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Abstract
Three-membered-ring scaffolds of carbocycles, namely, cyclopropanes and cyclopropenes, are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. These molecules exhibit a peculiar reactivity, and their applications as synthetic intermediates and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis have been extensively studied over the past century. The incorporation of heteroatoms into three-membered cyclic structures has attracted significant attention, reflecting fundamental differences in their electronic/geometric structures and reactivities compared to their carbon congeners and their associated potential for exploitation in applications. Recently, the chemistry of low-valent aluminum species, alumylenes, dialumenes, and aluminyl anions, has dramatically developed, which has allowed access to hitherto unprecedented aluminacycles. This Perspective focuses upon advances in the chemistry of three-membered aluminacycles, including their synthetic protocols, spectroscopic and structural properties, and reactivity toward various substrates and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenting Yan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Wu Y, Frank N, Song Q, Liu M, Anderson EA, Bi X. Silver catalysis in organic synthesis: A computational view. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Sasaki I, Maebashi A, Li J, Ohmura T, Suginome M. Synthesis of Disilanes, Dihydrosiloles, and 1,4‐Disilacyclohexa‐2,5‐dienes by Transition‐Metal‐Free Transfer of Diphenylsilylene and Dimethylsilylene from Silylboronic Esters. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Sasaki
- Kyoto University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering: Kyoto Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry A4-302 KatsuraNishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto JAPAN
| | - Asahi Maebashi
- Kyoto University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering: Kyoto Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry A4-302 KatsuraNishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto JAPAN
| | - Jiaying Li
- Kyoto University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering: Kyoto Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry A4-302 KatsuraNishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto JAPAN
| | - Toshimichi Ohmura
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of E A4-303 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto JAPAN
| | - Michinori Suginome
- Kyoto University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering: Kyoto Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry A4-306 KatsuraNishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto JAPAN
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4
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Nandi GC. Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Three Membered Sila, Sila‐Aza/‐Phospha/‐Oxa/‐Thia Cyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Nandi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology‐Tiruchirappalli 620015 Tiruchirappalli Tamilnadu India
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5
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Zhang J, Shan C, Zhang T, Song J, Liu T, Lan Y. Computational advances aiding mechanistic understanding of silver-catalyzed carbene/nitrene/silylene transfer reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Duffy IR, Leigh WJ. Photochemical Generation and Characterization of Di- tert-butylsilylene (Si tBu 2) in Solution. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Duffy
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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7
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Mu QC, Chen J, Xia CG, Xu LW. Synthesis of silacyclobutanes and their catalytic transformations enabled by transition-metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Rotsides CZ, Woerpel KA. Diastereoselective silylene transfer reactions to chiral enantiopure alkenes: effects of ligand size and substrate bias. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8763-8768. [PMID: 28224150 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04612f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silylenes are useful reactive intermediates for the stereoselective construction of compounds containing carbon-silicon bonds. Despite their synthetic utility, the development of either an enantioselective or diastereoselective metal-catalyzed silylene transfer reaction, in which ligands on the metal catalyst control stereoselectivity, has not been achieved. In this article, we report that the structure of the alkene is the most important for controlling stereoselectivity in these reactions. The stereochemical course of kinetically controlled silacyclopropanation reactions was not affected by the nature or chirality of the ligands on the metal. When silylene transfer reactions were reversible, however, products can be formed with a high degree of diastereoselectivity (90 : 10 d.r.).
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9
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Bhawal BN, Morandi B. Shuttle Catalysis-New Strategies in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:12004-12013. [PMID: 28125163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shuttle catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful new concept that provides a platform for performing both functionalization and defunctionalization reactions. In this concept article, applications of shuttle catalysis as a novel strategy in organic synthesis are discussed. This includes using forward shuttle catalysis reactions for challenging bond-forming processes that avoid the use of hazardous chemicals. Shuttle catalysis also facilitates the transfer of reactive functionality as a route to procure a broad range of compounds using one simple procedure. Reverse shuttle catalysis reactions are also discussed as a method for the valorization of biomass and waste materials. Another area of interest, shuttle-catalysis-assisted reactions, wherein the transfer of a small molecule is utilized in a catalytic cycle, is also described. Possible future directions in this exciting new field are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Bhawal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bill Morandi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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10
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Komiyama T, Minami Y, Hiyama T. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Synthetic Transformations of Organosilicon Reagents. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Komiyama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research
and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research
and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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11
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Batiste L, Chen P. Coinage-Metal Mediated Ring Opening of cis-1,2-Dimethoxycyclopropane: Trends from the Gold, Copper, and Silver Fischer Carbene Bond Strength. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9296-307. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4084495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Batiste
- Laboratorium für
Organische Chemie,
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Strasse 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für
Organische Chemie,
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Strasse 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Huang CYD, Doyle AG. The chemistry of transition metals with three-membered ring heterocycles. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8153-98. [PMID: 24869559 DOI: 10.1021/cr500036t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Albadi J, Shirini F, Abasi J, Armand N, Motaharizadeh T. A green, efficient and recyclable poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported copper iodide catalyst for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives under solvent-free conditions. CR CHIM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Chen W, Wang L, Li Z, Lin A, Lai G, Xiao X, Deng Y, Kira M. Diverse reactivity of an isolable dialkylsilylene toward imines. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:1872-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Albadi J, Iravani N, Shirini F, Dehghan F. A Green Recyclable Poly(4-Vinylpyridine)-Supported Copper Iodide Nanoparticle Catalyst for the Chemoselective Synthesis of Pentaerythritol Diacetals from Aromatic Aldehydes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.3184/174751912x13460806564901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported copper(I) iodide nanoparticles have been used as an efficient, green recyclable catalyst for the chemoselective synthesis of pentaerythritol diacetals from aromatic aldehydes and pentaerythritol under solvent-free conditions. This catalyst was reused six times without any loss of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Albadi
- College of Science, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technologhy, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Nasir Iravani
- Department of Chemistry, Gachsaran branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
| | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghan
- Department of Chemistry, Gachsaran branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
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16
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Masuda K, Ohmura T, Suginome M. 2-Vinylindoles As the Four-Atom Component in a Catalytic [4+1] Cycloaddition with a Silylene-Palladium Species Generated from (Aminosilyl)boronic Ester. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200135u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Masuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Ohmura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Michinori Suginome
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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17
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Ager BJ, Bourque LE, Buchner KM, Woerpel KA. Silylene transfer to allylic sulfides: formation of substituted silacyclobutanes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5729-32. [PMID: 20704444 DOI: 10.1021/jo1008228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silylene transfer to allylic sulfides results in a formal 1,2-sulfide migration. The rearrangement yields substituted silacyclobutanes, not the expected silacyclopropanes. The silacyclobutanes were elaborated by insertions of carbonyl compounds selectively into one carbon-silicon bond. A mechanism for the 1,2-sulfide migration is proposed involving an episulfonium ion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Ager
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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18
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Ishida S, Iwamoto T, Kira M. Reactions of an Isolable Dialkylsilylene with Ketones. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1004644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kira
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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19
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Prévost M, Ziller JW, Woerpel KA. Strained organosilacyclic compounds: synthesis of anti-Bredt olefins and trans-dioxasilacyclooctenes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9275-81. [PMID: 20614083 DOI: 10.1039/c003227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insertions of silylenes into the allylic carbon-oxygen bond of vinyl epoxides was shown to generate 1,2-silaoxetanes. These intermediates undergo highly diastereoselective additions to aldehydes to form anti-Bredt olefins and trans-dioxasilacyclooctenes. Additions of electrophiles could be performed selectively on the outside face of these strained trans-cycloalkenes to provide valuable functionalized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Prévost
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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20
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Ho CY, Schleicher KD, Jamison TF. Catalytic Addition of Simple Alkenes to Carbonyl Compounds Using Group 10 Metals. Synlett 2009; 2009:2565-2582. [PMID: 21904421 PMCID: PMC3167217 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1217747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances using nickel complexes in the activation of unactivated monosubstituted olefins for catalytic intermolecular carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions with carbonyl compounds, such as simple aldehydes, isocyanates, and conjugated aldehydes and ketones, are discussed. In these reactions, the olefins function as vinyl- and allylmetal equivalents, providing a new strategy for organic synthesis. Current limitations and the outlook for this new strategy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Ho
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR (P.R. China), Fax: (852) 2603-5057
| | - Kristin D. Schleicher
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-324-0253
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-324-0253
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21
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Buchner KM, Clark TB, Loy JMN, Nguyen TX, Woerpel KA. Alkylidenesilacyclopropanes derived from allenes: applications to the selective synthesis of triols and homoallylic alcohols. Org Lett 2009; 11:2173-5. [PMID: 19382782 DOI: 10.1021/ol900456v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several alkylidenesilacyclopropanes were prepared by silver-mediated silylene transfer to allenes. Oxasilacyclopentanes derived from allenes were prepared with high regio- and diastereoselectivity by a two-step, one-flask silacyclopropanation/carbonyl insertion reaction. Triols and homoallylic alcohols were formed diastereoselectively by functionalizing the oxasilacyclopentanes. An optically active allene (>98% ee) was utilized to synthesize an enantiopure homoallylic alcohol in 96% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay M Buchner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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22
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Bourque LE, Woerpel KA. Intermolecular silacarbonyl ylide cycloadditions: a direct pathway to oxasilacyclopentenes. Org Lett 2008; 10:5257-60. [PMID: 18922005 DOI: 10.1021/ol8018538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Silacarbonyl ylides, generated by metal-catalyzed silylene transfer to carbonyls, participate in formal intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with carbonyl compounds and alkynes to form dioxasilacyclopentane acetals and oxasilacyclopentenes in an efficient, one-step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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23
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24
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Piotrowska DG. Stereochemistry of cycloaddition of (S)-N-(1-phenylethyl)-C-diethoxyphosphorylated nitrone with vinyl acetate. Studies on mutarotation of 3-(O,O-diethylphosphoryl)-5-hydroxyisoxazolidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Bourque LE, Cleary PA, Woerpel KA. Metal-Catalyzed Silylene Insertions of Allylic Ethers: Stereoselective Formation of Chiral Allylic Silanes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12602-3. [PMID: 17900189 DOI: 10.1021/ja073758s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627-2025, USA
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Ng SS, Ho CY, Jamison TF. Nickel-catalyzed coupling of alkenes, aldehydes, and silyl triflates. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:11513-28. [PMID: 16939275 PMCID: PMC3148200 DOI: 10.1021/ja062866w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A full account of two recently developed nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of alkenes, aldehydes, and silyl triflates is presented. These reactions provide either allylic alcohol or homoallylic alcohol derivatives selectively, depending on the ligand employed. These processes are believed to be mechanistically distinct from Lewis acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene reactions, and several lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis are discussed.
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Calad SA, Ciraković J, Woerpel KA. Synthesis of (±)-epi-Stegobinone Utilizing Silacyclopropanes as Synthetic Intermediates. J Org Chem 2006; 72:1027-30. [PMID: 17253829 DOI: 10.1021/jo0620011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of (+/-)-1'-epi-stegobinone has been accomplished in ten steps and 17% overall yield from a recently reported silacyclopropane-derived diol. All stereocenters of the final product were established relative to the stereochemistry of the initial silacyclopropane. This synthesis represents the first time silacyclopropane reactivity has been employed in a target-directed synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie A Calad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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30
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Clark TB, Woerpel KA. Formation and Reactivity of Silacyclopropenes Derived from Siloxyalkynes: Stereoselective Formation of 1,2,4-Triols. Org Lett 2006; 8:4109-12. [PMID: 16928086 DOI: 10.1021/ol061652g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silver phosphate-catalyzed silylene transfer to siloxyalkynes provided silacyclopropenes possessing a silyl enol ether functional group. Copper-catalyzed insertions of carbonyl compounds afforded the corresponding oxasilacyclopentenes. The embedded silyl enol ether functionality was treated with various aldehydes and a catalytic amount of Sc(OTf)3 to provide dioxasilacycloheptanones, which resulted from an aldol addition/rearrangement. Stereoselective reduction or allylation of the cyclic ketone, followed by n-Bu4NF deprotection, provided high yields of 1,2,4-triols possessing four contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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31
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Ottosson H, Steel PG. Silylenes, Silenes, and Disilenes: Novel Silicon-Based Reagents for Organic Synthesis? Chemistry 2006; 12:1576-85. [PMID: 16138382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Silylenes, silenes, and disilenes are silicon analogues of carbenes and alkenes. Since the first detection and isolation of these species a few decades ago, focus has been given to their fundamental structure and reactivity properties. Recent developments show that the time is set to exploit their unique chemistry in applied areas. Emerging applications in catalysis and stereoselective synthesis point to a new field within synthetic organosilicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Box 599, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Clark TB, Woerpel KA. Silver-Catalyzed Silacyclopropenation of 1-Heteroatom-Substituted Alkynes and Subsequent Rearrangement Reactions. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050501z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Cleary PA, Woerpel KA. Metal-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Homoallylic Ethers to Silylmethyl Allylic Silanes in the Presence of a Di-tert-butylsilylene Source. Org Lett 2005; 7:5531-3. [PMID: 16288549 DOI: 10.1021/ol052456x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] In examining the scope of the di-tert-butylsilylene transfer to gem-disubstituted alkenes to form silacyclopropanes, we discovered an unprecedented reaction of homoallylic ethers. When silylene transfer was performed at room temperature or above, two di-tert-butylsilylene units were incorporated into the molecule, and complete rearrangement of the carbon backbone occurred. This report describes the scope of this unique reaction as well as the mechanistic studies conducted that led to a proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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34
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Calad SA, Woerpel KA. Silylene Transfer to Carbonyl Compounds and Subsequent Ireland−Claisen Rearrangements to Control Formation of Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2046-7. [PMID: 15713073 DOI: 10.1021/ja042893r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we demonstrate that silylene transfer to carbonyl compounds provides a new method for regio- and stereoselective enolate formation. Silylene transfer to a range of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters under silver-catalyzed conditions proved to be a general method for the formation of oxasilacyclopentenes containing a cyclic silyl ketene acetal functionality. These oxasilacyclopentenes are useful synthetic intermediates that can undergo facile and selective Ireland-Claisen rearrangements and aldol addition reactions to provide products with multiple contiguous stereocenters and quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie A Calad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92627-2025, USA
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