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Maskeri MA, Fernandes AJ, Di Mauro G, Maulide N, Houk KN. Taming Keteniminium Reactivity by Steering Reaction Pathways: Computational Predictions and Experimental Validations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23358-23367. [PMID: 36525680 PMCID: PMC9801433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keteniminium ions, the nitrogen analogues of ketenes, exhibit high reactivity toward olefins and π-systems. Previous results from the Maulide group demonstrated an unexpected propensity for an alternative intramolecular Belluš-Claisen-type rearrangement rather than an expected intramolecular (2 + 2) cycloaddition. We have conducted a cooperative density functional theory/experimental investigation of this process, seeking insights into the competition between the observed Claisen-type reaction and the historically expected (2 + 2) cyclization. Our calculations revealed a surprisingly small difference in the free energy barrier between these two intramolecular reactions. Further theoretical and experimental investigations probe the electronics of the substrate, rationalize a competing deallylation side reaction, and demonstrate the proof-of-concept for an enantioselective (2 + 2) variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Maskeri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anthony J. Fernandes
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Giovanni Di Mauro
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria,
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States,
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2
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Hu N, Jung H, Zheng Y, Lee J, Zhang L, Ullah Z, Xie X, Harms K, Baik M, Meggers E. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization by Visible‐Light‐Activated [2+2] Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Hu
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Zheng
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Juhyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Lilu Zhang
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Mu‐Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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3
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Hu N, Jung H, Zheng Y, Lee J, Zhang L, Ullah Z, Xie X, Harms K, Baik M, Meggers E. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization by Visible‐Light‐Activated [2+2] Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6242-6246. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Hu
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Zheng
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Juhyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Lilu Zhang
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Mu‐Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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4
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Mooneyham AE, McDonnell MP, Drucker S. Cavity Ringdown Spectrum of 2-Cyclohexen-1-one in the CO/Alkenyl CC Stretch Region of the S 1(n, π*)-S 0 Vibronic Band System. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2343-2352. [PMID: 28260378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 2-cyclohexen-1-one (2CHO) molecule serves as a prototype for understanding the photochemical properties of conjugated enones. We have recorded the cavity ringdown (CRD) absorption spectrum of 2CHO vapor at room temperature over the 360-380 nm range. This portion of the spectrum encompasses the S1(n,π*) ← S0 vibronic band system in the region of the C═C and C═O stretch fundamentals. We have assigned about 40 vibronically resolved features in the spectrum, affording fundamental frequencies for 7 different vibrational modes in the S1(n,π*) state, including the C═C (1554 cm-1) and OC-CH (1449 cm-1) stretch modes. The C═O stretch character is spread over at least four different vibrational modes in the S1(n,π*) state, with fundamentals spanning the 1340-1430 cm-1 interval. This finding stems from a significant reduction in C═O bond order upon excitation, which leads to near-coincidence of the C═O stretch and several CH2 wag frequencies. Such complexities make 2CHO an ideal candidate for testing excited-state computational methods. We have used the present spectroscopic results to test EOM-EE-CCSD harmonic-frequency predictions for the S1(n,π*) state. We have also benchmarked the performance of less costly computational methods, including CIS(D) and TDDFT. For certain density functionals (e.g., B3LYP and PBE0), we find that the accuracy of TDDFT frequency predictions can approach but not meet that of EOM-EE-CCSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mooneyham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire , Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Michael P McDonnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire , Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Stephen Drucker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire , Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
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5
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. How cyclobutanes are assembled in nature--insights from quantum chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:5042-50. [PMID: 24710596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic production of cyclobutanes leads to many complex natural products. Recently, theoretical work employing quantum chemical calculations has shed light on many of the details of cyclobutane-formation, in particular, for terpene natural products. Specific insights and general principles derived from these theoretical studies are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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McAnally MO, Zabronsky KL, Stupca DJ, Phillipson K, Pillsbury NR, Drucker S. Lowest triplet (n,π*) state of 2-cyclohexen-1-one: characterization by cavity ringdown spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:214311. [PMID: 24320384 DOI: 10.1063/1.4834655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cavity ringdown (CRD) absorption spectrum of 2-cyclohexen-1-one (2CHO) was recorded over the range 401.5-410.5 nm in a room-temperature gas cell. The very weak band system (ε ≤ 0.1 M(-1) cm(-1)) in this spectral region is due to the T1(n, π*) ← S0 electronic transition. The 0(0)(0) origin band was assigned to the feature observed at 24,558.8 ± 0.3 cm(-1). We have assigned 46 vibronic transitions in a region extending from -200 to +350 cm(-1) relative to the origin band. For the majority of these transitions, we have made corresponding assignments in the spectrum of the deuterated derivative 2CHO-2,6,6-d3. From the assignments, we determined fundamental frequencies for several vibrational modes in the T1(n, π*) excited state of 2CHO, including the lowest ring-twisting (99.6 cm(-1)) and ring-bending (262.2 cm(-1)) modes. These values compare to fundamentals of 122.2 cm(-1) and 251.9 cm(-1), respectively, determined previously for the isoconfigurational S1(n, π*) excited state of 2CHO and 99 cm(-1) and 248 cm(-1), respectively, for the S0 ground state. With the aid of quantum-mechanical calculations, we have also ascertained descriptions for these two modes, thereby resolving ambiguities appearing in the previous literature. The ring-twisting mode (ν39) contains a significant contribution from O=C-C=C torsion, whereas the ring-bending mode (ν38 in the ground state) involves mainly the motion of C-5 with respect to the plane containing the other heavy atoms. The CRD spectroscopic data for the T1(n, π*) state have allowed us to benchmark several computational methods for treating excited states, including time-dependent density functional theory and an equation-of-motion coupled cluster method. In turn, the computational results provide an explanation for observed differences in the T1(n, π*) vs. S1(n, π*) ring frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O McAnally
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004, USA
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8
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Zhu X, Li W, Yan H, Zhong R. Triplet phenacylimidazoliums-catalyzed photocycloaddition of 1,4-dihydropyridines: An experimental and theoretical study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Jaque P, Toro-Labbé A, Geerlings P, Proft FD. Theoretical Study of the Regioselectivity of [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions of Acrolein with Olefins. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:332-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jaque
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, Cedex 02, France
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11
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Braun I, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Bach T. Enantiomerenreine Bicyclo[4.2.0]octane durch kupferkatalysierte [2+2]-Photocycloaddition und enantiotopos-differenzierende Ringöffnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Braun I, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Bach T. Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes by Cu-Catalyzed [2+2] Photocycloaddition and Enantiotopos-Differentiating Ring Opening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5541-3. [PMID: 16850509 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingbert Braun
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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De Proft F, Fias S, Van Alsenoy C, Geerlings P. Spin-Polarized Conceptual Density Functional Theory Study of the Regioselectivity in the [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Enones to Substituted Alkenes. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6335-43. [PMID: 16833976 DOI: 10.1021/jp050773f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of the regioselectivity of the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition of triplet enones with a series of ground-state electron-rich and electron-poor alkenes using density functional theory (DFT)-based reactivity descriptors is presented. Using the concepts of local softness combined with a local hard and soft acids and bases principle and a softness matching approach, the regioselectivity of this reaction can only be explained in the case of the interaction of the triplet enones with electron-rich alkenes. In the next part, the regioselectivity was assessed within the framework of conceptual spin-polarized conceptual DFT, considering response functions of the system's external potential v, number of electrons N, and spin number NS (with NS being the difference between the number of alpha and beta electrons in the spin-polarized system). Within this theory, the concepts of local spin philicity and donicity are introduced. Using the spin philicity concept, the regioselectivity can almost be completely interpreted as resulting from the interaction of the site on the alkene with the highest spin philicity (i.e., lowest destabilization upon increasing spin number) with the site showing the highest change of spin number on the enone expected to result in the largest stabilization of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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