vul. Oleksandra Matrosova 23, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Vul. Volodymyrska 64, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine, and Enamine Ltd., Vul. Oleksandra Matrosova 23, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor V. Komarov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Vul. Volodymyrska 64, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine, and Enamine Ltd., Vul. Oleksandra Matrosova 23, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine
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15
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Krow GR, Edupuganti R, Gandla D, Choudhary A, Lin G, Sonnet PE, DeBrosse C, Ross CW, Cannon KC, Raines RT. 5(6)-anti-Substituted-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes: a nucleophilic displacement route. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8232-42. [PMID: 19799411 PMCID: PMC3374851 DOI: 10.1021/jo901725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic displacements of 5(6)-anti-bromo substituents in 2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (methanopyrrolidines) have been accomplished. These displacements have produced 5-anti-X-6-anti-Y-difunctionalized-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes containing bromo, fluoro, acetoxy, hydroxy, azido, imidazole, thiophenyl, and iodo substituents. Such displacements of anti-bromide ions require an amine nitrogen and are a function of the solvent and the choice of metal salt. Reaction rates were faster and product yields were higher in DMSO when compared to DMF and with CsOAc compared to NaOAc. Sodium or lithium salts gave products, except with NaF, where silver fluoride in nitromethane was best for substitution by fluoride. The presence of electron-withdrawing F, OAc, N(3), Br, or SPh substituents in the 6-anti-position slows bromide displacements at the 5-anti-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Krow
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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Krow GR, Huang Q, Lin G, Centafont RA, Thomas AM, Gandla D, Debrosse C, Carroll PJ. 5-Carboxy-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as Precursors of 5-Halo, Amino, Phenyl, and 2-Methoxycarbonylethyl Methanopyrrolidines. J Org Chem 2006; 71:2090-8. [PMID: 16496997 DOI: 10.1021/jo052506b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel 5-X-substituted-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (X = 5-syn-Cl, -Br, -I, -Ph, -NHCOOR (R = Me, Bn, t-Bu), -CH2CH2COOMe and X = 5-anti-Br, -I, -Ph) were synthesized from the X = 5-syn-carboxy derivative. New 5-anti-X-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes, X = NHCOOR (R = Me, Bn), were prepared stereoselectively from the X = 5-anti-carboxy substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Krow
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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