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Qutub SS, Bhat IA, Maatouk BI, Moosa B, Fakim A, Nawaz K, Diaz-Galicia E, Lin W, Grünberg R, Arold ST, Khashab NM. An Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Macrocycle for Efficient Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins, DNA, and CRISPR Cas9. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403647. [PMID: 38752721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of safe platforms that can circumvent the endocytic pathway is of great significance for biological therapeutics that are usually degraded during endocytosis. Here we show that a self-assembled and dynamic macrocycle can passively diffuse through the cell membrane and deliver a broad range of biologics, including proteins, CRISPR Cas9, and ssDNA, directly to the cytosol while retaining their bioactivity. Cell-penetrating macrocycle CPM can be easily prepared from the room temperature condensation of diketopyrrolopyrrole lactams with diamines. We attribute the high cellular permeability of CPM to its amphiphilic nature and chameleonic properties. It adopts conformations that partially bury polar groups and expose hydrophobic side chains, thus self-assembling into micellar-like structures. Its superior fluorescence makes CPM trackable inside cells where it follows the endomembrane system. CPM outperformed commercial reagents for biologics delivery and showed high RNA knockdown efficiency of CRISPR Cas9. We envisage that this macrocycle will be an ideal starting point to design and synthesize biomimetic macrocyclic tags that can readily facilitate the interaction and uptake of biomolecules and overcome endosomal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayah S Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imtiyaz Ahmad Bhat
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, 192122, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Batoul I Maatouk
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem Moosa
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliyah Fakim
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Nawaz
- The Coral Symbiomics Lab, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Escarlet Diaz-Galicia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weibin Lin
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raik Grünberg
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Alihodžić S, Bukvić M, Elenkov IJ, Hutinec A, Koštrun S, Pešić D, Saxty G, Tomašković L, Žiher D. Current Trends in Macrocyclic Drug Discovery and beyond -Ro5. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 57:113-233. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lauder K, Toscani A, Scalacci N, Castagnolo D. Synthesis and Reactivity of Propargylamines in Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2017; 117:14091-14200. [PMID: 29166000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Propargylamines are a versatile class of compounds which find broad application in many fields of chemistry. This review aims to describe the different strategies developed so far for the synthesis of propargylamines and their derivatives as well as to highlight their reactivity and use as building blocks in the synthesis of chemically relevant organic compounds. In the first part of the review, the different synthetic approaches to synthesize propargylamines, such as A3 couplings and C-H functionalization of alkynes, have been described and organized on the basis of the catalysts employed in the syntheses. Both racemic and enantioselective approaches have been reported. In the second part, an overview of the transformations of propargylamines into heterocyclic compounds such as pyrroles, pyridines, thiazoles, and oxazoles, as well as other relevant organic derivatives, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lauder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Toscani
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolò Scalacci
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Griffiths JR, Keister JB, Diver ST. From Resting State to the Steady State: Mechanistic Studies of Ene-Yne Metathesis Promoted by the Hoveyda Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5380-91. [PMID: 27076098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of intermolecular ene-yne metathesis (EYM) with the Hoveyda precatalyst (Ru1) has been studied. For 1-hexene metathesis with 2-benzoyloxy-3-butyne, the experimental rate law was determined to be first-order in 1-hexene (0.3-4 M), first-order in initial catalyst concentration, and zero-order for the terminal alkyne. At low catalyst concentrations (0.1 mM), the rate of precatalyst initiation was observed by UV-vis and the alkyne disappearance was observed by in situ FT-IR. Comparison of the rate of precatalyst initiation and the rate of EYM shows that a low, steady-state concentration of active catalyst is rapidly produced. Application of steady-state conditions to the carbene intermediates provided a rate treatment that fit the experimental rate law. Starting from a ruthenium alkylidene complex, competition between 2-isopropoxystyrene and 1-hexene gave a mixture of 2-isopropoxyarylidene and pentylidene species, which were trappable by the Buchner reaction. By varying the relative concentration of these alkenes, 2-isopropoxystyrene was found to be 80 times more effective than 1-hexene in production of their respective Ru complexes. Buchner-trapping of the initiation of Ru1 with excess 1-hexene after 50% loss of Ru1 gave 99% of the Buchner-trapping product derived from precatalyst Ru1. For the initiation process, this shows that there is an alkene-dependent loss of precatalyst Ru1, but this does not directly produce the active catalyst. A faster initiating precatalyst for alkene metathesis gave similar rates of EYM. Buchner-trapping of ene-yne metathesis failed to deliver any products derived from Buchner insertion, consistent with rapid decomposition of carbene intermediates under ene-yne conditions. An internal alkyne, 1,4-diacetoxy-2-butyne, was found to obey a different rate law. Finally, the second-order rate constant for ene-yne metathesis was compared to that previously determined by the Grubbs second-generation carbene complex: Ru1 was found to promote ene-yne metathesis 62 times faster at the same initial precatalyst concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Jerome B Keister
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Steven T Diver
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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Meng X, Edgar KJ. Synthesis of amide-functionalized cellulose esters by olefin cross-metathesis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:565-73. [PMID: 26256383 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose esters with amide functionalities were synthesized by cross-metathesis (CM) reaction of terminally olefinic esters with different acrylamides, catalyzed by Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst. Chelation by amides of the catalyst ruthenium center caused low conversions using conventional solvents. The effects of both solvent and structure of acrylamide on reaction conversion were investigated. While the inherent tendency of acrylamides to chelate Ru is governed by the acrylamide N-substituents, employing acetic acid as a solvent significantly improved the conversion of certain acrylamides, from 50% to up to 99%. Homogeneous hydrogenation using p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide successfully eliminated the α,β-unsaturation of the CM products to give stable amide-functionalized cellulose esters. The amide-functionalized product showed higher Tg than its starting terminally olefinic counterpart, which may have resulted from strong hydrogen bonding interactions of the amide functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Meng
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Isidro-Llobet A, Hadje Georgiou K, Galloway WRJD, Giacomini E, Hansen MR, Méndez-Abt G, Tan YS, Carro L, Sore HF, Spring DR. A diversity-oriented synthesis strategy enabling the combinatorial-type variation of macrocyclic peptidomimetic scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4570-80. [PMID: 25778821 PMCID: PMC4441267 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00371g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptidomimetics are associated with a broad range of biological activities. However, despite such potentially valuable properties, the macrocyclic peptidomimetic structural class is generally considered as being poorly explored within drug discovery. This has been attributed to the lack of general methods for producing collections of macrocyclic peptidomimetics with high levels of structural, and thus shape, diversity. In particular, there is a lack of scaffold diversity in current macrocyclic peptidomimetic libraries; indeed, the efficient construction of diverse molecular scaffolds presents a formidable general challenge to the synthetic chemist. Herein we describe a new, advanced strategy for the diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) of macrocyclic peptidomimetics that enables the combinatorial variation of molecular scaffolds (core macrocyclic ring architectures). The generality and robustness of this DOS strategy is demonstrated by the step-efficient synthesis of a structurally diverse library of over 200 macrocyclic peptidomimetic compounds, each based around a distinct molecular scaffold and isolated in milligram quantities, from readily available building-blocks. To the best of our knowledge this represents an unprecedented level of scaffold diversity in a synthetically derived library of macrocyclic peptidomimetics. Cheminformatic analysis indicated that the library compounds access regions of chemical space that are distinct from those addressed by top-selling brand-name drugs and macrocyclic natural products, illustrating the value of our DOS approach to sample regions of chemical space underexploited in current drug discovery efforts. An analysis of three-dimensional molecular shapes illustrated that the DOS library has a relatively high level of shape diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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8
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Jida M, Betti C, Schiller PW, Tourwé D, Ballet S. One-pot isomerization-cross metathesis-reduction (ICMR) synthesis of lipophilic tetrapeptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:342-51. [PMID: 24906051 PMCID: PMC4140390 DOI: 10.1021/co500020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An efficient, versatile and rapid
method toward homologue series
of lipophilic tetrapeptide derivatives (herein, the opioid peptides
H-TIPP-OH and H-DIPP-OH) is reported. High atom economy and a minimal
number of synthetic steps resulted from a one-pot tandem isomerization-cross
metathesis-reduction sequence (ICMR), applicable both in solution
and solid phase methodology. The broadly applicable synthesis proceeds
with short reaction times and simple work-up, as illustrated in this
work for alkylated opioid tetrapeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Jida
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Betti
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter W. Schiller
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Avenue Des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
A201A, a unique nucleoside antibiotic with potent antibacterial activities, has been synthesized for the first time in a total of 47 steps in a highly modular and linear manner, highlighting the elaboration/incorporation of an unprecedented hexofuranoside unit bearing an exocyclic enol ether moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Kakaei S, Xu J. Efficient synthesis of protected sulfonopeptides from N-protected 2-aminoalkyl xanthates and thioacetates. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607‐7061, USA, Fax: +1‐312‐996‐0431
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607‐7061, USA, Fax: +1‐312‐996‐0431
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12
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Synthesis of chiral macrocyclic sugar-peptide hybrids by ring closing metathesis approach. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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López JC, Plumet J. Metathesis Reactions of Carbohydrates: Recent Highlights in Alkyne Metathesis. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Cristóbal López
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Plumet
- Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐91‐394‐4103
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Brady RM, Khakham Y, Lessene G, Baell JB. Benzoylureas as removable cisamide inducers: synthesis of cyclic amidesviaring closing metathesis (RCM). Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:656-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00723d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Synthesis of new mono and bis amides projected as potential histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Terrett NK. Methods for the synthesis of macrocycle libraries for drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2010; 7:e95-e146. [PMID: 24103719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Chopra N, Gan W, Schreiber H, Kurutz JW, Meredith SC. Versatile cyclic templates for assembly of axially oriented ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:231-40. [PMID: 19159293 DOI: 10.1021/bc800312x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe two novel types of planar cyclic peptide templates for the facile addition of ligands that extend axially from the plane of the template ring. The first uses beta-amino acids of alternating D- and L-chirality, since the insertion of the additional methylene group in the peptide backbone was predicted and subsequently shown by NMR and molecular modeling, to reorient ligands attached to amino acid side chain axially with respect to the template ring. A second contains alternating D- and L-amino acids with an achiral Gly residue interposed between each chiral amino acid. The inserted Gly residues also tend to reorient side chains axially rather than radially, as was demonstrated by NMR and molecular modeling. The axial orientation of attached ligands is intended to foster or allow interactions among attached ligands in situations in which this is desired. Two such situations that we consider are (1) development of immunological reagents with avidity effects and (2) modeling of oligomers in fibril-forming peptides. Toward the first of these goals, we demonstrated that these templates are suitable for attaching macromolecules, by incorporating two types of protein, neutravidin and trypsinogen. Toward the second goal, we demonstrate the attachment of two different fibril-forming peptides to the template. The templates described herein thus have many of the desirable traits of such molecules, i.e., (1) multivalency for the attachment of multiple ligands, (2) suitable chemical functions for facile attachment of ligands, (3) versatility as to the number and spacing of ligand attachment sites, (4) sufficient rigidity so that the attached ligands can be similarly oriented with respect to the template, and (5) sufficient flexibility to allow even large ligands, such as proteins, to attach and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Chopra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Marsault E, Hoveyda HR, Peterson ML, Gagnon R, Vézina M, Pinault J, Landry A, Saint-Louis C, Ouellet LG, Beauchemin S, Benakli K, Beaubien S, Brassard M, Wang Z, Champagne M, Galaud F, Fortin N, Fortin D, Plourde V, Ramaseshan M, Bhat S, Bilodeau F, Lonergan D, Lan R, Li S, Berthiaume G, Foucher L, Peng X, Dory Y, Deslongchamps P. High Throughput Solid Phase Parallel Synthesis of Macrocyclic Peptidomimetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:15-6. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Marsault E, Hoveyda HR, Gagnon R, Peterson ML, Vézina M, Saint-Louis C, Landry A, Pinault JF, Ouellet L, Beauchemin S, Beaubien S, Mathieu A, Benakli K, Wang Z, Brassard M, Lonergan D, Bilodeau F, Ramaseshan M, Fortin N, Lan R, Li S, Galaud F, Plourde V, Champagne M, Doucet A, Bhérer P, Gauthier M, Olsen G, Villeneuve G, Bhat S, Foucher L, Fortin D, Peng X, Bernard S, Drouin A, Déziel R, Berthiaume G, Dory YL, Fraser GL, Deslongchamps P. Efficient parallel synthesis of macrocyclic peptidomimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4731-5. [PMID: 18640834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for solid phase parallel synthesis of chemically and conformationally diverse macrocyclic peptidomimetics is reported. A key feature of the method is access to broad chemical and conformational diversity. Synthesis and mechanistic studies on the macrocyclization step are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Marsault
- Tranzyme Pharma Inc. 3001, 12e av. Nord, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada J1H5N4.
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Kotha S, Mandal K. Metathesis of a novel dienediyne system: A unique example involving the usage of in situ generated ethylene as cross-enyne metathesis partner. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Muthusamy S, Gnanaprakasam B. Insertion reactions of macrocyclic rhodium carbenoids: a novel method for the synthesis of cryptands. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Foldamers are an intriguing family of biomimetic oligomers that exhibit a propensity to adopt stable secondary structures. N-Substituted glycine oligomers, or "peptoids", are a prototypical example of these foldamer systems and are known to form a helix resembling that of polyproline type I. Ongoing studies seek to improve the stability of peptoid folding and to discover new secondary structure motifs. Here, we report that peptoids undergo highly efficient head-to-tail macrocyclization reactions. A diverse array of peptoid sequences from pentamers to 20mers were converted to macrocyclic products within 5 min at room temperature. The introduction of the covalent constraint enhances conformational ordering, allowing for the crystallization of a cyclic peptoid hexamer and octamer. We present the first X-ray crystallographic structures of peptoid hetero-oligomers, revealing that peptoid macrocycles can form a reverse-turn conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bin Y Shin
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, USA
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Pitsinos EN, Moutsos VI, Vageli O. Synthesis of enantiopure (S)-7-hydroxy-3-amino-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran en route to (+)-scyphostatin. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Deshmukh P, Schulz-Fademrecht C, Procopiou P, Vigushin D, Coombes RC, Barrett AG. Ring-Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptidomimetics of Apicidin A. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Recent Applications Of Alkene Metathesis For Fine Chemical And Supramolecular System Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6091-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Kotha S, Mandal K. Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling and Ring-Closing Metathesis: A Strategic Combination for the Synthesis of Cyclophane Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Kotha S, Mandal K, Tiwari A, Mobin SM. Diversity-Oriented Approach to Biologically Relevant Molecular Frameworks Starting with β-Naphthol and Using the Claisen Rearrangement and Olefin Metathesis as Key Steps. Chemistry 2006; 12:8024-38. [PMID: 16983708 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A diversity-oriented approach for the synthesis of various structurally different molecular frameworks from readily accessible and common precursors is described. A Claisen rearrangement followed by ring-closing metathesis or ethylene-promoted ring-closing enyne metathesis has been utilized as the key synthetic transformation to generate naphthoxepine derivatives. The ring-closing metathesis approach has also been used to generate spirocyclic compounds and the pleiadene framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India.
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30
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Abstract
With the exception of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings, no other group of reactions has had such a profound impact on the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the art of total synthesis in the last quarter of a century than the metathesis reactions of olefins, enynes, and alkynes. Herein, we highlight a number of selected examples of total syntheses in which such processes played a crucial role and which imparted to these endeavors certain elements of novelty, elegance, and efficiency. Judging from their short but impressive history, the influence of these reactions in chemical synthesis is destined to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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31
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2004. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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33
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Brittain DEA, Gray BL, Schreiber SL. From solution-phase to solid-phase enyne metathesis: crossover in the relative performance of two commonly used ruthenium pre-catalysts. Chemistry 2006; 11:5086-93. [PMID: 15995999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A crossover in the ability of two distinct ruthenium-based metathesis pre-catalysts to effect the synthesis of dialkenylboronic esters in solution and on the solid-phase was observed. Specifically, while the Grubbs 2nd generation pre-catalyst 3 affords a greater degree of conversion to product than the Hoveyda-Grubbs pre-catalyst 2 in a solution-phase enyne-metathesis reaction, this trend is reversed in the solid-phase variant. Systematic investigation showed this trend to be general, regardless of variations in the homoallylic alcohol and alkynylboronic ester components of the reaction, as well as in the type of solid support employed. Experiments to determine a mechanistic hypothesis for this trend highlighted the significance of the ruthenium remaining bound to the substrate after metathetic rearrangement and found the presence of phosphine ligand to be detrimental to the success of the solid-phase reaction. Therefore, these results suggest an expanded role for phosphine-free pre-catalysts, such as 2, in challenging solid-phase metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic E A Brittain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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34
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Balraju V, Dev RV, Reddy DS, Iqbal J. Synthesis of cyclic peptides using a palladium-catalyzed enyne cycloisomerization. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Marimganti S, Yasmeen S, Fischer D, Maier ME. Synthesis of jasplakinolide analogues containing a novel omega-amino acid. Chemistry 2006; 11:6687-700. [PMID: 16118822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the omega-amino acid 4 is described utilizing a two-dimensional synthesis strategy combined with an enzymatic differentiation of homotopic ester groups. The amino acid 4 features two non-bonded interactions that result in conformational constraints on a cyclic construct. This amino acid was incorporated into the four macrolactams 17, 22, 31, and 37. The ring in 17 and 22 is 18-membered, whereas 31 and 37 have a 19-membered ring. The pairs with the same ring size differ in a N-methyl group. For the larger macrolactams (31 and 37) conformational analysis showed that the macrocyclic rings are somewhat more rigid than in the natural lead, the depsipeptide jasplakinolide. Nevertheless, their conformations are comparable to the natural product. There are no intramolecular hydrogen bonds, neither is the cis-rotamer populated in the N-methyl compound 37. Due to the increased flexibility of the smaller macrolactams 17 and 22 and signal overlap, a distinct solution structure could not be obtained for these compounds. The amino acid 4 should be useful for restricting the conformation of other small peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Marimganti
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Gibson SE, Lecci C. Aminosäurehaltige Makrocyclen – anwendungsnahe Systeme oder nur Syntheseziele? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Gibson SE, Lecci C. Amino Acid Derived Macrocycles—An Area Driven by Synthesis or Application? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1364-77. [PMID: 16444788 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and physical properties of macrocycles have fascinated chemists for many years. Their inherent properties make them useful in areas as diverse as ion transport across membranes, development of new antibiotics, and catalysis. In this Review, the authors examine the chemistry of macrocycles containing non-peptidic amino acid derived molecules; the analysis is discussed in terms of function, rather than structure or synthesis. It is revealed that the diverse and imaginative structures created by synthetic chemists are not being fully exploited in application-driven endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AY, UK.
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38
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Børsting P, Christensen MS, Steffansen SI, Nielsen P. Synthesis of dinucleotides with 2′-C to phosphate connections by ring-closing metathesis. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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González-Gómez Á, Domínguez G, Pérez Castells J. Enyne and dienyne metathesis reactions in β-carbolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Wipf P, Xiao J, Geib S. Imine Additions of Internal Alkynes for the Synthesis of Trisubstituted (E)-Alkene and Cyclopropane Peptide Isosteres. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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42
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Gonthier E, Breinbauer R. Solid-supported reagents and catalysts for the preparation of large ring compounds. Mol Divers 2005; 9:51-62. [PMID: 15789552 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-1308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parallel combinatorial synthesis in solution using immobilized reagents, catalysts, and scavengers has emerged as a powerful technique for the preparation of diverse libraries of compounds. This technique has only recently been applied to the synthesis of large-ring compounds. In this comprehensive review several strategies are presented and discussed, including Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation, Stille-coupling, macrolactonization and macrolactamization using solid supported reagents and catalysts. In several cases site isolation has allowed operation, of these macrocyclization reactions in concentrated solution (pseudo-dilution effect).
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43
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Kazmaier U, Hebach C, Watzke A, Maier S, Mues H, Huch V. A straightforward approach towards cyclic peptides via ring-closing metathesis—scope and limitations. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:136-45. [PMID: 15602609 DOI: 10.1039/b411228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N- and C-terminal diallylated peptides are obtained by several approaches, such as peptide Claisen rearrangement, N- and O- allylation, and the Ugi reaction of allyl-protected components. These diallylated peptides are suitable substrates for ring-closing metathesis and the success of this cyclisation was investigated with respect to the ring size, the position of the allyl moieties and the reaction parameters. In general, excellent yields are obtained for cyclisation of allyl glycine subunits and N-allylated amides, while allyl esters and allyl carbamates often presented serious problems. However, yields of up to 73% were obtained under optimised conditions, and the new generated double bond is formed with excellent trans-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli Kazmaier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany.
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44
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Børsting P, Freitag M, Nielsen P. Dinucleotides containing two allyl groups by combinations of allyl phosphotriesters, 5-allyl-, 2′-O-allyl- and 2′-arabino-O-allyl uridine derivatives as substrates for ring-closing metathesis. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Kim YJ, Lee D. Use of N−N Bond Stereodynamics in Ring-Closing Metathesis to Form Medium-Sized Rings and Macrocycles. Org Lett 2004; 6:4351-3. [PMID: 15524481 DOI: 10.1021/ol048136f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A unique strategy based on double ring-closing metathesis for the formation of a 14-membered macrocyclic enamide has been developed. This strategy hinges upon the well-known stereodynamic and conformational behavior of N-substituted diacylhydrazines, which promotes an effective ring-closing metathesis of hydrazine-derived dienes and enynes to form 8- to 14-membered rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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46
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Creighton CJ, Leo GC, Du Y, Reitz AB. Design, synthesis, and conformational analysis of eight-membered cyclic peptidomimetics prepared using ring closing metathesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:4375-85. [PMID: 15265489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program to identify novel scaffolds that adopt defined secondary structure when incorporated into peptides, we have designed and prepared a library of constrained eight-membered ring lactams based upon 7-amino-8-oxo-1,2,3,6,7-pentahydroazocine-2-carboxylic acid. Ring closing metathesis (RCM) was employed as the key step, proceeding in high yields to afford the Z olefin. In this reaction sequence, the first generation benzylidene ruthenium RCM catalyst was superior to the second-generation imidazoline catalyst, which gave extensive oligomerization at higher concentrations. Conformational analysis of the 2S,7S and 2R,7S stereoisomers revealed that the 2R,7S isomer is a Type VIa beta-turn in the solid state (X-ray crystal structure) and in water (NMR analysis). The Type VIa beta-turn is relatively rare, typically bearing the cis amide bond found in proline-containing sequences. The 2S,7S diastereomer has an extended geometry of the pendent amide chains. The corresponding saturated derivatives (7-amino-8-oxoazocane-2-carboxylic acid) were also synthesized and investigated. The 2S,7S azocane bears an extended geometry and mimics the C(+) conformer of ox-[Cys-Cys], found in a variety of naturally occurring peptides. The scaffolds described here are useful for the design of constrained peptidomimics with defined secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Creighton
- Drug Discovery Division, PO Box 776, Welsh and McKean Rds., Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477-0777, USA
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